Lip plate

Last updated

Lip plate
Mursi Lip Plate, Ethiopia (11886606444).jpg
Mursi woman with lip plate (2014)
NicknamesLabret, lip plate, lip disc
JewelryClay, wood or metal disc

The lip plate, also known as a lip plug, lip disc, or mouth plate, is a form of body modification. Increasingly large discs (usually circular, and made from clay or wood) are inserted into a pierced hole in either the upper or lower lip, or both, thereby stretching it. The term labret denotes all kinds of pierced-lip ornaments, including plates and plugs.

Contents

Archaeological evidence indicates that disk and plate labrets have been invented multiple times including in Africa (Sudan and Ethiopia; 5500–6000 BCE) [1] Mesoamerica (1500 BCE), [1] and coastal Ecuador (500 BCE). [1] [2]

Usage in Africa

Contemporary Mursi woman showing pierced lower lip without a lip plate Mursi woman.jpg
Contemporary Mursi woman showing pierced lower lip without a lip plate

In some African countries, a lower lip plate is usually combined with the dental extraction of two lower front teeth, sometimes all four. Among the Sara people and Lobi of Chad, a plate is also inserted into the upper lip. Other tribes, such as the Makonde of Tanzania and Mozambique, used to wear a plate in the upper lip only.

Many sources have suggested that the plate's size was a sign of social or economical importance in some tribes.[ citation needed ] However, because of natural mechanical attributes of human skin, the plate's size may often depend on the stage of stretching of the lip and the wishes of the wearer.

Ethiopia

Mursi woman wearing a lip plate in Ethiopia Mursi woman and her baby.jpg
Mursi woman wearing a lip plate in Ethiopia

Among the Surma and Mursi people of the lower Omo River valley in Ethiopia, [3] about 6 to 12 months before marriage, a young woman has her lip pierced by her mother or one of her kinswomen, usually at around the age of 15 to 18. The initial piercing is done as an incision of the lower lip of 1 to 2 cm length, and a simple wooden peg is inserted. After the wound has healed, which usually takes between two and three weeks, the peg is replaced with a slightly bigger one. At a diameter of about 4 cm, the first lip plate made of clay is inserted. Every woman crafts her own plate and takes pride in including some ornamentation. The final diameter ranges from about 8 cm to over 20 cm. [4]

In 1990 Beckwith and Carter claimed that for Mursi and Surma women, the size of their lip plate indicates the number of cattle paid as the bride price. [5] Anthropologist Turton, who studied the Mursi for 30 years, denies this. [6] LaTosky, meanwhile, argues that most Mursi women use lip plates, and the value of the ornamentation lies within a discourse of female strength and self-esteem. [7]

In contemporary culture, most girls of age 13 to 18 appear to decide whether or not to wear a lip plate. This adornment has caused the Mursi and Surma women to be treated as if they are a tourist attraction. [8]

The largest lip plate recorded was in Ethiopia, measuring 59.5 cm (23.4 in) in circumference and 19.5 cm (7.6 in) wide, in 2014. It belongs to Ataye Eligidagne. [9]

Usage in the Americas

Raoni Metuktire, a Kayapo man, speaking at the Brazilian Commission on Human Rights and Participatory Legislation CDH - Comissao de Direitos Humanos e Legislacao Participativa.jpg
Raoni Metuktire, a Kayapo man, speaking at the Brazilian Commission on Human Rights and Participatory Legislation

In South America among some Amazonian tribes, young males traditionally have their lips pierced and begin to wear plates when they enter the men's house and leave the world of women. [10] [11] Lip plates there are associated with oration and singing.[ citation needed ] The largest plates are worn by the greatest orators and war chiefs, [ citation needed ] such as Chief Raoni of the Kayapo tribe, a well known environmental campaigner. In South America, lip plates are nearly always made from light wood.

In the Pacific Northwest of North America, labrets have a long history of use, dating back at least five thousand years. At times they were used by both men and women, but in more recent times (e.g. 19th century) were associated with exclusive use by high ranking women. [12] Among the Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit, they were once used by women to symbolize social maturity by indicating a girl's eligibility to be a wife. [ citation needed ] The installation of a girl's first plate was celebrated with a sumptuous feast. [13]

In western nations, some young people, including some members of the Modern Primitive movement, have adopted larger-gauge lip piercings, a few large enough for them to wear proper lip plates. Some examples are given on the BME website. [14] [15]

Health concern

This practice can lead to infections, especially during the process of perforation. It also complicates normal mouth functions such as salivating and eating. Gum irritation can also arise as consequence from plate rubbing, leading to related gum diseases and infections. Teeth gapping and erosion could happen as well.

For this reason, the Ethiopian government has put pressure on suppressing the practice. [16]

List of traditional wearers

Young Haida woman with lip plate, portrayed in Dixon, George (1789): Voyage autour du monde Voyage autour du monde - planche XIII - Jeune Femme des Isles de la Reine Charlotte.jpg
Young Haida woman with lip plate, portrayed in Dixon, George (1789): Voyage autour du monde

Tribes that are known for their traditional lip plates or labrets include:

Ubangi misnomer

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, African women wearing lip plates were brought to Europe and North America for exhibit in circuses and sideshows. Around 1930, Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey promoted such women from the French Congo as members of the "Ubangi" tribe; the Ringling press agent admitted that he picked that name from a map for its exotic sound. [18] The word was used in this way in the 1937 Marx Brothers film A Day at the Races . The word Ubangi was still given a definition as an African tribe in 2009 in some English-language dictionaries. [19]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lip piercing</span> Type of body piercing

A lip piercing is a type of body piercing that penetrates the lips or the area surrounding the lips, which can be pierced in a variety of ways.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Earring</span> Type of jewelry and body piercing

An earring is a piece of jewelry attached to the ear. Earrings are commonly worn via a piercing in the earlobe or another external part of the ear, or by some other means, such as stickers or clip-ons. Earrings have been worn across multiple civilizations and historic periods, often carrying a cultural significance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Turkana</span> Alkaline lake on the border of Ethiopia and Kenya

Lake Turkana is a saline lake in the Kenyan Rift Valley, in northern Kenya, with its far northern end crossing into Ethiopia. It is the world's largest permanent desert lake and the world's largest alkaline lake. By volume it is the world's fourth-largest salt lake after the Caspian Sea, Issyk-Kul, and Lake Van, and among all lakes it ranks 24th.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region</span> 1992–2023 regional state of Ethiopia

The Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region was a regional state in southwestern Ethiopia. It was formed from the merger of five kililoch, called Regions 7 to 11, following the regional council elections on 21 June 1992. Its government was based in Hawassa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Labret</span> Form of body piercing

A labret is a form of body piercing. Taken literally, it is any type of adornment that is attached to the lip (labrum). However, the term usually refers to a piercing that is below the bottom lip, above the chin. It is sometimes referred to as a "tongue pillar" or a "soul patch piercing".

Stretching, in the context of body piercing, is the deliberate expansion of a healed piercing for the purpose of wearing certain types of jewelry. Ear piercings are the most commonly stretched piercings, with nasal septum piercings, tongue piercings and lip piercings/lip plates following close behind. While all piercings can be stretched to some degree, cartilage piercings are usually more difficult to stretch and more likely to form hypertrophic scars if stretched quickly. Dermal punching is generally the preferred method for accommodating larger jewelry in cartilage piercings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Omo River</span> River in southwestern Ethiopia

The Omo River in southern Ethiopia is the largest Ethiopian river outside the Nile Basin. Its course is entirely contained within the boundaries of Ethiopia, and it empties into Lake Turkana on the border with Kenya. The river is the principal stream of an endorheic drainage basin, the Turkana Basin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mursi people</span> Surmic ethnic group in southwestern Ethiopia

The Mursi are a Surmic ethnic group in Ethiopia. They principally reside in the Debub Omo Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, close to the border with South Sudan. According to the 2007 national census, there are 11,500 Mursi, 848 of whom live in urban areas; of the total number, 92.25% live in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mago National Park</span> National park in Ethiopia

Mago National Park is a national park in Ethiopia located in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region about 782kilometers south of Addis Ababa and north of a large 90° bend in the Omo River, the 2162 square kilometers of this park are divided by the Mago River, a tributary of the Omo, into two parts. To the west is the Tama Wildlife Reserve, with the Tama river defining the boundary between the two. To the south is the Murle Controlled Hunting Area, distinguished by Lake Dipa which stretches along the left side of the lower Omo. The park office is 115kilometers north of Omorate and 26kilometers southwest of Jinka. All roads to and from the park are unpaved.

The Surmic languages are a branch of the Eastern Sudanic language family.

The Baale language, Baleesi or Baalesi is a Surmic language spoken by the Baale or Zilmamo people of Ethiopia, and by the Kachepo of South Sudan. It is a member of the southwest branch of the Surmic cluster; the self-name of the language and the community is Suri, which is the same as that of the Suri language, evoking an ethnonym that embraces the Tirma, Chai, and Baale communities, although linguistically the languages of these communities are different. There are currently 9,000 native speakers of Baleesi, 5,000 in South Sudan and 4,100 in Ethiopia; almost all of these are monolingual.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tembetá</span> Body piercing

A tembetá or barbote (Argentina) is a metal or stone rod placed in lower lip piercings by members of some indigenous peoples in South America. It has been used since the Neolithic period by different human groups for body modification, spiritual protection, and indication of sexual maturity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Body piercing</span> Form of body modification

Body piercing, which is a form of body modification, is the practice of puncturing or cutting a part of the human body, creating an opening in which jewellery may be worn, or where an implant could be inserted. The word piercing can refer to the act or practice of body piercing, or to an opening in the body created by this act or practice. It can also, by metonymy, refer to the resulting decoration, or to the decorative jewelry used. Piercing implants alter the body and/or skin profile and appearance.

The Suyá, self-denomination Kisêdjê, are indigenous people in Brazil, at the headwaters of the Xingu River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kwegu people</span> Nilo-Saharan ethnic group in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region of Ethiopia

The Kwegu are an ethnic group that lives on the western banks of the Omo River in the newly formed South Ethiopia Region. Some members of the Kwegu also live on the eastern banks of the river among the Mursi. Previously they were hunter-gatherers, but today they are engaged in a mixed economy of hunting, farming, beekeeping, and fishing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Surma people</span> Grouping term for ethnic people resides in southwestern Ethiopia

Suri is a collective name for three ethnic groups mainly living in Suri woreda, in southwestern Ethiopia. They share many similarities politically, territorially, culturally and economically but speak different languages. They all speak South East Surmic languages within the Nilo-Saharan language family, which includes the Mun, Majang, and Me'en people's languages.

The water conflict between Ethiopia and Kenya is a development dispute due to the receding water resource along the border between Ethiopia and Kenya.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Serpent labret with articulated tongue</span> Gold Aztec lip plug from c. 1300–1521 AD

The serpent labret with articulated tongue is a gold Aztec lip plug from the mid-second millennium AD. Designed to be inserted in a piercing below the lower lip, it depicts a fanged serpent preparing to strike, with a bifurcated tongue hanging from its mouth. The tongue, which is moveable and retractable, would have swung from side to side with its wearer's movements. According to a curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the labret is "perhaps the finest Aztec gold ornament to survive the crucibles of the sixteenth century".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scarification in Africa</span>

Scarification in Africa is a major aspect of African cultures and cultural practice among African ethnic groups; the practice of scarification in Africa includes the process of making "superficial incisions on the skin using stones, glass, knives, or other tools to create meaningful pictures, words, or designs" and expresses "clan identity, status within a community, passage into adulthood, or spiritual significance."

References

  1. 1 2 3 Keddie, Grant (August 1989). "Symbolism and Context: The world history of the labret and cultural diffusion on the Pacific Rim" (PDF). Seattle: Circum-Pacific Prehistory Conference. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  2. Frayer, David; Nava, Alessia; Tartaglia, Gianna; Vidale, Massimo; Coppa, Alfredo; Bondioli, Luca (30 June 2020). "Evidence for labret use in prehistory". Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology. 14 (1): 1–23. ISSN   1846-6273.
  3. "Mursi Online" . Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  4. Beckwith, Carol; Fisher, Angela (1996). "The eloquent Surma". National Geographic. 179 (2): 77‒99.
  5. Beckwith, Carol; Carter, Angela (1990). African Ark: People and Ancient Cultures of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. Collins Harvill. p. 251.
  6. "Lip-plates". Mursi Online. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  7. LaTosky, Shauna (2006). Strecker, Ivo; Lydall, Jean (eds.). "Reflections on the lip-plates of Mursi women as a source of stigma and self-esteem" (PDF). Perils of Face: Essays on Cultural Contact, Respect and Self-esteem in Southern Ethiopia. Berlin: Lit Verlag: 382‒397. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  8. Turton, David (2004). "The people who take photographs". Anthropology Today. pp. 3–8. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  9. Glenday, Craig (2015). Guinness Book of World Records 2016. Guinness World Records Limited. p. 60. ISBN   9781910561010.
  10. "Kĩsêdjê: Body Ornaments". Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  11. Seeger, Anthony (July 1975). "The Meaning of Body Ornaments: A Suya Example". Ethnology. 14 (3): 211–224. doi:10.2307/3773253. JSTOR   3773253.
  12. La Salle, Marina (21 January 2014). "Labrets and their social context in coastal British Columbia". BC Studies. e180 (Winter 13/14). Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  13. Jonaitis, Aldona (1988). "Women, Marriage, Mouths and Feasting: The Symbolism of Tlingit Labrets". In Rubin, Arnold (ed.). Marks of Civilization: Artistic Transformations of the Human Body. Museum of Cultural History. pp. 191–205. ISBN   9780930741136.
  14. Ginsberg, Jordan (3 February 2005). "Have Mursi! Lip Plates Have Reached The West". Body Modification Ezine. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  15. "Photos of small lip plates]". Body Modification Ezine. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  16. "Surma tribes lip plates for Mursi Tribe and Suri Tribe in the Omo Valley Ethiopia". 24 September 2021.
  17. "Los aritos eran gritos de guerra en las comunidades indígenas." Sociedad Rio Negro. 20 Jan 2002. Retrieved 17 March 2012. (in Spanish)
  18. Nickell, Joe (2005). Secrets of the Sideshows. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 189. ISBN   9780813123585 . Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  19. "Ubangi". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. Retrieved 21 October 2018.

Further reading

Listen to this article (7 minutes)
Sound-icon.svg
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 8 June 2019 (2019-06-08), and does not reflect subsequent edits.