Oxytetracycline is a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic, the second of the group to be discovered.
Streptomyces is the largest genus of Actinomycetota, and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. Over 700 species of Streptomyces bacteria have been described. As with the other Actinomycetota, streptomycetes are gram-positive, and have very large genomes with high GC content. Found predominantly in soil and decaying vegetation, most streptomycetes produce spores, and are noted for their distinct "earthy" odor that results from production of a volatile metabolite, geosmin. Different strains of the same species may colonize very diverse environments.
Chlortetracycline is a tetracycline antibiotic, the first tetracycline to be identified. It was discovered in 1945 at Lederle Laboratories under the supervision of scientist Yellapragada Subbarow, Benjamin Minge Duggar. They were helped by Louis T. Wright, a surgeon who conducted this medications first human experiments. Duggar identified the antibiotic as the product of an actinomycete he cultured from a soil sample collected from Sanborn Field at the University of Missouri. The organism was named Streptomyces aureofaciens and the isolated drug, Aureomycin, because of their golden color.
Production of antibiotics is a naturally occurring event, that thanks to advances in science can now be replicated and improved upon in laboratory settings. Due to the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming, and the efforts of Florey and Chain in 1938, large-scale, pharmaceutical production of antibiotics has been made possible. As with the initial discovery of penicillin, most antibiotics have been discovered as a result of happenstance. Antibiotic production can be grouped into three methods: natural fermentation, semi-synthetic, and synthetic. As more and more bacteria continue to develop resistance to currently produced antibiotics, research and development of new antibiotics continues to be important. In addition to research and development into the production of new antibiotics, repackaging delivery systems is important to improving efficacy of the antibiotics that are currently produced. Improvements to this field have seen the ability to add antibiotics directly into implanted devices, aerosolization of antibiotics for direct delivery, and combination of antibiotics with non antibiotics to improve outcomes. The increase of antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria has led to an increased urgency for the funding of research and development of antibiotics and a desire for production of new and better acting antibiotics.
Tetracyclines are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotic compounds that have a common basic structure and are either isolated directly from several species of Streptomyces bacteria or produced semi-synthetically from those isolated compounds. Tetracycline molecules comprise a linear fused tetracyclic nucleus to which a variety of functional groups are attached. Tetracyclines are named after their four ("tetra-") hydrocarbon rings ("-cycl-") derivation ("-ine"). They are defined as a subclass of polyketides, having an octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide skeleton and are known as derivatives of polycyclic naphthacene carboxamide. While all tetracyclines have a common structure, they differ from each other by the presence of chloride, methyl, and hydroxyl groups. These modifications do not change their broad antibacterial activity, but do affect pharmacological properties such as half-life and binding to proteins in serum.
Streptomycetaceae is a family of Actinomycetota, making up the monotypic order Streptomycetales. It includes the important genus Streptomyces. This was the original source of many antibiotics, namely streptomycin, the first antibiotic against tuberculosis.
Benjamin Minge Duggar was an American plant physiologist. Surprisingly, he is best remembered for his contribution to another discipline, through his discovery in 1945 of chlortetracycline (Aureomycin), the first of the tetracycline antibiotics, from a soil bacterium growing in allotment soil.
Oleandomycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It is synthesized from strains of Streptomyces antibioticus. It is weaker than erythromycin.
In enzymology, an alizarin 2-beta-glucosyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Narasin is a coccidiostat and antibacterial agent. It is a derivative of salinomycin with an additional methyl group. Narasin is produced by fermentation of a strain of Streptomyces aureofaciens.
Streptomyces rimosus is a bacterium species in the genus Streptomyces.
Kitasatospora is an Actinobacteria genus in the family Streptomycetaceae. The genus name comes from Shibasaburo Kitasato, a Japanese bacteriologist.
Streptomyces isolates have yielded the majority of human, animal, and agricultural antibiotics, as well as a number of fundamental chemotherapy medicines. Streptomyces is the largest antibiotic-producing genus of Actinomycetota, producing chemotherapy, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic drugs, and immunosuppressants. Streptomyces isolates are typically initiated with the aerial hyphal formation from the mycelium.
Streptomyces alboflavus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which produces oxytetracycline, tetracycline and desertomycin A.
Kitasatospora albolonga is a bacterium species from the genus Kitasatospora. Kitasatospora albolonga produces valilactone, ansathiazin, awamycin and griseofulvin.
Kitasatospora cinereorecta is a bacterium species from the genus Kitasatospora.
Kitasatospora indigofera is a bacterial species of the genus Kitasatospora.
Kitasatospora purpeofusca is a bacterium species from the genus Kitasatospora which has been isolated from soil in Japan. Kitasatospora purpeofusca produces negamycin, aestivophoenin A, aestivophoenin B, aestivophoenin C and heptaene.
The Streptomyces aureofaciens Phage Mu1/6 Holin Family is a family of putative pore-forming holins between 80 and 90 amino acyl residues in length with 2 transmembrane segments (TMSs). A representative list of proteins belonging to this family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.
Kitasatospora xanthocidica is a bacterium species from the genus Kitasatospora. Kitasatospora xanthocidica produces xanthocidin, piericidin A, glucopiericidin A and resipinomycins.
