Kandyan Era Frescoes

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A detail of gods in First Sermon at Dambulla Temple A detail of gods, First Sermon, Dambulla Temple.png
A detail of gods in First Sermon at Dambulla Temple

Kandyan era frescoes are mural paintings created during the Kingdom of Kandy (1469–1815) in Sri Lanka, a time when kings gave a special place to arts and literature.

Fresco Mural painting upon freshly laid lime plaster

Fresco is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid, or wet lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall. The word fresco is derived from the Italian adjective fresco meaning "fresh", and may thus be contrasted with fresco-secco or secco mural painting techniques, which are applied to dried plaster, to supplement painting in fresco. The fresco technique has been employed since antiquity and is closely associated with Italian Renaissance painting.

Kingdom of Kandy

The Kingdom of Kandy was an independent monarchy of the island of Sri Lanka, located in the central and eastern portion of the island. It was founded in the late 15th century and endured until the early 19th century.

Sri Lanka Island country in South Asia

Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea. The island is geographically separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. The legislative capital, Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, is a suburb of the commercial capital and largest city, Colombo.

Contents

As there was a political instability in Sri Lanka after the Anuradhapura Era, which lasted more than 500 years, kings didn't take much effort to build up the religious side of the people. So there were no monks with Upasampada and people had no much education about Buddhism. So with the start of Kandyan Kingdom, the monks got Upasampada, and started to teach people the Buddhism. As people didn't know many things, monks (Specially Sangaraja Maha Nahimi) advised the kings to paint the walls of the temples with Jataka Stories so that anyone could understand even he didn't know to read. That's the start of frescoes of the Kandyan Era.

Upasampada

Upasampadā (Pali) literally denotes "approaching or nearing the ascetic tradition." In more common parlance it specifically refers to the rite and ritual of ascetic vetting (ordination) by which a candidate, if deemed acceptable, enters the community as upasampadān (ordained) and authorised to undertake ascetic life.

Buddhism World religion, founded by the Buddha

Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists. Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies. Buddhism originated in ancient India as a Sramana tradition sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, spreading through much of Asia. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada and Mahayana.

Jataka tales voluminous body of literature native to India concerning the previous births of Gautama Buddha in both human and animal form; collected as part of the Khuddaka Nikaya in the Pāli canon

The Jātaka tales are a voluminous body of literature native to India concerning the previous births of Gautama Buddha in both human and animal form. The future Buddha may appear as a king, an outcast, a god, an elephant—but, in whatever form, he exhibits some virtue that the tale thereby inculcates. Often, Jātaka tales include an extensive cast of characters who interact and get into various kinds of trouble - whereupon the Buddha character intervenes to resolve all the problems and bring about a happy ending.

Special features of Kandyan Era frescoes

The walls of the Kandyan Era were built by clay which was stuck in between sticks. Then after they used Makulu Meti, a white colored clay, to smooth the walls in temples and palaces as it was only allowed for palaces and temples to built in white color at that time. The frescoes were drawn after dividing the wall of the image house into horizontal rows. After dividing, drawing the whole Jataka Story was started from right to left, then left to right in the next row (Zigzag) in Akhanda Kathana Kramaya [akhaṇḍa-kathana-kramaya] or painting the whole story in fresco. To separate different scenes, the artists have drawn a tree, a river, or a house. The pictures of people were drawn in Parshawa Darshi Kramaya [pārśava-darśī-kramaya] , or drawing the faces and legs facing to a side. The background of the frescoes were painted in a dark red color, and flowers like Lotus, Pandanus flowers are used to fill the blanks. These frescoes were drawn in very fine lining. [1]

A zigzag is a pattern made up of small corners at variable angles, though constant within the zigzag, tracing a path between two parallel lines; it can be described as both jagged and fairly regular.

Flower structure found in some plants (division Magnoliophyta / angiosperms) to support reproduction

A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants. The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing or allow selfing. Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen. After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into fruit containing seeds.

<i>Nelumbo nucifera</i> species of plant

Nelumbo nucifera, also known as Indian lotus, sacred lotus, bean of India, Egyptian bean or simply lotus, is one of two extant species of aquatic plant in the family Nelumbonaceae. It is often colloquially called a water lily. Under favorable circumstances the seeds of this aquatic perennial may remain viable for many years, with the oldest recorded lotus germination being from that of seeds 1,300 years old recovered from a dry lakebed in northeastern China.

Flower patterns at Upper Shrine, Budugehinna Flower patterns at Upper Shrine, Budugehinna.png
Flower patterns at Upper Shrine, Budugehinna

Flower patterns

The blanks of the Kandyan Frescoes have been filled with traditional flower patterns. Not only for filling blanks, these patterns have been used to decorate the Udu Viyan (Ceilings). As flowers, mainly lotus flowers are used. Instead of them, Pandanus flowers, Binara flowers, Beraliya flowers, Jasmine flowers have been used.

<i>Pandanus tectorius</i> species of plant

Pandanus tectorius is a species of Pandanus (screwpine) that is native to Malesia, eastern Australia, and the Pacific Islands. It grows in the coastal lowlands typically near the edge of the ocean. Common names in English include Tahitian screwpine, thatch screwpine, hala tree, pandanus, and pu hala in Hawaiian. The fruit is sometimes known as hala fruit.

Hopea cordifolia is a species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.

Paints

Almost all the paints which were used in Kandyan Frescoes were natural. Those were made up from trees, fruits, etc. mixed together with juices or oils. These were made by artists themselves.

40 Shades of paints used in Kandyan Era Frescoes by mixing white, grey and black to colors Shades of paints used in Kandyan Era Frescoes by mixing white, grey and black to colors.png
40 Shades of paints used in Kandyan Era Frescoes by mixing white, grey and black to colors

Red Color

Sadilingam, Ixora was mixed to get red color. Red color was also taken from red clay and rocks.

<i>Ixora</i> genus of plants

Ixora is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It is the only genus in the tribe Ixoreae. It consists of tropical evergreen trees and shrubs and holds around 562 species. Though native to the tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world, its centre of diversity is in Tropical Asia. Ixora also grows commonly in subtropical climates in the United States, such as Florida where it is commonly known as West Indian Jasmine. Other common names include viruchi, rangan, kheme, ponna, chann tanea, techi, pan, siantan, jarum-jarum/jejarum, jungle flame, jungle geranium, cruz de Malta among others. The plants possess leathery leaves, ranging from 3 to 6 inches in length, and produce large clusters of tiny flowers in the summer. Members of Ixora prefer acidic soil, and are suitable choices for bonsai. It is also a popular choice for hedges in parts of South East Asia. In tropical climates they flower year round and are commonly used in Hindu worship, as well as in ayurveda and Indian folk medicine.

Yellow Color

Yellow was made from mud limestone. Sometimes it was also made from Clusiaciae juice.

Clusiaceae family of plants

The Clusiaceae or GuttiferaeJuss. (1789) are a family of plants including 13 genera and ca 750 species,. Several former members of Clusiacae are now placed in Calophyllaceae and Hypericaceae. They are mostly trees and shrubs, with milky sap and fruits or capsules for seeds. The family is primarily tropical. More so than many plant families, it shows large variation in plant morphology. According to the APG III, this family belongs to the order Malpighiales.

Blue Color

Blue color was made from Fabaceae . Sometimes sea sand was heated and mixed with Arrack to make black color.

Green Color

This was made from mixing some blue powder with yellow color.

Dahamsonda Jathakaya, Kudakatunoruwa Reswehera Rajamaha Viharaya Dahamsonda Jathakaya, Kudakatunoruwa Reswehera Rajamaha Viharaya.jpg
Dahamsonda Jathakaya, Kudakatunoruwa Reswehera Rajamaha Viharaya

White Color

White color was always taken by Makulu Meti, a white clay.

Golden Color

Golden was made by mixing limestone and golden limestone in same amounts. Or else it was made by mixing limestone with milk of CLUSIACEAE, mercury, white lead, Seenakkaran, and Salt.

Black Color

Black color was made by mixing charcoal of coconut shells with Dorana Oil.

Dahamsonda Jathakaya, Kudakatunoruwa Reswehera Rajamaha Viharaya Dahamsonda Jathaka, Kudakatunoruwa Reswehera Rajamaha Viharaya.jpg
Dahamsonda Jathakaya, Kudakatunoruwa Reswehera Rajamaha Viharaya

Brushes

Brushes was made by the artists themselves. A grass type called Theli was used for this. The hair from the tails of cats and squirrels, hair from downside of deer, horses and stags, beard of cats have been used for this. Even camel hair sometimes. These were tied to a handle and then used. Some popular artists have been offered from golden handles from king.

A fresco at Akurassa Godapitiya Rajamaha Viharaya A fresco at Akurassa Godapitiya Rajamaha Viharaya.jpg
A fresco at Akurassa Godapitiya Rajamaha Viharaya

Plastering

First, if its in a cave, then it is roughed and then plastered. This plastering was made by clay and hay. Then a layer of white clay is plastered. Then after clothes were pasted and then started to paint.

Dividing the Wall

The wall was divided into horizontal rows in Kandyan Era Frescoes. A small space was left between two rows to write the story. Sometimes it was written in the fresco in a rectangle. The height of the row varies from 30" - 40" range in low country, while some upcountry temples have range of 5" - 6". Then after the fresco was painted. [2]

Themes

Jataka Stories and Episodes of the Lord Buddha’s Life have been the major themes of Kandyan Frescoes. Other than them, Suvisi Vivarana or Bodhisattva Gautama getting blessings from 24 Previous Buddhas, Bodhisattva Gautama in Thusitha Heaven, first council of Arahaths, Atamasthana (8 famous Buddhist Religious Places), Solosmasthana (16 famous Stupa and Buddhist Religious Places), Other Bodhisattva, Thousand Buddhas, and History of Sri Lanka and of the Buddhism of Sri Lanka (e.g.: War of Elara and Dutugamunu) have been themed. Actually the religious rise-up made the artists to draw mostly Buddhism Related Frescoes. And those flowers used to fill blanks are Traditional Flower Patterns. [3]

A detail at Budugehinna Temple Detail, Budugehinna.png
A detail at Budugehinna Temple

Regional variations

A fresco at Dehiwala Sri Subhodharamaya A fresco at Dehiwala Sri Subhodharamaya.jpg
A fresco at Dehiwala Sri Subhodharamaya

As the whole country was ruled by the Kingdom of Kandy in early times, this influence of the Kandyan Frescoes was distributed in all over the country. But with the start of Portuguese, Dutch, and British Eras, the European Arts influenced the Kandyan Frescoes. As Portuguese and Dutch only ruled coastal areas, this influence can be seen very largely in coastal areas than upcountry areas. According to these changes Kandyan Frescoes can be divided into two as,

  1. Up Country Kandyan Era Frescoes
  2. Low Country Kandyan Era Frescoes

Temples which contain up country Kandyan Era frescoes

  1. Temple of the Tooth
  2. Degaldoruwa Temple
  3. Madawala Tampita Viharaya
  4. Gangarama Temple - Kandy
  5. Ridi Temple - Kurunegala
  6. Suriyagoda Temple
  7. Theldeniya Bambaragala Viharaya
  8. Nilagama Thissamaharama Rajamaha Viharaya
  9. Yapahuwa Rajamaha Viharaya
  10. Gampola Lankathilaka Viharaya
  11. Mahanuwara Gangaramaya
  12. Matale Dambawa Rajamaha Viaharaya
  13. Dehipagoda Agrabodhi Viharaya
  14. Makulugaswewa Budugehinna Viharaya
  15. Kundsale Viharaya
  16. Isurumuni Rajamaha Viharaya
  17. Dodanthale Viharaya
A low country Kandyan Era fresco A Low Country Kandyan Era Fresco.png
A low country Kandyan Era fresco

are some temples with Up Country Kandyan Era Frescoes. These frescoes are very simple and anyone can easily understand the story. But there are Minor European Influences. For an example, the 'Demons' of the fresco of Mara Parajaya are holding European Guns.

Temples which contain low country Kandyan Era frescoes

  1. Kathaluwa Viharaya
  2. Subodharamaya - Karagampitiya, Dehiwala
  3. Mulkirigala Temple
  4. Walalgoda Temple
  5. Samudragiri Temple
  6. Kadolgalla Subdraramaya
  7. Pathgama Rahularamaya
  8. Kosgoda Ganegodalle Viharaya
  9. Thotagamuwa Subadraramaya
  10. Welihnida Sudarshanaramaya
  11. Ambalangoda Sunandaramaya
  12. Thelwaththe Aluth Pansala
  13. South Kaluthara Duwe Pansala
  14. Mihiripanne Ariyakara Viharaya
  15. Hikkaduwe Jananandaramaya
  16. Koggala Dewala Building
  17. North Payagala Ethagama Sumananramaya
  18. Bambarande Kurumbure Viharaya
  19. Matara Walgama Kotikagoda Viharaya
A fresco at Muruthawela Sri Narendrarama Viharaya A fresco at Muruthawela Sri Narendrarama Viharaya.jpg
A fresco at Muruthawela Sri Narendrarama Viharaya

These are very complex and a bit hard to understand. Here there are many European influences. For an example, these frescoes contain ladies who wearing frocks and gentlemen who are wearing trousers, Western style houses, etc. [1]

A fresco at Dehiwala Sri Subodharamaya Fresco at Dehiwala Sri Subodharamaya.jpg
A fresco at Dehiwala Sri Subodharamaya

Artists of Kandyan Era

It is believed that there were many artists in Kandyan Era. The variations of the style, not from temple to temple, but sometimes in the same temple. Artists who painted the marvelous Kandyan Frescoes are not much popular. Instead of their names, their clans were popular. The more refined, detailed drawings with fine lines are often the work of the artists of 'Central School'. They received the direct patronage of the king. The simpler, less sophisticated drawings with thicker lines are often work of 'Provincial Schools' maintained by regional leaders and villagers. [3]

Respect and patronage of the Kings to an Artist at Kandyan Era

An artist was a person who was well respected in the society at Kandyan Era. Kings also gave their patronage to artists. There is a folk story about an artist in Kandyan Era.

"One day, Devaragampola Silvath Thana, the chief artist who worked in Dambulla Renovations was on the scaffolding, painting. Not able to go out to split out wad of betel he was chewing as he worked, he called out his henchman and handed it down to be thrown away. Then that person threw it out and came back, asked from the artist 'How long have you been up there to have chewed such a lot of betel?'. The artist tilted the flame and peered down as the voice was not that of his attending henchman. It was the king..." [3] [4]

This story shows how much the king respected artists at that time. So the respect of the society is clear. It is told that the artist is the only person who could ever bear the king's crown in Nethra Mangalya.

A fresco a Sri Wanasinghe Viharaya A fresco at Sri Wanasinghe Viharaya.png
A fresco a Sri Wanasinghe Viharaya

Conservation

There are no recognizable action has taken to conserve these Kandyan Frescoes other than in the temples where department of archaeology has stepped in. In some temples, photographing these frescoes without permission have been prohibited.

It seems that renovation, new construction and over painting, rather than conservation and preservation were the Sri Lankan Tradition. It still is, expect where Archaeological Department of Sri Lanka has stepped in. The present day paintings at Dambulla Temple, have been done over about 2000 year old frescoes of Anuradhapura Era, in the 18th century. Now only a small piece of Anuradhapura Era Frescoes can be seen. But thanks to the archaeological department, conservation of these frescoes are up to a certain level. [3]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 National Institute of Education, Grade 10 Art Syllabus. 2016
  2. 1 2 Charles, S. P. (2001). මහනුවර යුගයේ සිතුවමින් පෙනෙන වර්ණ‍, තෙලිකූරු හා බදාම. Colombo: Paper Right Press.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Priyanjan De Silva; Yohan Weerasuriya; Prabodha Abewardane; Naranjana Gunathilake (2016). SIGIRIYA & BEYOND. pp. 38, 39, 40, 41, 133. ISBN   978-955-3900-00-5.
  4. ↑ A Folk Tale from Sri Lanka
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