Dino Buzzati-Traverso was an Italian novelist,short story writer,painter and poet,as well as a journalist for Corriere della Sera. His worldwide fame is mostly due to his novel The Tartar Steppe,although he is also known for his well-received collections of short stories.
Translation studies is an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory,description and application of translation,interpreting,and localization. As an interdiscipline,translation studies borrows much from the various fields of study that support translation. These include comparative literature,computer science,history,linguistics,philology,philosophy,semiotics,and terminology.
Linda Hutcheon,FRSC,O.C. is a Canadian academic working in the fields of literary theory and criticism,opera,and Canadian studies. She is a University Professor Emeritus in the Department of English and of the Centre for Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto,where she has taught since 1988. In 2000 she was elected the 117th President of the Modern Language Association,the third Canadian to hold this position,and the first Canadian woman. She is particularly known for her influential theories of postmodernism.
Scapigliatura is the name of an artistic movement that developed in Italy after the Risorgimento period (1815–71). The movement included poets,writers,musicians,painters and sculptors. The term Scapigliatura is the Italian equivalent of the French "bohème" (bohemian),and "Scapigliato" literally means "unkempt" or "dishevelled". Most of these authors have never been translated into English,hence in most cases this entry cannot have and has no detailed references to specific sources from English books and publications. However,a list of sources from Italian academic studies of the subject is included,as is a list of the authors' main works in Italian.
Cultural translation is the practice of translation while respecting and showing cultural differences. This kind of translation solves some issues linked to culture,such as dialects,food or architecture.
Susan Edna Bassnett,is a translation theorist and scholar of comparative literature. She served as pro-vice-chancellor at the University of Warwick for ten years and taught in its Centre for Translation and Comparative Cultural Studies,which closed in 2009. As of 2016,she is Professor of Comparative Literature at the Universities of Glasgow and Warwick. Educated around Europe,she began her career in Italy and has lectured at universities in the United States. In 2007,she was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.
Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction between translating and interpreting;under this distinction,translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.
Iginio Ugo Tarchetti was an Italian author,poet,and journalist.
"The Mortal Immortal" is a short story from 1833 written by Mary Shelley. It tells the story of a man named Winzy,who drinks an elixir which makes him immortal. At first,immortality appears to promise him eternal tranquility. However,it soon becomes apparent that he is cursed to endure eternal psychological torture,as everything he loves dies around him.
Edwin Gentzler is a Professor Emeritus of Comparative Literature and former Director of the Translation Center at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Eugene A. Nida was an American linguist who developed the dynamic-equivalence Bible-translation theory and one of the founders of the modern discipline of translation studies.
Skopos theory,a theory in the field of translation studies,employs the prime principle of a purposeful action that determines a translation strategy. The intentionality of a translational action stated in a translation brief,the directives,and the rules guide a translator to attain the expected target text translatum.
Domestication and foreignization are strategies in translation,regarding the degree to which translators make a text conform to the target culture. Domestication is the strategy of making text closely conform to the culture of the language being translated to,which may involve the loss of information from the source text. Foreignization is the strategy of retaining information from the source text,and involves deliberately breaking the conventions of the target language to preserve its meaning. These strategies have been debated for hundreds of years,but the first person to formulate them in their modern sense was Lawrence Venuti,who introduced them to the field of translation studies in 1995 with his book The Translator's Invisibility:A History of Translation. Venuti's innovation to the field was his view that the dichotomy between domestication and foreignization was an ideological one;he views foreignization as the ethical choice for translators to make.
Sense-for-sense translation is the oldest norm for translating. It fundamentally means translating the meaning of each whole sentence before moving on to the next,and stands in normative opposition to word-for-word translation.
Anthony David Pym is a scholar best known for his work in translation studies.
Translation changes everything:Theory and practice is a collection of essays written by translation theorist Lawrence Venuti. during the period 2000–2012.
Translation criticism is the systematic study,evaluation,and interpretation of different aspects of translated works. It is an interdisciplinary academic field closely related to literary criticism and translation theory. It includes marking of student translations,and reviews of published translations.
The Translator's Invisibility:A History of Translation is a translation studies book by Lawrence Venuti originally released in 1995. A second,substantially revised edition was published in 2008.
Retranslation refers to the action of "translating a work that has previously been translated into the same language" or to the text itself that was retranslated. Retranslation of classic literature and religious texts is common. Retranslation may happen for many reasons,e.g.,in order to update obsolete language,in order to improve the quality of translation,in order to account for a revised edition of the source text,or because a translator wishes to present a new interpretation or creative response to a text. This is most common in poetry and drama.
The difficulty of translating Beowulf from its compact,metrical,alliterative form in a single surviving but damaged Old English manuscript into any modern language is considerable,matched by the large number of attempts to make the poem approachable,and the scholarly attention given to the problem.
