Laurent Nkunda

Last updated
Laurent Nkunda
Born (1967-02-02) 2 February 1967 (age 57)
Mutanda, Rutshuru, Congo-Léopoldville
AllegianceRwandan Patriotic Front Flag.svg RPF (1994)
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1997-2003).svg AFDL (1996–1998)
RCD (1998–2003)
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of the Congo (2003–2004)
Flag of CNDP.svg CNDP (2004–2009)
Service / branchFlag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Congolese Army
Years of service1994–2009
Rank General
Battles / wars

Laurent Nkunda (born Laurent Nkundabatware; February 2, 1967) is a Congolese former military officer and warlord who operated in the North Kivu Province during the Kivu conflict.

Contents

Nkunda, who is a Congolese Tutsi, initially fought as a rebel fighter in the Rwandan Civil War alongside the forces of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) against the genocidal Hutu-led government in Rwanda. In 1996, he returned to the Congo and joined Laurent Kabila's AFDL forces during the First Congo War. However, he later rebelled against Kabila's government and joined the rebellion led by Rwandan-alligned rebels during the Second Congo War. Following the end of the Second Congo War, he was integrated into the Congolese Army in 2003 but would again later rebel against the government, marking the beginning of the Kivu conflict.

On January 22, 2009, he was put under house arrest in Gisenyi when he was called for a meeting to plan a joint operation between the Congolese and Rwandan militaries. [1] [2]

Early life

Laurent Nkunda was born on February 2, 1967, at the village of Mutanda, located in eastern Congo. Prior to his rebel career, Nkunda studied psychology at the Kisangani University [3] , and then became a school teacher in Kichanga.

Rebel and military career

Rwandan Civil War

During the Rwandan genocide, which broke out amid the Rwandan Civil War, the former psychology student and teacher traveled to Rwanda, joining the Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) who were fighting against the Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR), the military of the genocidal Hutu-led government. [4]

First Congo War

After the RPF defeated and overthrew the Hutu-led regime in Rwanda to become the new government of Rwanda, Nkunda returned to the Congo (then named Zaire). During the First Congo War, he fought alongside AFDL rebels led by Laurent-Désiré Kabila, who overthrew Mobutu Sese Seko. [4]

Second Congo War

At the outset of the Second Congo War, Nkunda joined and became a major in the Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD) rebel group, fighting on the side of Rwandan, Ugandan, Burundian, and other rebel forces.

Army career and Kivu conflict

In 2003, with the official end to war, Nkunda was integrated into the national army of the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo as a colonel and by 2004, he was promoted to general and commanded the 81st and 83rd brigades of the Congolese Army. However, he soon rejected the authority of the government and defected with some former RCD-Goma rebel fighters to the Masisi forests in North Kivu, [5] where he raised the flag of rebellion against the government of Joseph Kabila (who had succeeded his father in 2001). Nkunda claimed to be defending the interests of the Tutsi minority in eastern Congo who were subjected to attacks by Hutus, who had fled after their involvement with the Rwandan genocide.

Formation of a rebel government

In August 2007, the area under Nkunda's control lay north of Lake Kivu in Nord-Kivu in the territories of Masisi and Rutshuru. In this area, Nkunda established his headquarters by building necessary infrastructure and developing institutions of order. He established a political organisation known as the National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP).

2008 Nord-Kivu campaign

In fighting that began on 27 October 2008, known as the 2008 Nord-Kivu campaign, Nkunda led CNDP rebels who fought against both the Congolese government forces, FDLR militias, and United Nations forces of the 17,000 UN contingent in the country. It was reported that he was advancing on the city of Goma with the aim of capturing it, with the Congolese armclaiminged he was receiving aid from Rwanda. [6]

The fighting uprooted 200,000 civilians, bringing the total number of people displaced by the Kivu conflict to 2 million, [7] causing civil unrest [8] large food shortages [7] and what the United Nations calls "a humanitarian crisis of catastrophic dimensions." [9]

In an interview with the BBC on November 10, 2008, Nkunda threatened to topple the government of the Democratic Republic of Congo if the president, Joseph Kabila, continued to avoid direct negotiations. [10]

Human rights

Throughout the years, Nkunda has come under scrutiny and been accused by a number of organizations of committing human rights abuses. Nkunda was indicted by the Congolese government for war crimes in September 2005. [5]

According to human rights monitors such as Refugees International, Nkunda's troops have been alleged to have committed acts of murder, rape, and pillaging of civilian villages; a charge which Nkunda denies. [11] Amnesty International says his troops have abducted children as young as 12 and forced them to serve as child soldiers. [12]

In May 2002, he was accused of massacring 160 people in Kisangani during the Second Congo War, prompting UN Human Rights Commissioner Mary Robinson to call for his arrest following the abduction and beating of two UN investigators by his troops. [5] He has claimed that the UN have ignored the widespread attacks on Tutsis in the region as they did during the Rwandan genocide in 1994.

Child soldiers

The United Nations has identified Nkunda's CNDP as being one of the main groups responsible for the recruitment of child soldiers in the Congo. [13] Nkunda denies these allegations, stating that as of 2005 he has demobilised 2,500 "young soldiers". [14] His total army was estimated at 7,000–8,000 men.

Possible ouster

Nkunda may have been usurped in leadership by fellow general Bosco Ntaganda, who became the new representative of the group. The two might have had a falling out over a massacre of civilians perpetrated by Ntaganda's forces. [15]

Capture and arrest

Nkunda was arrested on 22 January 2009 after he had crossed into Rwanda. After unsuccessfully attempting to defeat the CNDP militarily, Congolese president Kabila made a deal with President Kagame of Rwanda to allow Rwandan soldiers into the DRC to uproot FDLR militants in exchange for Rwanda removing Nkunda. [16] Rwandan officials have yet to say if he will be handed over to DR Congo, which has issued an international warrant for his arrest. [2] A military spokesperson said he had been seized after sending three battalions to repel an advance by a joint Congolese-Rwandan force. [17] The force was part of a joint Congolese-Rwandan operation which was launched to hunt Rwandan Hutu militiamen operating in DR Congo. [18] Nkunda is currently being held at an undisclosed location in Rwanda. [19] A Rwandan military spokesman has claimed, however, that Nkunda is being held at Gisenyi, a city in Rubavu district in the Western Province of Rwanda. [20]

On 26 March 2010, the Rwandan Supreme Court ruled that his case could only be heard by a military court since the military had been responsible for his apprehension. Nkunda's defense had sought in vain to have his detention declared illegal [21] , and he has yet to be charged with a crime. [22]

Personal life

Nkunda has six children. He is a polyglot who speaks English, French, Swahili, Kinyarwanda, [23] Lingala and Kinande, and has claimed to admire leaders including Gandhi and George W. Bush. [24] Nkunda claims to be a Seventh-day Adventist minister, and is a Pentecostal Christian. [25] [26] He says that most of his rebel troops have converted. [27] In the 2008 documentary Blood Coltan , Nkunda proudly shows a button he wears that reads "Rebels for Christ." He also claims to receive help and guidance from American "Rebels for Christ" who visit the Congo spreading Pentecostal Christianity. [28] [29] The Seventh-day Adventist Church has denied Nkunda's claims of being a pastor and member of the church. [30]

Related Research Articles

The earliest known human settlements in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo have been dated back to the Middle Stone Age, approximately 90,000 years ago. The first real states, such as the Kongo, the Lunda, the Luba and Kuba, appeared south of the equatorial forest on the savannah from the 14th century onwards.

Human occupation of Rwanda is thought to have begun shortly after the last ice age. By the 11th century, the inhabitants had organized into a number of kingdoms. In the 19th century, Mwami (king) Rwabugiri of the Kingdom of Rwanda conducted a decades-long process of military conquest and administrative consolidation that resulted in the kingdom coming to control most of what is now Rwanda. The colonial powers, Germany and Belgium, allied with the Rwandan court.

The Tutsi, also called Watusi, Watutsi or Abatutsi, are an ethnic group of the African Great Lakes region. They are a Bantu-speaking ethnic group and the second largest of three main ethnic groups in Rwanda and Burundi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Congo War</span> Major war in Africa (1998–2003)

The Second Congo War, also known as Africa's World War or the Great War of Africa, was a major conflict that began on 2 August 1998 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), just over a year after the First Congo War. The war initially erupted when Congolese president Laurent-Désiré Kabila turned against his former allies from Rwanda and Uganda, who had helped him seize power. Eventually, the conflict expanded, drawing in nine African nations and approximately 25 armed groups, making it one of the largest wars in African history.

Banyamulenge is a community that lives mainly in South Kivu province. The Banyamulenge are not culturally and socially distinct from the Tutsi of South Kivu, with most speaking Kinyamulenge, a mix of Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Ha language, and Swahili. Banyamulenge played a role in Mobutu's war against and victory over the Simba Rebellion, which was not supported by the majority of other tribes in South Kivu.They did this inorder to be naturalised in what was then Zaire. Their role during the First Congo War and subsequent regional conflicts (Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma, Movement for the Liberation of the Congo, National Congress for the Defence of the People, and more importantly for the fact that two of the most influential presidents of their country declared them as enemy of the State both in 1996 and 1998.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Congo War</span> 1996–1997 war in central Africa

The First Congo War, also known as Africa's First World War, was a civil and international military conflict that lasted from 24 October 1996 to 16 May 1997, primarily taking place in Zaire. The war resulted in the overthrow of Zairean President Mobutu Sese Seko, who was replaced by rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila. This conflict, which also involved multiple neighboring countries, set the stage for the Second Congo War (1998–2003) due to tensions between Kabila and his former allies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</span> Rebel group in the DR Congo

The Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda is an armed rebel group active in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. As an ethnic Hutu group opposed to the ethnic Tutsi influence, the FDLR is one of the last factions of Rwandan rebels active in the Congo. It was founded through an amalgamation of other groups of Rwandan refugees in September 2000, including the former Army for the Liberation of Rwanda (ALiR), under the leadership of Paul Rwarakabije. It was active during the latter phases of the Second Congo War and the subsequent insurgencies in Kivu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rutshuru</span> Town in North Kivu in the DRC

Rutshuru is a town located in the North Kivu province of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, and is headquarters of an administrative district, the Rutshuru Territory. The town lies in the western branch of the Albertine Rift between Lakes Edward and Kivu. The Ugandan border is 15 km east and the Rwandan border is 30 km south-east. Lava flows from the Nyamuragira volcano, 40 km south-west, have come within 7 km of the town in recent years. The town has over 800,000 inhabitants from many tribal backgrounds mainly Hutu followed by Nande, hunde, Tutsi and Pygmee.

Congolese history in the 2000s has primarily revolved around the Second Congo War (1998–2003) and the empowerment of a transitional government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Masisi Territory</span> Territory in North Kivu, DR Congo

Masisi Territory is a territory which is located within the North Kivu Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its political headquarters are located in the town of Masisi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kivu conflict</span> Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Kivu conflict is an umbrella term for a series of protracted armed conflicts in the North Kivu and South Kivu provinces in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo which have occurred since the end of the Second Congo War. Including neighboring Ituri province, there are more than 120 different armed groups active in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Currently, some of the most active rebel groups include the Allied Democratic Forces, the Cooperative for the Development of the Congo, the March 23 Movement, and many local Mai Mai militias. In addition to rebel groups and the governmental FARDC troops, a number of national and international organizations have intervened militarily in the conflict, including the United Nations force known as MONUSCO, and an East African Community regional force.

Bosco Ntaganda is a convicted war criminal and the former military chief of staff of the National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP), an armed militia group operating in the North Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). He is a former member of the Rwandan Patriotic Army and allegedly a former Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (FPLC), the military wing of the Union of Congolese Patriots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2008 Nord-Kivu campaign</span>

The 2008 Nord-Kivu campaign was an armed conflict in the eastern Nord-Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The upsurge of violence in the Kivu conflict saw heavy battles between the Democratic Republic of Congo's army, supported by the United Nations, and Tutsi militia under General Laurent Nkunda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Congress for the Defence of the People</span> Congolese rebel group

The National Congress for the Defence of the People was a rebel group established by Laurent Nkunda in the Kivu region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in December 2006. The CNDP was engaged in the Kivu conflict, an armed conflict against the Congolese military. In January 2009, the CNDP split and Nkunda was arrested by the Rwanda government, and its splinter faction, led by Bosco Ntaganda, was planned to be integrated into the national army.

The Congolese Rally for Democracy–Goma was a faction of the Congolese Rally for Democracy, a rebel movement based in Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during the Second Congo War (1998–2003). After the war, some members of the group continued sporadic fighting in North Kivu as Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC). The movement also entered mainstream politics, participating in democratic elections with little success.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rutshuru Territory</span> Place in North Kivu, DR Congo

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The following lists events that happened during 2009 in Rwanda.

The following lists events that happened during 2009 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The Kasika massacre took place on August 24, 1998, in the villages of Kasika, Kilungutwe, Kalama, and Zokwe, located in the Luindi Chiefdom of the Mwenga Territory in the South Kivu Province, situated in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Troops from the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) and Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), primarily composed of Tutsi armed forces, killed over 1,000 civilians, predominantly belonging to the Nyindu community.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations</span> Bilateral relations

Modern relations between the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Rwanda have origins that date back to the European colonial era. Sharing a border that is 221 km in length, the two countries were both colonial possessions of Belgium between 1919 and 1960, and were impacted by the two world wars. Both Rwanda and the Congo experienced violent upheavals during their first years of independence, with the Congo being left with a weak central authority, and Rwanda dealing with periodic raids and incursions from expelled Tutsi rebels in the east of the Congo.

References

  1. ↑ Nienaber, Georgianne (20 January 2012). "What Happened to Congolese General Laurent Nkunda?". HuffPost . Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  2. 1 2 BBC News. Rwanda arrests Congo rebel leader. 23 January 2009
  3. ↑ "Who is Laurent Nkunda?". Radio France Internationale. 2008-11-14. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
  4. 1 2 "We are ready for war, rebels warn Kabila" Archived 2006-09-24 at the Wayback Machine , The Independent , August 3, 2006
  5. 1 2 3 "Arrest Laurent Nkunda For War Crimes", Human Rights Watch , February 1, 2006
  6. ↑ Faul, Michelle (October 29, 2008). "Congolese army claims attack by Rwandan troops". Associated Press.
  7. 1 2 "U.N. says recent Congo fighting uproots 200,000". CNN. 2008-10-27. Archived from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
  8. ↑ "Protesters attack U.N. HQ in eastern Congo". CNN. 2008-10-24. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
  9. ↑ "Congo rebels 'cease fire' as UN urges restraint". Financial Times . 2008-10-29. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  10. ↑ "Talk or go, DR Congo rebel warns". BBC. 2008-11-10. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
  11. ↑ Refugees International website. Retrieved 5 September 2007. Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ "Rise in recruitment of child soldiers in DRC." Archived 2007-10-23 at the Wayback Machine The Wire, Amnesty International's monthly magazine, June 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
  13. ↑ Section, United Nations News Service (14 December 2007). "UN News – DR Congo: UN mission says recruitment of child soldiers is surging" . Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  14. ↑ NBC's Interview with Gen. Laurent Nkunda of the Congo, Pt2. BBC. 2008-10-31. Archived from the original on 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  15. ↑ Baldauf, Scott (22 January 2009). "Will Rwandan troops help in Congo?". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  16. ↑ "DRC: Civilians at risk from further fighting after Nkunda arrest", IRIN, 26 January 2009 (accessed 23 February 2009)
  17. ↑ "Rebel leader General Nkunda arrested". The Zim Daily. 2009-01-23. Archived from the original on 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
  18. ↑ "Congo, rebel leader Nkunda arrested". Africa Times. 2009-01-23. Archived from the original on 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
  19. ↑ "Congo's Nkunda arrested in Rwanda". RTÉ. 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
  20. ↑ "Congo rebel leader Nkunda arrested". el Economista. 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2009-01-23. and "Congo rebel leader Nkunda arrested in Rwanda". Khaleej Times . 2009-01-23. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
  21. ↑ "Nkunda, Laurent". The Hague Justice Portal. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
  22. ↑ "Nkunda's Case Not Easy, Says Rwanda". Daily Nation on the Web. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
  23. ↑ McConnell, Tristan (2008-11-01). "Congo's maverick warlord who kills in the name of Christianity". The Times. London. Retrieved 2008-11-01.[ dead link ]
  24. ↑ "For Tutsis of Eastern Congo, Protector, Exploiter or Both?" by Stephanie McCrummen, The Washington Post , August 6, 2007
  25. ↑ In the news: Laurent Nkunda The New Times Retrieved October 25, 2018
  26. ↑ Baldauf, Scott (14 November 2008). "What does Congo's Gen. Nkunda want?". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  27. ↑ "Dinner With A Warlord." New York Times, June 18, 2007.
  28. ↑ "Blood Coltan" "Blood Coltan", Interview with alias clayvonsebon at 25:00 mins
  29. ↑ "Rebels for Christ, Killing in the Name of God" "Rebels for Christ, Two for the Road, New York Times Blog June 21, 2007"
  30. ↑ 33CN: Adventists Deny Rebel Leader's Claim Affiliation Adventist Review Retrieved October 25, 2018

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