Limnospira platensis

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Limnospira platensis
SingleSpirulinaInMicroscope4WEB.jpg
A single Limnospira platensis colony
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Bacillati
Phylum: Cyanobacteriota
Class: Cyanophyceae
Genus: Limnospira
Species:
L. platensis
Binomial name
Limnospira platensis
(Gomont) Santos and Hentschke 2023 [1] [2]
Synonyms
  • Arthrospira platensis Gomont 1892
  • Limnospira platensis (Gomont) Pinchart et al. 2024 [2]

Limnospira platensis [2] is a filamentous, gram-negative cyanobacterium. This bacterium is non-nitrogen-fixing photoautotroph. [3] It has been isolated in Chenghai Lake, China, soda lakes of East Africa, and subtropical, alkaline lakes. [4] [5] [6]

Contents

Morphology

Limnospira platensis is filamentous, motile bacterium. Motility has been described as a vigorous gliding without a visible flagella. [3]

Metabolism

As a photoautotroph the major carbon source is carbon dioxide and water is a source of electrons to perform CO2 reduction.

Genetics

Limnospira platensis has a single circular chromosome containing 6.8 Mbp and 6,631 genes. [3] The G+C content has been determined to be 44.3%. [3]

Growth conditions

Limnospira platensis has been found in environments with high concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate. It can also be found in high salt concentrations because of its alkali and salt tolerance. The temperature optimum for this organism is around 35 °C. [4] Based on environmental conditions, culture medium often has a pH between 9–10, inorganic salts, and a high bicarbonate concentration. [4]

Uses

There are various present and past uses of L. platensis as food or food supplement, which is better known as 'Spirulina' in this context. Spirulina is sold as a health supplement in the form of powder or tablets due to its high levels of essential and unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, dietary minerals, and antioxidants. [7] After the Chernobyl disaster, Spirulina was given to victims due to its antioxidant properties to avoid adverse effects of reactive oxygen species. [8] Proteins extracted from L. platensis can be used in food as thickening agents [9] or stabilizers for emulsions [10] or foams. [11] A direct comparison indicates that L. platensis protein isolates are more effective at reducing surface tension compared to commonly used animal proteins. [12] The light-harvesting complex of L. platensis, phycocyanin, can be extracted as a blue pigment powder and used as blue colorant in food. [13] As L. platensis cells contain hydrogenases and can produce hydrogen, they are a candidate for the production of renewable energy. [14]

References

  1. ↑ Santos, Kleber Renan de Souza; Hentschke, Guilherme Scotta; Ferrari, Graciela; Andreote, Ana Paula Dini; Fiore, Marli de Fátima; Vasconcelos, Vitor; Sant’Anna, Célia Leite (25 September 2023). "Molecular, morphological and ecological studies of Limnospira platensis (Cyanobacteria), from saline and alkaline lakes, Pantanal Biome, Brazil". Frontiers in Environmental Science. 11. Bibcode:2023FrEnS..1104787S. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2023.1204787 .
  2. 1 2 3 Pinchart, Pierre-Etienne; Marter, Pia; Brinkmann, Henner; Quilichini, Yann; Mysara, Mohamed; Petersen, Jörn; Pasqualini, Vanina; Mastroleo, Felice (September 2024). "The genus Limnospira contains only two species, both unable to produce microcystins: L. maxima and L. platensis". iScience. 27 (9): 110845. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110845. PMC   11407035 . PMID   39290841.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Fujisawa T, Narikawa R, Okamoto S, Ehira S, Yoshimura H, Suzuki I, et al. (April 2010). "Genomic structure of an economically important cyanobacterium, Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis NIES-39". DNA Research. 17 (2): 85–103. doi:10.1093/dnares/dsq004. PMC   2853384 . PMID   20203057.
  4. 1 2 3 Masojídek J, Torzillo G (2008). "Mass Cultivation of Freshwater Microalgae". Encyclopedia of Ecology. Elsevier. pp. 2226–2235. doi:10.1016/b978-008045405-4.00830-2. ISBN   9780080454054.
  5. ↑ Xu T, Qin S, Hu Y, Song Z, Ying J, Li P, et al. (August 2016). "Whole genomic DNA sequencing and comparative genomic analysis of Arthrospira platensis: high genome plasticity and genetic diversity". DNA Research. 23 (4): 325–38. doi:10.1093/dnares/dsw023. PMC   4991836 . PMID   27330141.
  6. ↑ Kebede E, Ahlgren G (October 1996). "Optimum growth conditions and light utilization efficiency of Spirulina platensis (= Arthrospira fusiformis) (Cyanophyta) from Lake Chitu, Ethiopia". Hydrobiologia. 332 (2): 99–109. Bibcode:1996HyBio.332...99K. doi:10.1007/bf00016689. S2CID   32546529.
  7. ↑ Capelli, Bob; Cysewski, Gerald R. (April 2010). "Potential health benefits of spirulina microalgae*: A review of the existing literature" . Nutrafoods. 9 (2): 19–26. doi: 10.1007/BF03223332 . S2CID   40624847.
  8. ↑ Small, Ernest (December 2011). "37. Spirulina – food for the universe" . Biodiversity. 12 (4): 255–265. Bibcode:2011Biodi..12..255S. doi:10.1080/14888386.2011.642735. S2CID   120504029.
  9. ↑ Grossmann, Lutz; Hinrichs, Jörg; Weiss, Jochen (24 September 2020). "Cultivation and downstream processing of microalgae and cyanobacteria to generate protein-based technofunctional food ingredients" . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 60 (17): 2961–2989. doi:10.1080/10408398.2019.1672137. PMID   31595777. S2CID   203985553.
  10. ↑ Böcker, Lukas; Bertsch, Pascal; Wenner, David; Teixeira, Stephanie; Bergfreund, Jotam; Eder, Severin; Fischer, Peter; Mathys, Alexander (February 2021). "Effect of Arthrospira platensis microalgae protein purification on emulsification mechanism and efficiency". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 584: 344–353. Bibcode:2021JCIS..584..344B. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.067 . hdl: 20.500.11850/442458 . PMID   33070074. S2CID   224782082.
  11. ↑ Buchmann, Leandro; Bertsch, Pascal; Böcker, Lukas; Krähenmann, Ursina; Fischer, Peter; Mathys, Alexander (December 2019). "Adsorption kinetics and foaming properties of soluble microalgae fractions at the air/water interface". Food Hydrocolloids. 97: 105182. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105182 . hdl: 20.500.11850/349196 . S2CID   197138756.
  12. ↑ Bertsch, Pascal; Böcker, Lukas; Palm, Ann-Sophie; Bergfreund, Jotam; Fischer, Peter; Mathys, Alexander (March 2023). "Arthrospira platensis protein isolate for stabilization of fluid interfaces: Effect of physicochemical conditions and comparison to animal-based proteins". Food Hydrocolloids. 136: 108290. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108290 . hdl: 20.500.11850/579831 .
  13. ↑ Martelli, Giulia; Folli, Claudia; Visai, Livia; Daglia, Maria; Ferrari, Davide (January 2014). "Thermal stability improvement of blue colorant C-Phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis for food industry applications" . Process Biochemistry. 49 (1): 154–159. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2013.10.008.
  14. ↑ Dutta, Debajyoti; De, Debojyoti; Chaudhuri, Surabhi; Bhattacharya, Sanjoy K (December 2005). "Hydrogen production by Cyanobacteria". Microbial Cell Factories. 4 (1): 36. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-4-36 . PMC   1343573 . PMID   16371161.
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