Lake Muskoka

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Lake Muskoka
Lake Muskoka.jpg
Canada Ontario relief location map.jpg
Red pog.svg
Lake Muskoka
Location Ontario
Coordinates 45°02′N79°27′W / 45.033°N 79.450°W / 45.033; -79.450
Primary inflows Muskoka River, Indian River
Primary outflows Moon River
Basin  countriesCanada
Surface area120 km2 (46 sq mi)
Surface elevation225 m (738 ft)
Settlements Muskoka Lakes, Gravenhurst, Bala

Lake Muskoka is located between Port Carling and Gravenhurst, Ontario, Canada. The lake is surrounded by many cottages. The lake is primarily within the boundary of the Township of Muskoka Lakes, the southeast corner is within the boundary of the Town of Gravenhurst and another small portion around the mouth of the Muskoka River is within the boundary of the Town of Bracebridge. The town of Bala is located on the southwest shores of the lake, where the Moon River starts. Lake Muskoka is connected to Lake Rosseau through the Indian River and lock system at Port Carling. The lake is mainly fed by the Muskoka River, Lake Joseph and Lake Rosseau.

Contents

History

Algonquin and Huron

First mention of Muskoka in any records is in 1615 and the territory was occupied by indigenous peoples, mainly consisting of the Algonquin and Huron tribes. Early European explorers to the region like Samuel De Champlain came to the area next followed by Missionaries. The name Muskoka comes from the name of an Ojibwe or Chippewa tribe chief named Musquakie which means "not easily turned back in the day of battle". [1] Also known as Chief Yellowhead, it was Mesqua who signed the treaties made between the indigenous peoples and Province of Canada which sold about 250,000 acres (1,010 km2) of land in the area to the Province. He was so revered by the Ontario government that they built a home for him in Orillia where he lived until his death at age 95.

Geography drove history in the Muskoka region. Studded with lakes and abundant with rocks the land offered an abundance of fishing, hunting, and trapping, but was poorly suited to farming. Largely the land of the Ojibwa people, European inhabitants ignored it while settling the more promising area south of the Severn River. The Ojibwa leader associated with the area was Mesqua Ukie for whom the land was probably named. The tribe lived south of the region, near present-day Orillia and used Muskoka as their hunting grounds. Another Ojibwa tribe lived in the area of Port Carling which was called Obajewanung. The tribe moved to Parry Sound around 1866.

European

Satellite image of the lake Muskoka 79.47W 45.03N.png
Satellite image of the lake

Largely unsettled until the late 1760s the European presence in the region was largely limited to seasonal fur trapping, but no significant trading settlements were established. Colonial government interest increased following the American Revolution when, fearing invasion from its new neighbor to the south, the government began exploring the region in hopes of finding travel lanes between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay [2] In 1826 Lieutenant Henry Briscoe became the first white man known to have crossed the middle of Muskoka. David Thompson drew the first maps of the area in 1837, camped at the present-day Bala during the evening of August 13/14, 1837, and later possibly camped near present-day Beaumaris.

Canada experienced heavy European immigration in the mid-19th century, especially from Ireland which experienced famine in the 1840s. As the land south of the Severn was settled, the government planned to open the Muskoka region further north to settlement. Logging licenses were issued in 1866 which opened Monck Township to logging. The lumber industry expanded rapidly denuding huge tracts of the area, but also prompted the development of road and water transportation. The railroad pushed north to support the industry, reaching Gravenhurst in 1875 and Bracebridge in 1885. Road transportation took the form of the Muskoka Colonization Road, begun in 1858 and reaching Bracebridge in 1861. The road was roughly hewn from the woods and was of corduroy construction, meaning logs were placed perpendicular to the route of travel to keep carriages from sinking in the mud and swamps, making for extremely rugged travel. The lumbering industry spawned a number of ancillary developments, including as mentioned, transport, but also settlements began springing up to supply the workers and Bracebridge, (formerly North Falls) saw some leather tanning businesses develop. Tanners used the bark from lumber to tan hides thereby using what otherwise would be a waste product.

The passages of the Free Grants and Homestead Act of 1868 brought opened the era of widespread settlement to Muskoka. Settlers could receive free land if they agreed to clear the land, have at least 15 acres (61,000 m2) under cultivation, and build a 16 by 20-foot (6.1 m) house. Settlers under the Homestead Act, however, found the going hard. Clearing 15 acres (61,000 m2) of dense forest is a huge task, but once the land was clear they were greeted with Muskoka's ubiquitous rocks, which themselves had to be cleared. The soil in the region turned out to be poorly suited to farming, consisting largely of dense clay. As news of the difficult conditions spread back to the south it looked as though development in Muskoka might falter but for a fortuitous development. In a time when the railroads had not yet arrived and road travel was notoriously unreliably and uncomfortable, the transportation king was the steamship. Once a land connection was made to the southern part of the lake in Gravenhurst the logging companies could harvest trees along the entire lakefront with relative ease, so long as they had the means of powering the harvest back to the sawmills in Gravenhurst.

Canadian steamship era

Lake Muskoka, 2005. Muskoka canoe 2.jpg
Lake Muskoka, 2005.

Alexander Cockburn, sometimes called the Father of Muskoka, [3] began placing steamers on the lake. [4] Starting with the Wenonah, Ojibwa for first daughter, in 1866 Cockburn pressed the government to open the entire Muskoka lake system to navigation by installing locks in Port Carling and opening a cut between Lake Rosseau and Lake Joseph at Port Sandfield. The government was eager to reinforce development in light of the faltering agricultural plan, and built the locks in Port Carling in 1871. Now Cockburn's steamers had access to the entire lake system. The first stop for the semi-weekly steamer, Wenonah, was Walker's Point eight miles from Gravenhurst where fisherman could access good bass fishing at Shanty Bay. [5] Through the years he added more ships and when he died in 1905, his Muskoka Navigation Company was the largest of its kind in Canada. [3] RMS Segwun, built in 1887 as Nipissing, is still in service as at 2019. [6]

In 1860, two young men, John Campbell and James Bain Jr made a journey that marked them as perhaps the first tourists in the region. [7] Taking the Northern Railway to Lake Simcoe, they took the steamer Emily May up the lake to Orillia, rowed across Lake Couchiching, and walked up the Colonization Road to Gravenhurst where they vacationed. They liked what they saw and repeated the journey every year bringing friends and relatives. These early tourist pioneers increased demand for transport services in the region, drawn by excellent fishing, natural beauty, and an air completely free of ragweed providing relief for hay fever sufferers [ citation needed ]. Early tourists built camps but were joined by others desiring better accommodation. Farmers who were barely scratching a living from the rocky soil soon found demand for overnight accommodation, resulting in the first boarding houses and hotels. The first wilderness hotel was built at the head of Lake Rosseau in 1870, called Rosseau House. It was owned by New Yorker W.H. Pratt. The idea caught on and tourists came establishing the tourist industry as the up-and-coming money earner in the 1880s.

The steamship era gave rise to the area's great hotels; Rosseau, Royal Muskoka, Windemere, and Beaumaris. The area grew rapidly when the railroad reached Gravenhurst in 1875. Indeed, travel from Toronto, Pittsburgh, and New York became less a matter of endurance than expenditure. Trains regularly made the run from Toronto to Gravenhurst where travelers and their luggage were transferred to the great steamers of the Muskoka Navigation Co. such as the Sagamo. Making regular stops up the lakes, including Bracebridge, Beaumaris, and Port Carling, tourists there could transfer to smaller ships such as the Islander which could enter smaller ports. Vacationers often remained in the region for weeks or even months in the summer. As families became seasonally established, they began building cottages near the hotels. At first simple affairs replicating the rustic environment of the early camps, but later grander including in some cases housing for significant staff. Initially, cottagers relied on rowboats and canoes for daily transport and would sometimes row substantial distances. Eventually, the era of the steam and gasoline launch came and people relied less on muscle power and more on motors. With the boats came the boathouses, often elaborate structures in their own right mimicking in many cases the look and feel of the main cottage.

Postwar automobile era

World War I caused a significant dip in the tourist activity for the area and hence the economy. Technological advancements in the motorboat and the automobile resulted in greater overall growth of the area and development spread across the area, including the construction of better roads. As vacationers no longer needed the steamships in order to reach the lake, they built cottages farther afield and demand for the steamships dropped. World War II caused another decline as wartime shortages kept many Americans at home and many Canadians were engaged in war activities. Postwar prosperity brought another boom based around the automobile and the newly affordable fiberglass boat. Owning a summer cottage became more attainable for many in the middle class, resulting in further development around the lake. The steamship companies retired their boats one by one until the last sailing in the late 1950s.

Airplane crashes

During World War II a crash into Lake Muskoka occurred involving a Northrop Nomad A-17A, which still contains the remains of the British pilot, Peter Campbell, and Canadian pilot, Ted Bates. The pair collided with another Nomad over southern Lake Muskoka and all crashed into the lake's icy depths on December 13, 1940, while searching for another pilot that had gone missing in a snow storm the day before. The other plane's two dead crew members were brought to the surface in 1941, leaving Campbell and Bates' bodies on the lake's 140-foot bottom. They were recovered in 2010, and the plane, Nomad 3521, was recovered in October 2014. [8]

Between 1942 and 1945, at the Muskoka Airport, the Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNAF) trained Norwegian pilots during World War II at what was then called "Little Norway". One of the planes from a training mission crashed off of Norway Point, killing the pilot. The aircraft was accidentally recovered by a cable crew snagging the plane in 1960 and the pilot was found inside. For reasons unknown the plane was cut free and fell back to the bottom with the pilot still inside. Authorities are investigating this site as time allows. The RNAF's first fatal accident in Muskoka, and the last one recorded by the FTL in Canada, took place in August 1944 when a Fairchild PT-19 Cornell trainer with pilot and student aboard lost its wing and crashed into the ground, south of Gravenhurst; both on board died. The bodies were recovered from the dense undergrowth and a wing section was found, but no wreckage was recovered. Not long after, another Fairchild crashed for the same reason, but both occupants escaped by parachute.

Aerial sunrise view of Lake Muskoka Muskoka Lake ON.JPG
Aerial sunrise view of Lake Muskoka

Muskoka Lakes Association

The Muskoka Lakes Association (MLA) is a lake advocacy group that focuses on maintaining the Muskoka area for future generations of cottagers, as Lake Muskoka is a major hub for many cottagers in the area. [9] The Muskoka Lakes association was formed in 1894, therefore has been functioning for over 120 years. [10] The Muskoka Lakes Association also focuses on Lake Muskoka's sister lakes – Lake Joseph, as well as Lake Rosseau. The MLA currently represents thousands of people in the Muskoka area, both local and seasonal. [10]

One of the primary focuses of the MLA is to invest in the quality of the lake itself. [11] They started with the contemporary Water Quality Initiative in 2000, [12] however "early MLA water testing began in 1972"; [13] over 100 volunteers, in 2013, collected water samples from designated sites in order to facilitate this initiative. [14] These samples are used to analyze various bacteria counts in the water, the amount of dissolved organic carbon, phosphorus, temperature trends, and calcium. [15] In 2013 the MLA collected over 1100 water samples from the Muskoka area. As seen in the 2013 Water Quality Report, the Muskoka Lakes Association focuses on 18 key areas affecting the Lake Muskoka region: Alport Bay, Arundle Lodge, Bala Bay, Beaumaris, Boyd Bay, Browning Island, Dudley Bay, East Bay, Eilean Gowan, Muskoka Bay, Muskoka Sands, North Bay, Stephen's Bay, Taylor Island, Walker's Point, Whiteside Bay, and Willow Beach. [15]

Beyond the Water Quality Initiative, the Muskoka Lakes Association extends environmental advocacy by holding seminars in partnership with the Muskoka Conservancy as well as the Ontario Trillium Foundation. [16] These seminars act as " a vehicle to inform shoreline owners on manageable ways to protect the quality of our lakes and rivers and encourage the preservation of natural water’s edge habitats. Lisa Noonan, Office Manager, Muskoka Lakes Association.". [17] The MLA also holds an annual Seedling Day in mid-late spring, where waterfront residents can preorder and purchase native plants to help prevent erosion of their shoreline. [18]

Historically the Muskoka Lakes Association has always largely focused on water-based issues, almost 100 years ago the MLA campaigned for the federal government to require all pleasure crafts to have working lights. [19] The many issues that surround safe and respectful boating continue to be a primary concern of the MLA. The MLA aims to reduce boating issues through their partnership with BOATsmart!, by encouraging boaters to receive proper and practical boating instructions. The MLA does so by providing discounts to MLA members towards BOATsmart! boating courses. [20] The Muskoka Lakes Association is also a founding partner of Safe and Quiet Lakes, [21] which is an association of volunteers. [22]

Media References

Lake Muskoka was referenced by cartoon character Chris McLean in the fictional Fresh TV hit show, "Total Drama Island", in which teenage contestants complete challenges in order to win $100,000 USD. The lake that is mentioned surrounds an island named Camp Wawanakwa, yet the island is in fact, not real. The island made appearances in seasons 1, 4 and 5 and the 2023 reboot.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bracebridge, Ontario</span> Town in Ontario, Canada

Bracebridge is a town and the seat of the Muskoka District Municipality in Ontario, Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gravenhurst, Ontario</span> Town in Ontario, Canada

Gravenhurst is a town in the Muskoka Region of Ontario, Canada. It is located approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of Bracebridge, Ontario. The Town of Gravenhurst includes a large area of the District of Muskoka, known to Ontarians as "cottage country." The town centre borders on two lakes: Lake Muskoka, which is the largest lake in the region, and Gull Lake, a smaller cottage-bordered lake. Another lake, Kahshe Lake, is situated 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of the town.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">District Municipality of Muskoka</span> Regional municipality in Ontario, Canada

The District Municipality of Muskoka, more generally referred to as the District of Muskoka or Muskoka, is a regional municipality in Central Ontario, Canada. It extends from Georgian Bay in the west, to the northern tip of Lake Couchiching in the south, to the western border of Algonquin Provincial Park in the east. A two-hour drive north of Toronto, it spans 6,475 km2 (2,500 sq mi). It has some 1,600 lakes, making it a popular cottaging destination.

Muskoka may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muskoka Lakes</span> Township in Ontario, Canada

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muskoka River</span> River in Ontario, Canada

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RMS <i>Segwun</i> Passenger steamship in Canada

RMS Segwun is the oldest operating steam driven vessel in North America, built in 1887 as Nipissing to cruise the Muskoka Lakes in the Muskoka, Ontario, Canada, a resort area with many lakes and rivers. Early in the 20th century, Muskoka was poorly served by roads. Vacationers were transported to lodges, or private cottages, via a fleet of steamships. Segwun is the oldest of only three ships in the world still carrying the status of Royal Mail Ship, and the only steamer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bala, Ontario</span> Compact rural community in Ontario, Canada

Bala is a compact rural community in the township municipality of Muskoka Lakes, District Municipality of Muskoka in Central Ontario, Canada. It is well-known for the Bala Falls, the source of the Moon River, which flows from Lake Muskoka to the Georgian Bay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Joseph</span>

Lake Joseph is located in Seguin Township, Ontario. Cottage development in the Muskoka region began on the northern islands of Lake Joseph in the 1870's but quickly spread to other sections of all three of the larger Muskoka lakes. Lake Joseph is connected to Lake Rosseau through the narrows at Port Sandfield and the Joseph River. William Robinson, a member of the House of Assembly for Upper Canada (1830-1840) and later Commissioner of Public Works named Lake Joseph and neighbouring Lake Rosseau after his friend Joseph Rousseau, the father of a fur trader in the area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Muskoka Shield</span> Ice hockey team in Ontario, Canada

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King's Highway 141, commonly referred to as Highway 141, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. Its western terminus is at Highway 400 south of Horseshoe Lake in Seguin Township while its eastern terminus is at Highway 11 near Port Sydney. The route was designated in 1974 when Highway 532 was renumbered and upgraded from a secondary highway to a King's Highway. The route has remained generally unchanged since, though it was extended by several kilometres on October 7, 2003 when Highway 400 was extended north of Mactier.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beaumaris, Ontario</span> Community in Ontario, Canada

Beaumaris is a small settlement in Ontario, Canada, on Lake Muskoka which once served as an important transit point during the steamship era on the lake, and once hosted a summer hotel, called the Beaumaris Hotel. The settlement is located on Tondern Island which, though a true island, is attached to the mainland by a small bridge at Milford Bay. Currently the settlement sports a government pier, The Beaumaris Marina, a general store dubbed Willmotts Store after a prominent Beaumaris family, Saint John's Anglican Church, and a private summer club; the Beaumaris Yacht Club.

Ditchburn Boats is the popular name for a manufacturer of wooden pleasure craft launches and racing boats located in Gravenhurst, Ontario, on Lake Muskoka. At one time the company was the largest boat manufacturer in the lake region. Ditchburn operated from 1871 until approximately the 1930s building wooden rowboats and canoes early in its history, and later gasoline-powered launches. Ditchburn is particularly known for producing high-quality mahogany launches which have become highly prized by collectors in recent years.

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The Muskoka Wharf is located in the town of Gravenhurst, Ontario on the southern edge of Muskoka Bay on Lake Muskoka. The Muskoka Wharf is the home port of the RMS Segwun, the oldest operating steamship in North America and the last surviving original steamship from the fleet of several dozen that served the county of Muskoka, Ontario in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and the Wenonah II, a modern replica of an early 20th-century steamship. The Muskoka Wharf, once a vibrant hub of economic activity at the union of a major railroad terminus and steamship port, fell into decline as roads and automobiles were introduced to the region, but has experienced a major economic resurgence since the creation of a heritage-based development area in 2005.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gary Denniss</span>

Frank Garfield "Gary" Denniss is a Canadian historian, newspaper columnist, retired public school teacher, speaker and ordained minister born in 1944 in Bracebridge, Ontario Denniss is the author of 43 books on the history of the District Municipality of Muskoka,

Muskoka Lakes Association ("MLA") was established in 1894 in what is now the District of Muskoka on Ontario, Canada. It is Canada's oldest continuously operating cottage association. The MLA represents cottagers' interests in a variety of manners designed to promote the responsible enjoyment and conservation of the lakes in Muskoka.

Elections were held in the Muskoka District Municipality of Ontario on October 24, 2022 in conjunction with municipal elections across the province.

References

  1. ↑ Hamilton, W.E., Muskoka and Parry Sound Districts. In: Rogers, J., Penson, S. (1879), Guide book & Atlas of Muskoka and Parry Sound Districts Toronto: H.R. Page & Co, p. 13
  2. ↑ Ahlbrandt p 16
  3. 1 2 Ahlbrandt p 21
  4. ↑ "Alexander Peter Cockburn". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Archived from the original on 2012-10-15.
  5. ↑ (1879) The Northern lakes guide : to the Niagara River, Lakes Simcoe and Couchiching, the lakes of Muskoka, the Georgian Bay and Great Manitoulin Channel, and Lake Superiour, the Dalles of St. Louis, & Manitoba : giving a description of the lakes and river scenery, with the best sports for waterside summer resorts, hotels, camping outfit, fishing and shooting, distances, and cost of travel. Toronto : Hunter, Rose and Company, Printers. p. 34. Canadiana website Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  6. ↑ "Muskoka Steamships & Discovery Centre". Muskoka Tourism. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  7. ↑ Ahlbrandt p35
  8. ↑ "In photos: Northrop Nomad aircraft recovered from Lake Muskoka". The Globe and Mail . 30 October 2014.
  9. ↑ Muskoka Lakes Association. "About Us". mla.on.ca. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  10. 1 2 Muskoka Lakes Association. "History and Facts". mla.on.ca. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  11. ↑ Muskoka Conservancy (29 July 2013). "Conservancy and Muskoka Lakes Association Join Forces to Protect Shorelines". muskokaconservancy.org. Retrieved 11 November 2014. The MLA serves members and area residents near the municipalities of Bracebridge, Gravenhurst, Muskoka Lakes and Seguin, Ontario – with an emphasis on protecting and promoting water quality
  12. ↑ Muskoka Lakes Association. "History of the MLA Water Quality Program". mla.on.ca. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2014. The Muskoka Lakes Association (MLA) celebrated the 10th Anniversary of the current Water Quality Initiative (WQI) in 2010.
  13. ↑ Muskoka Lakes Association. "History of the MLA Water Quality Program". mla.on.ca. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2014. early MLA water testing program began in 1972
  14. ↑ Muskoka Lakes Association. "2013 Water Quality Report". mla.on.ca. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2014. The 2013 MLA water quality monitoring program was a success. In all, over 100 volunteers collected 1152 samples
  15. 1 2 Beacon Environmental. "2013 Water Quality Methodology Report" (PDF). mla.on.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  16. ↑ Muskoka Conservancy (29 July 2013). "Muskoka Conservancy and Muskoka Lakes Association Join Forces to Protect Shorelines". muskokaconservancy.org. Retrieved 11 November 2014. Muskoka Conservancy and the Muskoka Lakes Association (MLA) are launching a new collaborative project to create a flagship shoreline stewardship program that will build community-wide awareness of water quality issues and shoreline management options.
  17. ↑ Muskoka Conservancy (29 June 2013). "Muskoka Conservancy and Muskoka Lakes Association Join Forces to Protect Shorelines". muskokaconservancy.org. Retrieved 11 November 2014. "The Muskoka Lakes Association is very excited about this collaboration between the MLA and the Muskoka Conservancy thanks to the Ontario Trillium Foundation. We believe this program has the capability of providing real improvement to the areas of the lakes that our research has shown need special attention due to a variety of stressors. The key to maintaining, but ultimately improving, the quality of the water in our lakes is education. This initiative will provide us with a vehicle to inform shoreline owners on manageable ways to protect the quality of our lakes and rivers and encourage the preservation of natural water's edge habitats through site visits, seminars and local media." Lisa Noonan, Office Manager, Muskoka Lakes Association
  18. ↑ cottageinmuskoka (13 March 2013). "Protect Your Muskoka Cottage Investment. Muskoka Lakes Association seedling sale; re-naturalize your shoreline this spring". cottageinmuskoka.me. Retrieved 11 November 2014. One of the best ways to help sustain/improve water quality in your lake is to ensure you have a natural shoreline and a buffer zone; an area of natural vegetation running along your shoreline.
  19. ↑ Mike Langdon. "You are at the centre of the MLA's busy summer". mla.on.ca. MLA News: Muskoka Lakes Association. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014. As an award-winning advocate of safe boating (a century ago, we pushed for mandatory running lights on pleasure craft), the MLA is supporting a major ramp-up of activity by Safe Quiet Lakes.
  20. ↑ Muskoka Lakes Association. "Safe Boating Courses". mla.on.ca. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  21. ↑ Mike Langdon. "Muskoka Lakes Association: You are at the centre of the MLA?s busy summer". mla.on.ca. Muskoka Lakes Association. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014. the MLA is supporting a major ramp-up of activity by Safe Quiet Lakes. This innovative, made-in-Muskoka program is promoting a new culture of safety on our lakes.
  22. ↑ Mitchell, John Joseph (14 September 2014). "A summer with Safe Quiet Lakes". Metroland Media. Bracebridge Examiner. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
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