Kentish ragstone

Last updated

Ragstone wall detail - geograph.org.uk - 2265628.jpg

Kentish ragstone is a hard grey limestone in Kent, England, drawn from the geological sequence known as the Hythe Beds of the Lower Greensand. For millennia it has been quarried for use both locally and further afield.

Contents

Geology

Ragstone occurs in a geological formation known in the Hythe Beds of the Lower Greensand, a layer of limestones running from Kent into Surrey which was laid down in the Cretaceous period. It outcrops in various places, notably at the cliffs of Hythe, Kent (whence it gets its name) and along the Greensand Ridge above the Weald of Kent. [1] Ragstone occurs in bands between 15 cm and 60 cm thick, alternating with bands of a loose material called hassock. These bands are of similar thickness and the difference in colour between them gives quarry faces a striped appearance. [2] When the stone is extracted from the quarry, it appears to be of a grey green or blue grey colour but later weathers to an autumnal hue which, together with its hard-wearing properties, traditionally made it an attractive material for public building works. [3]

History

With hard rock for building being in short supply in south-east England, it was inevitable that the only significant source of hard limestone – Kentish ragstone – would be used in building from an early period. Since Roman times, ragstone has been used in roughly squared blocks for building walls. The stone was almost certainly quarried at the Tovil quarry near Maidstone, and then transported by boat along the River Medway to London. A Roman ship discovered at Blackfriars had a cargo of Kentish ragstone, probably from Maidstone, on board. Examples of Roman uses include the Roman walled cemetery at Boughton and the old Roman wall near Tower Hill underground station. [4] [5] It is possible that ragstone quarrying contributed to the rise of a small town in the Maidstone area in Roman times. Two villas in the locality had links with the quarrying and a settlement could have grown up for those working in the quarrying and shipping industries, as well as for those engaged in providing services to them. [6]

Archbishop's Palace, Maidstone Archbishops Palace-by-Stephen-Nunney.jpg
Archbishop's Palace, Maidstone

From 1066, the Normans constructed a large number of public buildings using ragstone, such as Westminster Abbey and the Tower of London, castles such as Rochester and Leeds, and churches such as All Saints and the Holy Cross churches in Maidstone. Other examples in Kent include the keep at Dover Castle, Westgate in Canterbury, Knole House, Ightham Mote, the Archbishop's Palace, Maidstone and Maidstone Prison. The building of Westminster Abbey in the 1240s required large quantities of ragstone with the result that local supplies were commandeered for that purpose: a royal command decreed that "no Kentish ragstone shall be carted to London for any other purpose until the Abbey is built". Another use for ragstone was to make cannonballs: in 1419 King Henry V ordered 7000 of these from Maidstone quarries. Most of Kent’s medieval parish churches were built of ragstone and although in Tudor times stone buildings went out of fashion in favour of brick, the demand for Gothic-style buildings in Victorian times led to many churches in south-east East England being built of ragstone. Ragstone was – and still is - also used in roads, and modern quarrying methods allow a wide range of products to be supplied today. [4] [7] [8]

Ragstone acquired its name from the quarrymen who so named it because it would break along ragged edges. Because the rock is bedded between layers of hassock, the phrase ‘rag and hassock’ arose. In 1834 a fossil Iguanodon from a ragstone quarry (Bensted’s Quarry, later renamed Iguanodon Quarry) was recorded by the famous palaeontologist Gideon Mantell. [9] By the 1940s over a dozen Kentish quarries were producing ragstone for roads and for buildings.

Modern uses of Kentish ragstone

A new housing development in Maidstone, built using Kentish Ragstone Housing development in Maidstone.jpg
A new housing development in Maidstone, built using Kentish Ragstone

Only two ragstone quarries are operational in Kent, Hermitage Quarry in Barming and Blaise Farm near King's Hill. Hermitage Quarry continues to meet the traditional demand for building stone for use in modern buildings. Modern demand is busy and diverse, however, with about 60 different products being required for use in the ready mix concrete, road building and engineering industries. Block stone is used for the construction of walls and repairs to historical buildings. Larger stone is used for the construction of seawalls and barriers against coastal erosion. [2]

Ragstone is important for repairing historic buildings to ensure that the repairs blend in with the original building. The Hermitage Quarry is the only supplier of Kentish Ragstone building stone in Kent. Blaise Farm is excavated mainly for aggregate, and is not regarded as being a realistic source of building stone. If ragstone cannot be obtained locally, historic buildings such as Rochester Castle, the Archbishop's Palace in Maidstone or the city walls at Canterbury will have to be repaired with stone imported from abroad or elsewhere in the UK, making it difficult to blend in repairs with a traditional Kentish ragstone appearance. [10]

Yellow Flemish brick (top) contrasted with Kentish ragstone (bottom) Dated Brick of Lyewood Farm Oast - geograph.org.uk - 1585470.jpg
Yellow Flemish brick (top) contrasted with Kentish ragstone (bottom)

Mines and quarries

Allington Quarry

Allington Quarry is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) as the result of interesting geological features uncovered as a result of quarrying. [11] Once sand and ragstone quarrying had ceased, the quarry became the site of the Allington Quarry Waste Management Facility. [12]

Allington was an attractive site for ragstone quarrying on account of its geology and close proximity to the River Medway which allowed quarried stone to be easily transported by boat to London. There is evidence of quarrying in the area since 1174 with the construction of Allington Castle in 1174 and the Allington quarry had certainly existed since the 1790s. In the region of 20 million tonnes of stone were extracted from the quarry for use in local buildings, roads and railways, most recently to build the Channel Tunnel Rail Link. . [13]

In 2001 owners Hanson Aggregates decided to close the site and relocate to the quarry at Blaise Farm, near Offham, which was estimated to have reserves of 35 million tonnes. Among the last pieces of stone extracted from the quarry were some given to Langley Park School for Boys in Beckenham, Kent, for the construction of stone seating circles at the school. [13]

Bensted's (or Iguanodon) Quarry (TQ 747558)

Goodrich Iguanodon Goodrich Iguanodon.jpg
Goodrich Iguanodon

In the nineteenth century, this quarry was an important source of ragstone but the site is most famous for Gideon Mantell’s discovery of the fossilised bones of an Iguanodon in 1834. Explosives were regularly used to uncover fresh sources of ragstone but, on this occasion, bones were exposed and preserved by the quarry owner, William Bensted. [14] [15]

The quarry closed in 1872 and the quarry faces are no longer visible, having been built over in the 1970s. The Iguanodon is today depicted in Maidstone's Coat-of-Arms. [16]

Blaise Farm Quarry (TQ 662562)

Following the departure of Hanson from Allington, the Blaise Farm Quarry opened in 2001. Hanson withdrew in 2005 and the quarry was taken over by Gallagher Aggregates Limited. Although the site is 116 hectares with permission for quarrying 57 million tonnes of ragstone over 62 years, the quality of the ragstone is considered to be of a lesser quality than that found in Gallagher's Hermitage Quarry and is only used to meet low-level demand for low grade aggregate. [17] [18] As part of a requirement to restore areas after extraction, the quarry is infilled with hassock. Part of the site comprises a composting facility of about 6.74 hectares on the floor of the disused quarry. [19]

Borough Green Quarry

Stangate Quarry, Borough Green, in the 1970s just before quarrying was stopped. Stangate quarry2.jpg
Stangate Quarry, Borough Green, in the 1970s just before quarrying was stopped.

Both sand and ragstone were extracted from this quarry, with some material being used to build Aylesford station in 1856. The railway ran to the quarry where horse-drawn carts delivered rocks to wagons. [20]

Quarrying began at Basted Quarry, moved north through Isles Quarry East, crossed Thong Lan and travelled south as Isles Quarry West, landfilled in the 50s with mixed waste. Quarrying continued south across Mill Lane to become Stangate Quarry. [21] Once the ragstone had been exhausted, the quarry—then known as the ARC (Amalgamated Roadstone Corporation) Stangate Landfill Site—became a landfill site for London waste. [22] [23]

Boughton Monchelsea Quarries

Boughton Monchelsea was an agricultural settlement with several ragstone quarries which had been worked since Roman times, making use of the river Medway to keep London supplied with building stone. Maidstone architect, John Whichcord, regarded them as “the best ragstone quarries in Kent”. [24] By the 1720s farming had come to predominate in the area as hops, fruit and corn were grown for sale locally and in London. Although the decline of quarrying in the area can be traced to this time, with larger quarries opening elsewhere, the extraction of ragstone from these quarries continued until the 1930s. [25]

The area is also remembered for the so-called "Battle of Boughton Quarry". In October 1830, following crop failures and political unrest, a mob of 500-600 men gathered in the quarries with the intention of marching on Maidstone. They were met by a small military force led by five magistrates and the mayor of Maidstone. The magistrates demanded their dispersal and the ringleaders were seized. When the cavalry appeared, the crowd quickly disappeared. Disturbances continued for the next two years with sporadic incidents of arson and machine breaking. [24]

Ditton Court Quarry

Exposed ragstone and hassock rock face at Ditton Court Quarry Ditty Quarry Face.jpg
Exposed ragstone and hassock rock face at Ditton Court Quarry

Many ragstone quarries have been abandoned and backfilled once exhausted. When Ditton Quarry closed down in 1984, quarrying operations had left behind a legacy of a lime-rich soil which formed the foundation of a thriving habitat for plants and wildlife; 140 wild flowers (including five that are rare in Kent), 18 butterfly species, and 50 bird species have been recorded. It is also home to foxes, rabbits, frogs, toads and newts. The quarry is now a Site of Nature Conservation Importance (SNCI). Public access is free. [26]

The quarry is also a prime location for geological research and provides opportunities for field studies in a variety of disciplines: sedimentology, stratigraphy, palaeontology, geography, and industrial archaeology. Several features make this a unique location for the study of rock formations. Visitors can examine the extensively exposed rock faces, primarily Kentish Ragstone and Hassock facies, and study changes in vertical and lateral facies. The facies are glauconitic with some horizons of silicification. Shell debris (ammonites, belemnites, nautiloids, bivalves, etc.) and bioturbation are also present. The quarry could be important for future research via gamma ray profiling of the rock beds in relation to changes in sea level and climate. [27]

Hay's Depot Yard (TQ 726574)

This disused quarry is now the site of the Quarry Wood shopping centre and industrial estate in Aylesford. An old quarry face on the eastern side of the estate is visible and shows the characteristic alternate layers of ragstone and Hassock. It is an important geological site because it allows for lateral variation in the rag and hassock facies to be studied. [28]

Hermitage Quarry, Barming & Ditton

Hermitage Quarry The Hermitage Quarry.jpg
Hermitage Quarry

Quarrying for ragstone is still an important local industry. Gallagher Aggregates Limited operate the Hermitage Quarry, which is situated 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) to the south of Ditton village. About 50 employees work in the quarry and another 60 on subsidiary functions. In 2011, it was estimated that at current production levels there was only enough ragstone left in the quarry for another four years' quarrying, with the result that new sources of production were sought. [29] Ragstone in an important material the construction industry for roads and buildings. [2]

In 2011 Gallagher Aggregates applied to extend the Hermitage Quarry into Oaken Wood in the parish of Ditton. [2] The planning committee of Kent County Council granted permission for quarrying in part of the woodland. The decision was confirmed on appeal to the Secretary of State. [30] Planning committee chairman Richard King said that "local residents and environmental groups have argued that the loss of irreplaceable ancient woodland and impact on the local wildlife site is unacceptable. On balance, however, members felt the job prospects and the economic need for ragstone to support construction in the county in future, and benefits of the project, outweighed these objections." [31]

Hosey Common, Westerham (TQ 454532)

The barred entrance to the disused mines can be found in woods in a shallow valley near the village. Dating from the 17th century, they produced stone for buildings such as Westerham Church. At least four different faces were worked although evidence of other workings is concealed by roof falls. The stone was transported on sledges with a gauge of 14.5ins. Parts of the mine have been backfilled because, it is believed, at times when the price of stone dropped only the best quality stone was excavated, with the poor quality material being stacked in the mine for convenience. [32] [33]

Laker House Quarry face, Canning Street, Maidstone (TQ 761569)

This is one of two ragstone outcrops that can be found in Maidstone town, and is valuable as an educational site for the earth sciences. At five to seven metres high the vertical face reveals alternating layers of well-cemented, glauconitic shelly limestone (ragstone) and softer weathering, glauconitic calcareous sand (hassock). Silicification and bioturbation are apparent. [34]

Loose Quarry, Quarry Wood (TQ 763518)

Work at the quarry ceased in the 1940s and the site is currently owned by Loose Scouts Group. Ragstone from the quarry was used for local buildings and also in the construction of the Loose Viaduct in 1830 by Thomas Telford. The quarry is within the 'Boughton Group' of the ragstone. Although abandoned, there is still some evidence of quarry working, such as a central over-burden roadway, overburden and spoil dumps. The rock face is a good example of ragstone and hassock layering together with others less common features resulting from cambering [35] towards Loose Valley, such as jointing, faulting and gulls. [36]

Offham Quarry

Loading ragstone at Offham Quarry in the 1970s Offham Quarry.jpg
Loading ragstone at Offham Quarry in the 1970s

This quarry originated as a source of supply of aggregate to the road-building and construction industries, and has been used as a landfill site since the early 1980s. It is located south-west of the village and access is gained along the Teston Road. Like Borough Green (Stangate) Quarry, this site was once operated by ARC with trucks bringing domestic, commercial, industrial and inert waste from London to infill the excavated quarry floor. [37]

West Farleigh Quarry (TQ 721520)

This disused and partly overgrown quarry is in 26 hectares of ancient mixed woodland located near West Farleigh. It provides an important site for the study of cambering (slope movement). Ragstone and hassock layers are well exposed, and the rocks are the same as those in which the fossil remains of an Iguanodon fossil were discovered at Bensted's Quarry, Maidstone. Today it is part of a Nature Reserve. [38] [39]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aylesford</span> Human settlement in England

Aylesford is a village and civil parish on the River Medway in Kent, England, 4 miles (6 km) northwest of Maidstone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maidstone</span> Human settlement in England

Maidstone is the largest town in Kent, England, of which it is the county town. Maidstone is historically important and lies 32 miles (51 km) east-south-east of London. The River Medway runs through the centre of the town, linking it with Rochester and the Thames Estuary. Historically, the river carried much of the town's trade as the centre of the agricultural county of Kent, known as the Garden of England. There is evidence of settlement in the area dating back before the Stone Age. The town, part of the borough of Maidstone, had an approximate population of 100,000 in 2019. Since World War II, the town's economy has shifted from heavy industry towards light industry and services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allington, Kent</span> Human settlement in England

Allington is an almost entirely modern village situated alongside the sides of the A20 road west of Maidstone in Kent. It is part of the built-up area of Maidstone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sutton Valence</span> Human settlement in England

Sutton Valence is a village about five miles (8 km) SE of Maidstone, Kent, England on the A274 road going south to Headcorn and Tenterden. It is on the Greensand Ridge overlooking the Vale of Kent and Weald. St Mary's Church is on the west side of the village on Chart Road, close to the junction of the High Street with the A274. Another landmark is Sutton Valence Castle on the east side of the village, of which only the ruins of the 12th-century keep remain, under the ownership of English Heritage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maidstone and The Weald (UK Parliament constituency)</span> UK Parliamentary constituency since 1997

Maidstone and The Weald is a constituency in Kent represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2010 by Helen Grant of the Conservative Party. She succeeded fellow party member Ann Widdecombe, who had held the seat since it was created for the 1997 general election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boughton Monchelsea</span> Human settlement in England

Boughton Monchelsea is a village and civil parish in the borough of Maidstone in Kent, England. The civil parish lies on a ragstone ridge situated between the North Downs and the Weald of Kent and has commonly been called Quarry Hills. The village itself is located 3 miles (5 km) south of the town of Maidstone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rag-stone</span> Work done with stones that are quarried in thin pieces

Rag-stone is a name given by some architectural writers to work done with stones that are quarried in thin pieces, such as Horsham Stone, sandstone, Yorkshire stone, and the slate stones, but this is more properly flag or slab work. Near London, "rag-stone" often means Kentish ragstone, a material from the neighbourhood of Maidstone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ditton, Kent</span> Human settlement in England

Ditton is a large village and civil parish in the borough of Tonbridge and Malling in Kent, England. The village is 4.6 miles (7.4 km) west-northwest of Maidstone and 1.8 miles (2.9 km) east of West Malling. The parish, which is long and narrow, straddles the A20, with farmland to the south and industry to the north. It lies in the Medway Valley, on the northern edge of the Kent Weald, and adjoins the ancient parishes of Larkfield, Aylesford and Barming.

<i>Mantellisaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Mantellisaurus is a genus of iguanodontian dinosaur that lived in the Barremian and early Aptian ages of the Early Cretaceous Period of Europe. Its remains are known from Belgium (Bernissart), England, Spain and Germany. The type and only species is M. atherfieldensis. Formerly known as Iguanodon atherfieldensis, the new genus Mantellisaurus was erected for the species by Gregory Paul in 2007. According to Paul, Mantellisaurus was more lightly built than Iguanodon and more closely related to Ouranosaurus, making Iguanodon in its traditional sense paraphyletic. It is known from many complete and almost complete skeletons. The genus name honours Gideon Mantell, the discoverer of Iguanodon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allington Quarry Waste Management Facility</span> Waste management centre in Allington, Kent

The Allington Quarry Waste Management Facility is an integrated waste management centre in Allington, Kent. It is the site of the Allington Energy from Waste (EfW) Incinerator. The incinerator is owned by FCC Environment as Kent Enviropower. The facility, which has involved an investment of over £150 Million, is able to process 500,000 tonnes per annum of waste and has the ability to produce 40MW of power. The facility takes non-hazardous waste from households and businesses in Kent and the surrounding area for recycling and energy recovery. Materials separated by householders are sorted and sent for recycling, with the remainder being used to generate electricity to power the facility and for the local supply network.

Loose is a village some 2 miles (3 km) south of Maidstone, Kent, situated at the head of the Loose Valley, with which it forms the Loose Valley Conservation Area. The fast- flowing River Loose which rises near Langley runs through the centre of the village and once supported a paper-making industry, evidence of which can still be found. An area round the village is also known as Loose, but Loose village itself is based in the Loose valley and extends along Busbridge Road towards Tovil. The name is believed to be taken from the Loose Stream, which "loses" itself for several miles underground from the point where it rises in Langley.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loose Stream</span> Stream in Kent, England

The Loose Stream sometimes called the River Loose or Langley Stream is a tributary of the River Medway notable for the number of watermills that it powered in its short length. It rises in Langley, flows through Boughton Monchelsea, Loose and enters the Medway at Tovil. The river valley is deep sided, and there is much evidence of the paper and wool trades which once flourished here: the stream has been dammed in many places, resulting in many mill ponds.

The Headcorn and Maidstone Junction Light Railway was a proposed railway in Kent. An Act of Parliament authorised its construction, but only a short branch at Tovil, opened to goods only, was built.

The history of Maidstone and its environs goes as far back as Mesolithic times. It has seen settlement by the Romans and the Normans and played a role in pivotal moments of English history such as the Peasants' Revolt and the English Civil War. It has also hosted an Army barracks since Napoleonic times and was an important centre for Kent's brewing and papermaking industries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allington Quarry</span> Site of Special Scientific Interest in Kent, England

Allington Quarry is a 0.8-hectare (2.0-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Maidstone in Kent. It is a Geological Conservation Review site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grade I listed buildings in Maidstone</span>

There are 42 Grade I listed buildings in Maidstone. The Borough of Maidstone is a local government district in the English county of Kent. The district covers a largely rural area of 152 square miles (394 km2) between the North Downs and the Weald with the town of Maidstone, the county town of Kent, in the north-west. The district has a population of approximately 166,400 in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boughton Place</span> Building in Boughton Malherbe, England

Boughton Place, formerly Bocton Place or Bocton Hall, is a country house in Boughton Malherbe, Kent, England. It is the historic home of the Wotton family and birthplace of Sir Henry Wotton (1568–1639), ambassador to Venice under James I.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boughton Monchelsea Place</span> Grade I listed English country house in the United Kingdom

Boughton Monchelsea Place, previously Boughton Court, is a 16th-century country house in Boughton Monchelsea, Kent, England. The first part of the house was built by Robert Rudston circa 1567–75 on the site of an earlier manor house. It has been modified a number of times during its history achieving its present form in 1819. It has been a home to a number of members of parliament for Maidstone or for Kent, including Sir Francis Barnham, Sir Robert Barnham (1646–85) Sir Barnham Rider (1698–1728) and Thomas Rider (1805–47).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gallagher Group (UK)</span>

Gallagher Group started as a civil engineering and groundworks contractor. Then operated civil engineering, property development, 'design and build' contracting and quarrying businesses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Maidstone Borough Council election</span>

The 2021 Maidstone Borough Council election took place on 6 May 2021, in order to elect members to the Maidstone Borough Council. These elections were originally due to take place on 7 May 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the decision was taken to postpone them by a year. These elections took place in conjunction with other local elections on the same day. Nominations for Elections were published on 9 April 2021.

References

  1. ↑ A Synopsis of Kent's Geology, Kent Geologists' Group, retrieved 14 July 2011
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Investment, technology and a local workforce", Kentish ragstone, Gallagher Aggregates Ltd, archived from the original on 2 August 2017, retrieved 1 August 2017
  3. ↑ "Kentish Ragstone Coursed Split Face Walling", Product Catalogue, Lambs, archived from the original on 27 March 2012, retrieved 19 July 2011
  4. 1 2 "Windows and Doorways in English Secular Architecture, 700-1700", extraordinary book of doors, extraordinary book of doors 2001, archived from the original on 15 May 2011, retrieved 17 July 2011
  5. ↑ John Ashurst (1990), Conservation of building and decorative stone, Butterworth, ISBN   0-408-10761-8, OL   15029775M, 0408107618
  6. ↑ Maidstone Centre Conservation Area Appraisal (PDF), Maidstone Borough Council, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2011, retrieved 19 July 2011
  7. ↑ "The Cornerstone in British building materials.", Kentish ragstone, The Gallagher Group, archived from the original on 25 April 2011, retrieved 14 July 2011
  8. ↑ "Kentish Ragstone", Domesday Reloaded, BBC, retrieved 14 July 2011
  9. ↑ The Geology of the BWT Land, Bearsted Woodland Trust, archived from the original on 27 March 2012, retrieved 14 July 2011
  10. ↑ Mrs Sarah Anderson (ID: 485147), Diocese of Rochester DAC, Representations on Issues Consultation, Kent County Council, archived from the original on 27 March 2012, retrieved 20 July 2011
  11. ↑ Allington Quarry
  12. ↑ Plant Portrait: Allington Quarry, Great Britain (PDF), Lurgi Lentjes, retrieved 19 July 2011
  13. 1 2 End of an era for Kent quarry, The Aggregates and Recycling Information Network, retrieved 19 July 2011
  14. ↑ Bensted's 'Iguanodon Diary' (Dino Diaries), BBC, retrieved 19 July 2011
  15. ↑ Topography of Maidstone and its environs, and directory.of Maidstone. 1839. p. 4.
  16. ↑ Bensted's (or Iguanodon) Quarry (TQ 747558), Kent Regionally Important Geological Sites Group, retrieved 14 July 2011[ permanent dead link ]
  17. ↑ "Investment, technology and a local workforce", Kentish ragstone, Gallagher Aggregates Ltd, retrieved 14 July 2011[ permanent dead link ]
  18. ↑ Blaise Farm Quarry (TQ 662562), Kent Regionally Important Geological Sites Group, retrieved 14 July 2011[ permanent dead link ]
  19. ↑ Planning Proposal to Tonbridge and Malling Council (TMBC), TMBC, retrieved 14 July 2011[ permanent dead link ]
  20. ↑ Potted History, Borough Green Community Website, archived from the original on 29 August 2011, retrieved 14 July 2011
  21. ↑ "Isles History".
  22. ↑ West Malling, BBC, retrieved 20 July 2011
  23. ↑ Crane, Mike Taylor Haulage, retrieved 20 July 2011
  24. 1 2 "Boughton Monchelsea Time Line", Parish Services, Boughton Monchelsea Parish Council, archived from the original on 28 September 2011, retrieved 14 July 2011
  25. ↑ "Boughton Monchelsea The Quarries" (PDF), Conservation Area Appraisal, Maidstone Borough Council, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2011, retrieved 20 July 2011
  26. ↑ Ditton Quarry Nature Reserve, Ditton Gazette, Spring 2009.
  27. ↑ "Ditton Court Quarry", Kent Regionally Important Geological Sites Group, Kent RIGS, retrieved 26 June 2011[ dead link ]
  28. ↑ Hay's Depot Yard (TQ 726574), Kent Regionally Important Geological Sites Group, retrieved 14 July 2011[ permanent dead link ]
  29. ↑ "A report by Head of Planning Applications Group to Planning Applications Committee on 10 May 2011" (PDF). KCC Documents. Kent County Council. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  30. ↑ Graham, Mary (13 July 2013). "Government approves application to extend Hermitage Quarry in Maidstone". Kentonline.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  31. ↑ "Oaken Wood quarry plan approved by Kent councillors", BBC Kent News 11 May 2011, BBC, 10 May 2011, retrieved 25 June 2011
  32. ↑ Hosey Caves, Westerham (PDF), R.C.Combley. Oxford 2010, archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011, retrieved 20 July 2011
  33. ↑ Limestone Mines, Kent Underground Research Group, archived from the original on 28 September 2011, retrieved 20 July 2011
  34. ↑ Laker House Quarry face, Canning Street, Maidstone (TQ 761569), Kent Regionally Important Geological Sites Group, retrieved 14 July 2011[ permanent dead link ]
  35. ↑ Cambering and valley bulging, British Geological Survey, retrieved 21 July 2011
  36. ↑ Loose Quarry, Quarry Wood (TQ 763518), Kent Regionally Important Geological Sites Group, retrieved 14 July 2011[ permanent dead link ]
  37. ↑ Planning Applications, Kent County Council, retrieved 21 July 2011
  38. ↑ West Farleigh Quarry, Quarry Wood (TQ 721520), Kent Regionally Important Geological Sites Group, retrieved 14 July 2011[ permanent dead link ]
  39. ↑ Quarry Wood, Kent Wildlife Trust, archived from the original on 1 October 2011, retrieved 21 July 2011

See also

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.