Deng Xiaoping was a Chinese revolutionary and statesman who served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from December 1978 to November 1989. After Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong's death in 1976,Deng rose to power and led China through its process of Reform and Opening Up and the development of the country's socialist market economy. Deng developed a reputation as the "Architect of Modern China" and his ideological contributions to socialism with Chinese characteristics are described as Deng Xiaoping Theory.
The Tiananmen Square protests,known in China as the June Fourth Incident,were student-led demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square,Beijing,China,lasting from 15 April to 4 June 1989. After weeks of unsuccessful attempts between the demonstrators and the Chinese government to find a peaceful resolution,the Chinese government declared martial law on the night of 3 June and deployed troops to occupy the square in what is referred to as the Tiananmen Square massacre. The events are sometimes called the '89 Democracy Movement,the Tiananmen Square Incident,or the Tiananmen uprising.
Hu Yaobang was a Chinese politician who was a high-ranking official of the People's Republic of China. He held the top office of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1981 to 1987,first as Chairman from 1981 to 1982,then as General Secretary from 1982 to 1987. After the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976),Hu rose to prominence as a close ally of Deng Xiaoping,the paramount leader of China at the time.
Jiang Zemin was a Chinese politician who served as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1989 to 2002,as chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004,and as president of China from 1993 to 2003. Jiang was the third paramount leader of China from 1989 to 2002. He was the core leader of the third generation of Chinese leadership,one of four core leaders alongside Mao Zedong,Deng Xiaoping,and Xi Jinping.
Hua Guofeng was a Chinese politician who served as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and Premier of China. The designated successor of Mao Zedong,Hua held the top offices of the government,party,and the military after the deaths of Mao and Premier Zhou Enlai,but was gradually forced out of supreme power by a coalition of party leaders between December 1978 and June 1981,and subsequently retreated from the political limelight,though still remaining a member of the Central Committee until 2002.
Zhao Ziyang was a Chinese politician. He was the premier of China from 1980 to 1987,vice chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1981 to 1982,and CCP general secretary from 1987 to 1989. He was in charge of the political reforms in China from 1986,but lost power for his support of the 1989 Tian'anmen Square protests.
Yang Shangkun was a Chinese Communist military and political leader,president of the People's Republic of China from 1988 to 1993,and one of the Eight Elders that dominated the party after the death of Mao Zedong.
Generations of Chinese leadership is a term historians use to characterize distinct periods of the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and,by extension,successive changes in the ideology of the CCP. Historians have studied various periods in the development of the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) by reference to these "generations".
Li Xiannian was a Chinese Communist military and political leader,president of China from 1983 to 1988 under paramount leader Deng Xiaoping and then chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1988 until his death. He was a full member of the Politburo from 1956 to 1987,and of its Standing Committee from 1977 to 1987.
Peng Zhen was a leading member of the Chinese Communist Party. He led the party organization in Beijing following the victory of the Communists in the Chinese Civil War in 1949,but was purged during the Cultural Revolution for opposing Mao's views on the role of literature in relation to the state. He was rehabilitated under Deng Xiaoping in 1982 along with other 'wrongly accused' officials,and became the inaugural head of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission.
The time period in China from the death of Mao Zedong in 1976 until the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre is often known as Dengist China. In September 1976,after Chairman Mao Zedong's death,the People's Republic of China was left with no central authority figure,either symbolically or administratively. The Gang of Four was purged,but new Chairman Hua Guofeng insisted on continuing Maoist policies. After a bloodless power struggle,Deng Xiaoping came to the helm to reform the Chinese economy and government institutions in their entirety. Deng,however,was conservative with regard to wide-ranging political reform,and along with the combination of unforeseen problems that resulted from the economic reform policies,the country underwent another political crisis,culminating in the crackdown of massive pro-democracy protests in Tiananmen Square.
In the People's Republic of China,Deng Xiaoping formally retired after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre,to be succeeded by former Shanghai CCP secretary Jiang Zemin. During that period,the crackdown of the protests in 1989 led to great woes in China's reputation globally,and sanctions resulted. The situation,however,would eventually stabilize. Deng's idea of checks and balances in the political system also saw its demise with Jiang consolidating power in the party,state and military. The 1990s saw healthy economic development,but the closing of state-owned enterprises and increasing levels of corruption and unemployment,along with environmental challenges continued to plague China,as the country saw the rise to consumerism,crime,and new-age spiritual-religious movements such as Falun Gong. The 1990s also saw the peaceful handover of Hong Kong and Macau to Chinese control under the formula of One Country,Two Systems. China also saw a new surge of nationalism when facing crises abroad.
Bao Tong was a Chinese writer and activist. He was Director of the Office of Political Reform of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Policy Secretary of Zhao Ziyang. He was also Director of the Drafting Committee for the CCP 13th Party Congresses,known for its strong support of market reform and opening up under Deng Xiaoping. Prior to this,he was a committee member and then deputy director of the Chinese State Commission for Economic Reform. During the 1989 Tian’anmen square protests,he was one of the very few Chinese senior officials to express understandings with the demonstrating students,which led to his arrest shortly before the June Fourth incident.
Chen Xitong was a member of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party and the Mayor of Beijing until he was removed from office on charges of corruption in 1995.
Qiao Shi was a Chinese politician and one of the top leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He was a member of the party's top decision-making body,the Politburo Standing Committee,from 1987 to 1997. He was a contender for the paramount leadership of China,but lost out to his political rival Jiang Zemin,who assumed the post of General Secretary of the party in 1989. Qiao Shi instead served as Chairman of the National People's Congress,then the third-ranked political position,from 1993 until his retirement in 1998. Compared with his peers,including Jiang Zemin,Qiao Shi adopted a more liberal stance in political and economic policy,promoting the rule of law and market-oriented reform of state-owned enterprises.
The April 26 Editorial was a front-page article published in People's Daily on April 26,1989,during the Tiananmen Square protests. The editorial effectively defined the student movement as a destabilizing anti-party revolt that should be resolutely opposed at all levels of society. As the first authoritative document from the top leadership on the growing movement,it was widely interpreted as having communicated the party's zero-tolerance position to student protesters and their sympathizers.
In Maoism,a capitalist roader is a person or group who demonstrates a marked tendency to bow to pressure from bourgeois forces and subsequently attempts to pull the Chinese Communist Revolution in a capitalist direction. If allowed to do so,these forces would eventually restore the political and economic rule of capitalism;in other words,these forces would lead a society down a "capitalist road".
Deng Liqun was a Chinese politician and theorist who was one of the leading figures of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the 1980s,most well known for his involvement with the party's propaganda work. Deng was born in Guidong County,Hunan province,and joined the CCP in 1936. He came from an intellectual family and joined the party out of intellectual commitment. He was often referred to as "Little Deng",to be distinguished from Deng Xiaoping,the "Old Deng".
The four-day Sino-Soviet Summit was held in Beijing from 15-18 May 1989. This would be the first formal meeting between a Soviet Communist leader and a Chinese Communist leader since the Sino-Soviet split in the 1950s. The last Soviet leader to visit China was Nikita Khrushchev in September 1959. Both Deng Xiaoping,the paramount leader of China,and Mikhail Gorbachev,General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union,proclaimed that the summit was the beginning of normalized state-to-state relations. The meeting between Mikhail Gorbachev and then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),Zhao Ziyang,was hailed as the "natural restoration" of party-to-party relations.
Deng Xiaoping's southern tour,or 1992 southern tour,or simply Nanxun was the tour of Deng Xiaoping,the former Paramount leader of China,in southern China,including in Shenzhen,Zhuhai,Guangzhou and Shanghai,from January 18 to February 21,1992. The talks and remarks made by Deng during the tour resumed and reinforced the implementation of his "Reforms and Opening-up" program in mainland China,which had come to a halt after the military crackdown on 1989 Tiananmen Square protests ordered by Deng himself. The 1992 Southern Tour is widely regarded as a critical point in the modern history of China,as it saved the Chinese economic reform as well as the capital market,and preserved the stability of the society.
