As the second oldest residential college in New Zealand, Knox is also one of the more traditional colleges, having been founded in the mould of those at Oxbridge. Throughout the last century, Knox managed to maintain much of its distinctively collegiate institutional character while continually evolving to promote and maintain a welcoming and inclusive academic community for it's student body, which has been co-educational since 1983. The college has produced 18 Rhodes Scholars, as well as several Gates Scholars and Fulbright Scholars[3].
History and function
Knox College was established in 1909 to provide residence for male students and to house an existing seminary for Presbyterianministers. It became co-educational in 1983. It also houses the Presbyterian Church's Knox Centre for Ministry and Leadership and the Presbyterian Research Centre (comprising the Hewitson Library and Presbyterian Archives). The college is named after John Knox, a sixteenth century leader of the Scottish Reformation, whose efforts in establishing a universal system of free education comprising both academic learning and character formation had a profound influence, not just in Scotland, but internationally, as subsequent generations of Scottish settlers, products of the Scottish Enlightenment, emigrated to far-flung corners of the globe, including New Zealand, taking with them a deep-seated belief in the benefits of applied knowledge and a broad and liberal education.
Knox's valuing of tradition is evident in some of the names and titles still used in the college. For example, the head of college is known as the Master, and the deputy head the Deputy Master; residential assistants are called Sub-masters; and the college has a ceremonial officer called the beadle. As of late 2022, the beadle is held by resident Ilaria Old, the 23nd beadle of Knox College.
Master's Cup, 2009
Academic support for residents takes the form of tutorials, the monitoring of individual academic performances, and progress interviews as needed. In addition, the college benefits from an on-campus library, the Hewitson Library, which provides continuous access for students to study space and the library's various collections of books and journals, some of which are of historical significance. Knox College counts among its alumni eighteen Rhodes Scholars.
Upon entry into Knox College, undergraduate residents become part of the Junior Common Room (JCR), which is distinct from the Senior Common Room (SCR). The latter largely consists of post-graduates, (non-resident) academics, and leading figures within the academic and ecclesiastical the community who are elected as fellows on a quinquennial basis. The list of College Fellows currently includes both the Chancellor and the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Otago. Other members of the SCR include postgraduate students in residence, including the Ross Fellow, and the college's Sub-master team. The Ross Fellowship, established in 1920, is the oldest such award in the university.
Until the 1990s, certain Chairs in Theology were held at Knox College.[4][5] These were disestablished when the University of Otago assumed responsibility (from the then Theological Hall) for teaching the university's Theology programme.
The Knox College Students' Club (KCSC) was an incorporated society and the oldest college organisation of its kind in New Zealand.[7] The majority of student social events and intercollegiate events were organised through the KCSC Executive Committee, or student nominated club members, and used to form a broad range of activities throughout the year, including the annual Ball held at Larnach Castle, the Concert on the Stairwell, and the various sporting and cultural events that compose the Cameron Shield and Nevill Cup competitions against Selwyn College.[8] The KCSC Executive consisted of a president, vice president, secretary, treasurer, cultural representative, male and female sports representative, and social representative.[8]
Three former presidents of the Students' Club later became masters of Knox College: the Rev Dr Hubert Ryburn (KCSC president, 1921), the Rev Peter Marshall (1962) and Mr. Bruce Aitken (1971). Other notable names on the list of KCSC presidents are Professor Sir David Skegg (1969), who later served as vice-chancellor of the university (2004–11), Judge E.O.K. Blaikie (1967), and Mr Joel Amosa (2009), winner of New Zealand's top singing prize, the Lexus Song Quest (2018).[7]
A distinguishing characteristic of Knox, courtesy of it being independently owned, is the freedom it has to accept students back for a second, or even third, year. Students are not obliged to leave the college at the end of their first year. Returners play a role in setting the tone of the college, passing on traditions, and making incoming students feel welcome. In recent years, the male:female ratio has approximated 40:60, which is reflective of the male:female student ratio throughout the university.[8]
In October 2023, the Knox College Students' Club ceased to exist after failing to meet quorum at the Annual General Meeting (AGM).
Centennial celebrations
College Garden Party, 2009
The college achieved its centenary in 2009, with approximately 600 guests attending a variety of events over the celebration weekend in early August. The oldest returning resident (res. 1938–1943) planted a Centennial Oak in the college grounds to commemorate the occasion.[9][10]
Relationships with other colleges
Knox College shares its site with Salmond College. Although the two colleges are mostly autonomous in regards to their daily operations, they are governed by the same body, the Board of Knox College and Salmond College, and, being part of the same organisation, they share several staff, including an Operations Manager, a Food Services Manager, a Property Manager and a Groundsman.
Knox College enjoys a close relationship with its Anglican equivalent and arch-rival Selwyn College. The two colleges compete annually for the Nevill Cup (cultural events) and Cameron Shield (sporting events). The eighth Master of Knox College, the Very Rev Dr Graham Redding (2015-2021), was a former Warden of Selwyn College (1989–1991).
Building history
The college buildings are an imposing group representing a persistent and successful effort to carry out an architectural idea over an extended time which saw considerable change.
Initial outlay
The Presbyterian Church of Otago and Southland opened a seminary for Ministers, its Theological Hall, in Dunedin in 1876. Early in the 20th century it acquired the core of the site in Opoho, above North East Valley, intending to re-house the seminary and to provide accommodation for its students and others attending the University of Otago. It established a brief and conducted an architectural competition won in 1906 by the 21-year old William Gray Young of Wellington. J. Louis Salmond (1868–1950) came second.[11][12]
The Knox facade and Botanic Gardens
Young's plans envisaged development well beyond the college's immediate requirements taking the form of four ranges surrounding a central quadrangle. After the first stage was completed he was retained as architectural adviser and remained responsible for the buildings' design for more than forty years. His successors remained true to his conception through challenging circumstances.
The construction contract for the main accommodation block was won by Fletcher Brothers at a price of £9120. The chairman of the project was Rev Andrew Cameron and the contract winner was his son-in-law James Fletcher.[13]
Because Young was based in Wellington and perhaps also because of his youth, Salmond was appointed supervising architect. The plan called for a principal range facing west with a large, square, central tower. It had subordinate ranges reaching forward at either extremity in a generally symmetrical composition. Behind the west range there were to be others at right angles to it, extending east, forming the north and south sides of the quadrangle.
The first building stage was the tower and the northward parts of the west range together with the range behind that trending east on the north side of the intended quadrangle (the "North Wing"). This part, the range on the north side of the quadrangle, included not only provision for teaching but a dining hall and servants' accommodation.
Elevation of a wapiti in the modern-day Great Hall
The foundation stone was laid on 6 April 1908 and the building was opened on 23 June 1909 having cost £19,307. The foundations were Port Chalmers breccia. The walls were finished in brick with Oamaru stone trims and the roofs were red clay tiles.
The building was in the Jacobethan style, a late form of the Gothic revival still vigorous in the early 20th century. Knox has the characteristic Tudor arches, oriel windows and battlements and the elaboration of forms and details, if not to the extent of Harlaxton Manor, sometimes pointed to as the type, or template, of the style.[14]
Early development
The second stage was the southern part of the west range, including the forward projecting chapel. Behind this part of the west range the first part of the quadrangle's southern range was also to be built. A tender was accepted in September 1912 and completed by March 1914. Construction had cost £10,525.
At this point the College Council's ambitions and those of their architect were becoming clear. On their high site the buildings are very visible. The council had insisted on raising the architect's four-storeyed tower to five storeys. The three storeyed ranges and the forward thrusting subordinate reaches present a complex, but legible and imposing face to the world.
The interiors were spacious and finished with period detailing, including panels and hammer beams in the Dining Hall and stained glass and elaborate plasterwork, notably in the chapel. Even so, the college, as Young had conceived it, was far from complete.
Plans to extend the southern range, known as the "South Wing", were prepared by him in enough detail to be estimated by 1929 but the Depression and the Second World War prevented their execution. In 1952 with plans and funding almost complete the project was suspended.
Ross Chapel
Post-war progress
Meanwhile, the combination of seminary and residential hall was proving difficult to accommodate in the existing space. In 1945 a fund was established to provide additional room. Young was getting old. He oversaw the drafting of the plans but advised the committee of his resignation in 1952. Salmond had died in 1950. His son, Arthur Salmond, (1906–1994) now in partnership with Harry Burt, took over the project.[15] A contract was signed in 1953, building commenced the next year and the new Theological Hall was opened on 12 November 1955 for a cost of £80,000.
Tutorial room
The new building, to become known as the Hewitson Wing, was set parallel to the main west range, behind it, forming the east flank of the quadrangle. With a library as its front, facing the quadrangle, and with a hall behind, this structure is very deep. It is linked by an arch to the north range, closing the quadrangle's corner at that point.
Building methods and codes had changed. This structure, the first of the second building phase, incorporated reinforced concrete while retaining the forms and materials of the earlier buildings. It too is decorated inside in period fashion, the library, for example, managing to make the reference to an Elizabethan interior with a plausible degree of conviction.
The former provision for the Theological Hall in the north range was now made into additional accommodation for residents. This meant the Dining Hall was now too small for the numbers. That had been anticipated in the Gray Young era but in 1953 the council commissioned Salmond & Burt to prepare plans to extend the hall, estimated at £2,500. The work was completed by July 1957.
The extension reaches into the quadrangle courtyard, terminating in a crenellated bay window with stained lead lights. Inside it provides the space for the dais for the hall's high table and seems a natural enlargement of the room.
Knox and Salmond Colleges
In 1959 the College Council resumed its effort to extend the "South Wing". Money was raised, the plans revised, tenders were called in August 1961. The building was opened on 21 April 1963 for a cost of £44,501. This was another structure with a reinforced concrete frame, styled and dressed to match the building it joined. It extended the "South Wing" eastward, taking the southern range to its present extent, further closing the quadrangle. It stopped short of the line of the east range which at that time had not reached its full extent. It was named the "Ross Wing".
The quadrangle was still not completed and with the centennial of the Theological Hall approaching the College Council decided in August 1974 to mark it by extending the library. Fund raising was difficult but work began in August 1983. The extension was opened on 30 May 1984 for a cost of $463,000.
This is another structurally modern building dressed to complement the context. By this time Arthur Salmond had retired but his son John (1940–2008) was in practice.[17] The addition extends the east range southwards, taking it to the line of the south range but leaving an open space between. With this the quadrangle was all but complete.
In the summer of 2012–13, the main residential building was earthquake-strengthened to comply with the latest building code. At the same time, 40 rooms were added to the college. Some of these were the result of the reconfiguration of rooms and offices at the northern end of the ground floor of the main building; others were the result or rebuilding the area of the college known as The Close. Opportunity was also taken to refurbish the main building from top to bottom, and to open up the Great Hall to the Junior Common Room to facilitate dining for the increased numbers at the college on formal occasions. In the summer of 2019–2020, the area of the college known as Somerville Close, comprising Mackay, Marshall, Glendining and Wilson Houses, underwent an extensive refurbishment.[18]
Changes in governance and leadership
In February 2012, a commission was appointed by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand to assume responsibility for the governance and management of Knox and Salmond Colleges, instead of the Council of Knox College and Salmond College.[19] The General Assembly took this action following two reviews of the college in 2011 – one by the University of Otago, and the other by the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand – each of which raised significant concerns about certain aspects of the culture of the college, especially in regards to alcohol and student welfare.[20] The six-person commission comprised an equal number of church and university appointees. It saw numerous changes being put into effect immediately and other changes being proposed, some of which proved controversial among staff, students and alumni. The former master of the college, Bruce Aitken, offered his resignation on 20 July 2012.[21] The protests of alumni attracted national press attention.[22]
In 2015, the commission was discharged, and a new Board of Knox College and Salmond College was established to replace the former Council of Knox College and Salmond College.[23] By that time, the Presbyterian Church's Council of Assembly was satisfied that the commission had done its work, the management of change was complete, and the process of cultural change at Knox was well under way. In 2017, the board articulated its vision for Knox College: To be a world-class residential college where students are part of a community that affirms and empowers every resident, expands thought and outlook, encourages service, fosters leadership, and builds strong bonds of friendship.[24]
The first female head of college, Caroline Hepburn-Doole, was appointed in 2021. She was the college's deputy master for the previous five years.[8]
Controversy
In 2019, an article published in the Otago University Students' Association magazine, Critic Te Arohi, unveiled that the college had a culture of misogyny that normalised sexual misconduct against females.[25] The article included the testimonies of several female residents who had been sexually harassed or assaulted at the college between 2015 and 2017, many of whom claimed that the college's leadership ignored or dismissed their claims when they were reported to them.[26] The article received widespread media attention.[27]
While many of those above have been resident at the college, some of those who attended as Divinity students may have received tuition while living in private accommodation.
For further details of on the alumni above, see the college's centennial history. Years provided are of initial entry, rather than of any returning periods.[1][40]
Coat of arms
The strong Scottish Presbyterian roots of Knox are reflected in it's Coat of Arms, which takes the form of a blue St Andrew's Cross; superimposed on the St Andrew's Cross is the image of a white dove in flight, carrying an olive branch in its mouth, a symbolic depiction of the flood myth in Genesis 8, wherein the olive-branch-bearing dove is a symbol of life and peace. The college motto, Gratia et Veritas (Latin), or Grace and Truth (English), comes from the Prologue to the Gospel according to Saint John (John 1:).
Coat of arms of Knox College
Notes
The Arms of Knox College were granted by the Lord Lyon on 1 October 1932. The design had been in use since 1909[41]
Escutcheon
Argent, on a saltire Azure a dove volant proper holding in its beak a sprig of olive Vert
Motto
Gratia et Veritas ('Grace and Truth')
Notes
1 2 Clarke, Alison (2009), A Living Tradition: A Centennial History of Knox College, Knox College
↑ For example: Cheyne, A C (1999), Studies in Scottish church history, p.273; Numbers; Stenhouse (2001), Disseminating Darwinism, the Role of Place, Race, Religion, and Gender, p.70
↑ Knox College. "Who's who". Retrieved 25 June 2010.
↑ Breward, Ian (1975). Grace and Truth: a History of Theological Hall, Knox College, Dunedin, 1876–1975. p.9.
↑ Except where otherwise stated information here about the buildings' history is drawn from Salmond 2003, which in turn relies substantially on Milnes 2002.
↑ Pride of Place: A history of the Fletcher Construction Company, Peter Shaw p. 6
↑ Otago Daily Times, 5 February 1994. Obituary Arthur Louis Salmond.
↑ This image shows the Ross and South Wings on the right, as well the more recent Somerville Court, along Glendining Avenue, to the left
↑ Otago Daily Times, 16 August 1980 states AL Salmond had retired two years earlier. 1 November 2008, obituary John Louis Salmond, mentions JL Salmond's work for Knox College. Knight & Wales, 1988, pp. 216–217 gives information about the individuals and the practice.
Dunedin is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the Otago region. Its name comes from Dùn Èideann, the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. The city has a rich Māori, Scottish, and Chinese heritage.
Selwyn College is a residential college affiliated to the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. It was founded by Bishop Samuel Tarratt Nevill as a theological college training clergy for the Anglican Church and as a hall of residence for students attending the university. It is named after George Augustus Selwyn, the first Bishop of New Zealand and is owned by the Anglican Diocese of Dunedin. It was opened on 15 January 1893. It was Otago's first residential college and on the model of an English university college it included students of all subjects. Women were admitted in 1983. The main building is listed as a Category II Historic Place. Selwyn is one of the most popular colleges in Dunedin, its 214 available places oversubscribed every year.
Salmond College is a residential college affiliated to the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. As an affiliated college, it is privately owned and is run independently from the university, being governed by The Council of Knox College and Salmond College, a body with links to the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand. The college was opened in 1971 as Salmond Hall, originally to accommodate women students, to parallel the male-only facility Knox College. It became a coeducational facility during the 1970s. The name was changed to Salmond College in 2006.
Arana College is a residential college of the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand, founded in 1943 by the Rev. Harold W.Turner and the Stuart Residence Halls Council. The name "Arana" is a Māori transliteration of "Allen", chosen to honour Sir James Allen, a former Vice Chancellor (1903–1909) and Chancellor (1909–1912) of the University of Otago. The current warden is Ruben Katigbak.
The Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand (PCANZ) is a major Christian denomination in New Zealand. A part of the Reformed tradition, it is the largest Presbyterian denomination in New Zealand, and known for its relatively progressive stance on doctrine and social issues in comparison with smaller Presbyterian churches in the country. Presbyterianism was introduced to New Zealand by early 19th century settlers, particularly from Scotland and Ireland. It was historically most prevalent in the Otago region. The PCANZ was formed in 1901 with the amalgamation of southern and northern Presbyterian churches. It claims around 29,000 members.
Hocken Collections (Māori: Uare Taoka o Hākena, formerly the Hocken Library) is a research library, historical archive, and art gallery based in Dunedin, New Zealand. Its library collection, which is of national significance, is administered by the University of Otago.
The University of Otago Registry Building, also known as the Clocktower Building, is a Victorian and later structure in the city of Dunedin, New Zealand. It stands next to the banks of the Water of Leith and is constructed from contrasting dark Leith Valley basalt and Oamaru stone, with a foundation of Port Chalmers breccia. The building houses the administrative centre of the university, and the office of the Vice-Chancellor. It has a Category I listing with Heritage New Zealand.
Robert Arthur Lawson was one of New Zealand's pre-eminent 19th century architects. The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography states that he did more than any other designer to shape the face of the Victorian era architecture of the city of Dunedin. He is the architect of over forty churches, including Dunedin's First Church for which he is best remembered, but also other buildings, such as Larnach Castle, a country house, with which he is also associated.
Saint Margaret's College, Otago is a residential college affiliated to the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. The current head of college is Elizabeth Koni. The previous head of college, Dr Charles Tustin, retired in January 2023. His predecessor, Dr Peter Norris, retired in November 2016 after 28 years of service to the college.
Dunedin North, also known as North Dunedin, is a major inner suburb of the New Zealand city of Dunedin, located 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) northeast of the city centre. It contains many of the city's major institutions, including the city's university, polytechnic, main hospital, and largest museum. Dunedin North's 2001 population was 7,047, including the university area.
Ōpoho is a suburb of the New Zealand city of Dunedin. It sits on the western flank of Signal Hill, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the northeast of the city centre, overlooking North East Valley and the Dunedin Botanic Gardens.
Knox Church is a notable building in Dunedin, New Zealand. It houses the city's second Presbyterian congregation and is the city's largest church of any denomination.
The University of Otago Clocktower complex is a group of architecturally and historically significant buildings in the centre of the University of Otago campus. Founded in Dunedin, New Zealand, in 1869, the University of Otago was the expression of the province's Scottish founders' commitment to higher education. They were also the inheritors of a strong architectural tradition and gritty determination. Defending the decision to build in expensive materials in an elaborate historicizing manner, the chancellor, Donald Stuart, said "the Council had some old-world notions and liked to have a university with some architectural style". This attitude persisted for over 50 years and resulted in an impressive group of buildings.
James Louis Salmond was a New Zealand architect active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many of his buildings remain, particularly in Otago. He established a practice carried on by his son and grandson into the 21st century.
The majority of first year students at the University of Otago's Dunedin campus stay in one of the fourteen residential colleges, alongside a smaller number of senior students and postgraduates. These colleges provide food, accommodation, social and welfare services, as well as some degree of additional academic support, particularly for the largest papers.
Rutherford Waddell (1850–1932) was a notable New Zealand Presbyterian minister, social reformer and writer. He was born in Ireland and after failing to finding a position as a missionary or a minister Waddell and his wife migrated to New Zealand in 1877. Settling in Dunedin he led St Andrew's Presbyterian Church for forty years from 1879 to 1919. An important liberalizing influence in the Presbyterian church in New Zealand he was an active believer in the value of the ministry to promote social justice. This led him to oversee the setting up a mission hall, savings bank, free library and free kindergarten within his parish, as well as promoting the founding of a variety of cultural and sporting groups.
Alexander Don was a New Zealand Presbyterian minister, missionary and writer.
Andrew Cameron was a New Zealand presbyterian minister, educationalist and community leader. He served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand in 1912.
John Spenser Somerville was a New Zealand Presbyterian leader.
Caroline Freeman College is a residential college owned and operated by the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. The college is located a short distance north of the Otago central campus near the Dunedin Botanical Gardens.
References
Breward, Ian, Grace and Truth: a History of Theological Hall, Knox College, Dunedin, 1876–1975, Dunedin: Theological Education Committee, Presbyterian Church of New Zealand, 1975.
Cheyne, A. C., Studies in Scottish church history, 1999
Fenton, Campisi & Starna, Iroquois journey: an anthropologist remembers, 2007
Clarke, Alison, A Living Tradition: A Centennial History of Knox College, 2009
Curl, James Stevens, A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN0-19-860678-8.
Knight, Hardwicke & Wales, Niel, Buildings of Dunedin, John McIndoe Limited, Dunedin, 1988.
Milnes, John, History of the Knox College Site and Buildings 1902–2002.
Numbers & Stenhouse, Disseminating Darwinism, the Role of Place, Race, Religion, and Gender, 2001
Otago Daily Times, Dunedin, 1861–.
Salmond, AJ, Knox College Conservation Plan 2004, Salmond Anderson Ltd, Dunedin, 2003.
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