Leeds City Square

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City Square City Square (18409378003).jpg
City Square
The paved area and statues in front of the former General Post Office City Square Leeds 1 July 2017.jpg
The paved area and statues in front of the former General Post Office

Leeds City Square is a paved area north of Leeds railway station at the junction of Park Row to the east and Wellington Street to the south. It is a triangular area where six roads meet: Infirmary Street and Park Row to the north, Boar Lane and Bishopsgate Street to the south-east, and Quebec Street and Wellington Street to the south-west. [1] The only building with a direct frontage is the former General Post Office, on the north-west side.

Leeds railway station mainline railway station in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England

Leeds railway station is the mainline railway station serving the city centre of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England. It is the third-busiest railway station in the UK outside London. It is located on New Station Street to the south of City Square, at the bottom of Park Row, behind the landmark Queens Hotel. It is one of 20 stations managed by Network Rail.

Park Row, Leeds street in Leeds, West Yorkshire

Park Row is an important street in Leeds city centre, West Yorkshire, England. It divides the main financial districts from the main retail districts and forms a spine between City Square and The Headrow, two of Leeds' most sought after addresses. The street forms the western flank of the Public Transport Box, and as such is largely reserved for buses, taxis and cyclists. There is an exception for local access in some places.

Contents

History

The fountains in 2007 City Square Fountains. - geograph.org.uk - 419954.jpg
The fountains in 2007

Proposals were made in 1893 to transform the area in front of the station. The demolition of Leeds' Coloured Cloth Hall and Quebec House gave an open space in which a new General Post Office was constructed in 1896 with a public space in front. [2] One proposal was to name the development after John Smeaton, the famous local engineer, but the council unanimously opted to call it City Square, as Leeds was being made a city that year. The initial plan had tramway waiting rooms, and public lavatories welcoming new visitors to Leeds. [3] However, Colonel Thomas Walter Harding (Lord Mayor of Leeds between 1898-9) was so dismayed that he commissioned William Bakewell to design a square more in the style of an Italian piazza, with statues and trees. [4]

John Smeaton (1724-1792) English civil engineer

John Smeaton was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and lighthouses. He was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed "civil engineer", and is often regarded as the "father of civil engineering". He pioneered the use of hydraulic lime in concrete, using pebbles and powdered brick as aggregate. Smeaton was associated with the Lunar Society.

Colonel Thomas Walter Harding (1843–1927) was an industrialist and civic figure in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. He was born in Lille, France where his Leeds-based father had a factory, and was educated at Leeds Grammar School. He built extensions to Tower Works in Holbeck in 1899 and the 1920s, and proposed and financed the sculptures including the Black Prince when Leeds City Square was remodelled.

In the Second World War, during an air raid on Leeds, the Luftwaffe bombed City Square. It was at the time the site of a public air raid shelter, which did not withstand the bombing and was significantly damaged. [5]

Strategic bombing military attacks by air aimed at destroying a countrys ability to make war and will to fight

Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying its morale or its economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both. It is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize strategic bombers, long- or medium-range missiles, or nuclear-armed fighter-bomber aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to the enemy's war-making capability.

<i>Luftwaffe</i> Aerial warfare branch of the German military forces during World War II

The Luftwaffe was the aerial warfare branch of the combined German Wehrmacht military forces during World War II. Germany's military air arms during World War I, the Luftstreitkräfte of the Army and the Marine-Fliegerabteilung of the Navy, had been disbanded in May 1920 as a result of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles which stated that Germany was forbidden to have any air force.

Air raid shelter structure which protects against enemy attacks from the air

Air raid shelters, also known as bomb shelters, are structures for the protection of non-combatants as well as combatants against enemy attacks from the air. They are similar to bunkers in many regards, although they are not designed to defend against ground attack.

In 1997, traffic that went through the City Square, mainly buses and taxis, was diverted to the Leeds City Centre "Loop" traffic scheme. The City Square area was refurbished in 2003, which included closing off one side of the square to traffic, rearranging the statues and adding fountains and traditional street furniture to the square. [4] The fountains were removed in 2013. [6]

Street furniture collective term for objects and pieces of equipment installed outdoors for various purposes

Street furniture is a collective term for objects and pieces of equipment installed along streets and roads for various purposes. It includes benches, traffic barriers, bollards, post boxes, phone boxes, streetlamps, traffic lights, traffic signs, bus stops, tram stops, taxi stands, public lavatories, fountains, watering troughs, memorials, public sculptures, and waste receptacles. The design and placement of furniture takes into account aesthetics, visual identity, function, pedestrian mobility and road safety.

The General Post Office

Close-up of the old Post Office. The building, the statues and the telephone booths are all Grade II listed buildings City Square, Leeds, Statues and Post Office 24 March 2017.jpg
Close-up of the old Post Office. The building, the statues and the telephone booths are all Grade II listed buildings

The former Leeds General Post Office covers the northwest side of the square. It is a Grade II listed building, in classical style by architect Sir Henry Tanner. It is in Ashlar, with slate and lead roofs of four stories and two main entrances with columns on the square, with a central clock tower. There are other entrances to the sides on Quebec Street and Infirmary Street. [7] The telephone booths outside the former post office are K6 design and also Grade II listed buildings. [8]

Sir Henry Tanner (1849–1935) was a prominent British architect during the late 19th and early 20th century, working for HM Office of Works.

Ashlar Finely dressed stone and associated masonry

Ashlar is finely dressed stone, either an individual stone that has been worked until squared or the structure built of it. Ashlar is the finest stone masonry unit, generally cuboid, mentioned by Vitruvius as opus isodomum, or less frequently trapezoidal. Precisely cut "on all faces adjacent to those of other stones", ashlar is capable of very thin joints between blocks, and the visible face of the stone may be quarry-faced or feature a variety of treatments: tooled, smoothly polished or rendered with another material for decorative effect.

It opened 18 May 1896. Two figures by William Silver Frith [9] representing 'Reading' and 'Writing' are over one entrance, while 'Reading' and 'Philosophy' are over the other. Four figures above have been said to represent Time, Air, Light and Earth. [10] Along with other smaller decorations are two owls on the front.

William Silver Frith British artist

William Silver Frith (1850–1924) was a British sculptor.

Statues

All are in bronze and larger than life. There is a large equestrian statue, four statues of famous men, and a ring of female nudes, or nymphs, acting as lampholders. The statues were part of a celebration of Leeds changing status from a town to a city. [11] All are at least Grade II listed buildings. [12]

Black Prince

The Black Prince The Black Prince City Square 27 May 2018 1.jpg
The Black Prince

The large equestrian statue is of Edward, the Black Prince (1330–1376), and is a major work of Thomas Brock (1847–1922). Edward had no specific connection with Leeds, and the choice of subject therefore caused something of a stir. The statue is on a pedestal with relief panels depicting some of the prince's notable victories. It (along with most of the statues) was funded by Colonel Thomas Walter Harding. Brock took seven years to make it, and it had to be cast in Belgium because it was too big for any British foundry. It was carried by sea to Hull, then on a barge along the River Aire to Leeds. It was unveiled on 16 September 1903 to cheering crowds. [13] It is Grade II* listed. [14] [12]

James Watt

Though again James Watt had no specific connection to Leeds, he was a famous engineer and typified the technological change which had made Leeds into a city. This was erected in 1903. It is by Henry Charles Fehr and the gift of Richard Wainwright. [11]

John Harrison

John Harrison (1579–1656) was a local cloth merchant and benefactor of Leeds, having built a church and a grammar school. This was erected in 1903. It is also by H. C. Fehr and the gift of Councillor Richard Boston. [11]

Dr Hook

Dr Walter Hook (1798–1875) was a vicar of Leeds and a major influence on both religion and education in the city. He was responsible for rebuilding the parish church (now Leeds Minster) and thirty schools. This was erected in 1902. It is by F. W. Pomeroy and the gift of Colonel Thomas Walter Harding. [11]

Joseph Priestley

The famous chemist and theologian Joseph Priestley lived in Leeds from 1767 to 1773, and was the minister at Mill Hill Chapel, which is on the square. He used carbon dioxide from the local brewery to continue his experiments on gases. This was erected in 1903. It is by Alfred Drury and the gift of Colonel Thomas Walter Harding. [11]

Eight Nymphs

The most controversial feature of the square was a ring of eight nude females holding lamps, which attracted critical letters to the Yorkshire Post when unveiled in 1899. [15] They are by Alfred Drury, now celebrated as a pioneer of the New Sculpture. [15] They are of two forms, one named as "Morn" holding a lamp in her right hand and clutching some flowers, and the other named as "Even" holding a lamp in her right hand, with her other hand to her head.

They were originally arranged on the points of the compass in a circle around the Black Prince. In 1956 they were removed from this arrangement and put in two rows of four. [1] In the 1990s, it was planned to remove them altogether, as Victorian public art was considered by many to be worthless. However, this was resisted and they were placed in their present positions of a three-quarter circle. [15]

Surrounding buildings

It is overlooked by the listed buildings Queens Hotel on the South and Mill Hill Chapel on the East, plus a modern skyscraper, No. 1 City Square (Norwich Union Building) completed 1998 by Abbey Hanson Rowe on the North. [2] The sculpture "Legs walking" by Leeds-born Kenneth Armitage was erected in City Square, Leeds outside Mill Hill Chapel. [16] On the Southwest between Quebec Street and Wellington Street is the former Majestic Cinema and Ballroom (1921), a Grade II listed building in terracotta by the Leeds Fireclay Co. [17] On the Southeast corner is the Park Plaza Hotel,a 2003 recladding of a 1965 office tower block called Exchange House, and the former Yorkshire Bank (1899, Grade II listed), now a bar, in granite with a distinctive copper dome. [9]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 Lloyd, David; Powell, Ken (September 1977). "Leeds Ancient and Modern". Built Environment Quarterly. 3 (3): 232–7. JSTOR   42921875.
  2. 1 2 "City Square". www.lookingatbuildings.org.uk. 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  3. ↑ Thornton, David (2012). The Story of Leeds. History Press. p. 147.
  4. 1 2 Wainwright, Martin (17 September 2003). "City hails square's revival". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  5. ↑ Department, Leeds City Engineers'. "Air Raid Shelter" . Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  6. ↑ "Leeds city centre water features turned off for good". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC. 12 April 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  7. ↑ Historic England. "General Post Office (1375013)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  8. ↑ "Six K6 Telephone Kiosks Outside General Post Office". www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  9. 1 2 Wrathmell, Susan (2005). Pevsner Architectural Guides: Leeds. Yale University Press. pp. 106–108. ISBN   0-300-10736-6.
  10. ↑ Broadhead, Ivan (1990). Leeds. Otley: Smith Settle. p. 52. ISBN   1 870071 63 8.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Collins, Georgina (12 May 2011). "The Men of City Square". www.leedsartgallery.co.uk. Leeds Art Gallery. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  12. 1 2 "Listed Buildings in City and Hunslet Ward, Leeds". www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  13. ↑ Tuffrey, Peter (14 April 2014). "How the Black Prince charged into Leeds". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  14. ↑ Historic England. "Statue of the Black Prince  (Grade II) (1375045)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  15. 1 2 3 Cronshaw, Jon (2 February 2014). "Alfred Drury and the New Sculpture - the statues on Leeds City Square". www.leedsartscene.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  16. ↑ "Here's why this new statue has appeared in Leeds city centre". Yorkshire Evening Post. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  17. ↑ "Top Rank Bingo Hall". www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2018.

Coordinates: 53°47′47″N1°32′51″W / 53.7964°N 1.5476°W / 53.7964; -1.5476

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