List of Dutch scouts, informateurs and formateurs

Last updated

Herman Tjeenk Willink receives his assignment as informateur from Speaker of the House Vera Bergkamp during the 2021-2022 cabinet formation. He was also informateur during the 1994 (twice), 1999, 2010 and 2017 cabinet formation. As administrative secretary, he was also involved in the 1972-1973 and 1977 cabinet formation. Tjeenk Willink ontvangt opdracht van Bergkamp.jpg
Herman Tjeenk Willink receives his assignment as informateur from Speaker of the House Vera Bergkamp during the 2021–2022 cabinet formation. He was also informateur during the 1994 (twice), 1999, 2010 and 2017 cabinet formation. As administrative secretary, he was also involved in the 1972–1973 and 1977 cabinet formation.

Scouts, informateurs and formateurs facilitate specific phases in a Dutch cabinet formation. Since 2012, the scout explores the possibilities for a coalition government in the scouting phase, which can later be done again by an informateur. Since 1951, the main responsibility of an informateur is facilitating the negotiations between political parties in the information phase. The formateur was until 1951 responsible for the entire formation, but its role has been limited since 1982 to finding the ministers and state secretaries of the cabinet in the formation phase. [2] The roles are often filled by members of the largest party in the House of Representatives. [3] [4]

Contents

Historical development

The roles have changed throughout the years. The role of formateur has existed since the first cabinet formation in 1848. [5] Formateurs were in general responsible for the entire formation, simply being instructed to form a cabinet. The (final) formateur is often the intended prime minister. [a] However, some formateurs were instructed to do preliminary work (exploring coalition options and/or facilitating negotiations). [b] [5]

In 1951, a separate role was created for the preliminary work: the informateur. Since that year, there has not been a formation without an informateur, although this has been attempted five times. Since 1989, the initial informateur is tasked with exploring the possibilities for a coalition. [6] The first exploratory round became the responsibility of a separate role, the scout, in 2012. Since that year, the monarch no longer has a role in the formation and thus no longer does the consultations at the start of the formation. The (in)formateurs and scouts have since then been appointed by the House of Representatives.

List

List of Dutch formateurs, informateurs and scouts
NameStarting date [c] DaysRolePolitical affiliationFormationRef.
Gerrit Schimmelpenninck 23 March 18481Formateurliberal 1848 [7]
Leonardus Antonius Lightenvelt 20 September 184937Formateurconservative 1849 [8]
Dirk Donker Curtius liberal
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke 27 October 18493Formateurliberal
Jan Nedermeijer van Rosenthal liberal
Floris Adriaan van Hall 16 April 18533Formateurliberal 1853 [9]
Justinus van der Brugghen 1 June 185630Formateuranti-revolutionary 1856 [10]
Jan Jacob Rochussen 3 March 185816Formateurconservative 1858 [11]
Floris Adriaan van Hall 17 February 18604Formateurliberal 1860 [12]
Schelto van Heemstra 21 February 18603Formateurconservative
Jan Jacob Rochussen 16 February 186124Formateurconservative 1861 [13]
Schelto van Heemstra conservative
Jules van Zuylen van Nijevelt 12 March 18613Formateuranti-revolutionary
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke 18 January 186213Formateurliberal 1861–1862 [14]
Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte 29 January 18667Formateurliberal Jan–Feb 1866 [15]
Jules van Zuylen van Nijevelt 24 May 18667Formateuranti-revolutionary May–Jun 1866 [16]
Æneas Mackay Sr. 17 April 18682Formateuranti-revolutionary 1868 [17]
Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg 29 April 18684Formateurconservative
Gerlach Cornelis Joannes van Reenen 4 May 18685Formateurconservative
Æneas Mackay Sr. 17 May 18685Formateuranti-revolutionary
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke 23 May 186811Formateurliberal
Cornelis Fock 24 November 18705Formateurliberal 1870–1871 [18]
Lodewijk Gerard Brocx liberal
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke 1 December 187033Formateurliberal
Gerrit de Vries 25 June 187210Formateurliberal 1872 [19]
Jan Heemskerk 14 July 187443Formateurliberal 1874 [20]
Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello 16 October 187717Formateurliberal 1877 [21]
Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg 24 July 18799Formateurconservative 1879 [22]
Eppo Cremers 12 July 187911Formateurconservative
Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte liberal
Gerrit de Vries liberal
Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg 8 August 18825Formateurconservative 1882 [22]
Johannes Tak van Poortvliet 31 July 18829Formateurliberal
Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg 3 July 18825Formateurconservative
Jan Heemskerk 4 March 18839Formateurliberal 1883 [23]
Otto van Rees 12 March 18837Formateurliberal
Johan George Gleichman 19 March 18835Formateurliberal
Jan Heemskerk 29 March 188323Formateurliberal
Æneas Mackay Jr. 30 March 188820Formateur ARP 1888 [24] [25]
Gijsbert van Tienhoven 26 July 189122Formateurliberal 1891 [26]
Joan Röell 4 May 18944Formateurliberal 1894 [27]
Nicolaas Pierson 13 July 189710Formateur LU 1897 [28]
Abraham Kuyper 11 July 190115Formateur ARP 1901 [29] [30]
Hendrik Goeman Borgesius 14 July 190534Formateur LU 1905 [31]
Jan Elias Nicolaas Schimmelpenninck van der Oye 27 February 19073Formateur CHP 1907 [31]
Pieter Cort van der Linden 17 March 19075Formateurliberal
Theo Heemskerk 16 January 190827Formateur ARP 1907–1908 [32] [33]
Dirk Bos 11 July 191315Formateur VDB 1913 [34]
Pieter Cort van der Linden 2 August 191327Formateurliberal
Willem Hubert Nolens 13 July 191838Formateur RKSP 1918 [35] [36]
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck 29 August 19189Formateur RKSP
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck 22 June 192135Formateur RKSP 1921 [35] [37]
Dirk Jan de Geer 19 July 19224Formateur CHU 1922 [38] [39]
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck 22 July 192249Formateur RKSP
Dionysius Koolen 15 November 192310Formateur RKSP 1923-1924 [38] [40]
Frans Beelaerts van Blokland 24 November 192312Formateur CHU
Herman Adriaan van Karnebeek 4 January 19243Formateurliberal
Hendrik Colijn 15 July 192518Formateur ARP 1925 [41] [42]
Henri Marchant 24 November 19258Formateur VDB 1925-1926 [43] [44]
Johannes Theodoor de Visser 8 December 19254Formateur CHU
Johannes Theodoor de Visser 12 December 192542Formateur CHU
Joseph Limburg 23 January 192635Formateur VDB [d]
Dirk Jan de Geer 1 March 19264Formateur CHU
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck 12 July 192918Formateur RKSP 1929 [46] [47]
3 August 19297Formateur
Hendrik Colijn 2 May 193315Formateur ARP 1933 [48] [49]
16 May 193311Formateur
Piet Aalberse 26 July 19352Formateur RKSP 1935 [50] [51]
Hendrik Colijn 29 July 19352Formateur ARP
Hendrik Colijn 30 May 193725Formateur ARP 1937 [52] [53]
Hendrik Colijn 30 June 193910Formateur ARP Jun–Jul 1939 [54] [55]
Dionysius Koolen 9 July 19396Formateur RKSP
Hendrik Colijn 14 July 193912Formateur ARP
Dirk Jan de Geer 4 August 19396Formateur CHU Aug 1939 [56]
Pieter Gerbrandy 28 August 19403Formateur ARP 1940 [57]
Pieter Gerbrandy 1 July 194126Formateur ARP 1941 [57]
Pieter Gerbrandy 8 February 194515Formateur ARP Feb 1945 [58]
Willem Drees 28 May 194527Formateur SDAP May–Jun 1945 [59] [60]
Willem Schermerhorn VDB
Louis Beel 27 May 194636Formateur KVP 1946 [61] [62]
Louis Beel 13 July 194810Formateur [e] KVP 1948 [63] [64]
22 July 19488Formateur
Josef van Schaik 30 July 19488Formateur KVP
Dirk Stikker 28 January 19515Informateur VVD 1951 [65] [66]
Willem Drees 1 February 195116Formateur PvdA
Josef van Schaik KVP
Max Steenberghe 18 February 19517Formateur KVP
Carl Romme 13 March 19512Formateur KVP
27 February 195115Informateur
Willem Drees 27 June 195226Formateur PvdA 1952 [67] [68]
Louis Beel 23 July 195213Informateur KVP
Leendert Antonie Donker 5 August 195217Formateur PvdA
Cornelis Staf 22 August 19525Formateur CHU
Willem Drees 29 August 19524Formateur PvdA
Jaap Burger 25 May 19559Formateur PvdA 1955 [69] [70]
Willem Drees 16 June 195638Formateur PvdA 1956 [71] [72]
Carl Romme 24 June 19569Formateur KVP
Piet Lieftinck 16 August 19565Informateur PvdA
7 August 19569Informateur
Wilhelm Friedrich de Gaay Fortman 22 August 195625Informateur ARP
Jaap Burger 20 September 195619Informateur PvdA
Willem Drees 9 October 19563Formateur PvdA
Louis Beel 12 December 19587Informateur KVP 1958 [73] [74]
19 December 19583Formateur
Louis Beel 14 March 195913Informateur KVP 1959 [75] [76]
Jan de Quay 28 March 195930Formateur KVP
Louis Beel 1 May 195913Informateur KVP
Jan de Quay 14 May 19595Formateur KVP
Wilhelm Friedrich de Gaay Fortman 27 December 19606Informateur ARP 1960–1961 [77] [78]
Carl Romme 20 May 196316Informateur KVP 1963 [79] [80]
Wim de Kort 6 June 196321Formateur KVP
Louis Beel 28 June 19637Informateur KVP
Jan de Quay 5 July 196311Formateur KVP
Victor Marijnen 16 July 19638Formateur KVP
Norbert Schmelzer 2 March 196511Informateur KVP 1965 [81] [82]
Jo Cals 15 March 196529Formateur KVP
Norbert Schmelzer 18 October 196617Informateur KVP 1966 [83] [84]
Louis Beel 4 November 196612Informateur KVP
Jelle Zijlstra 16 November 19666Formateur ARP
Jelle Zijlstra 18 February 196715Informateur ARP 1967 [85] [86]
Louis Beel 6 March 19673Informateur [f] KVP
Barend Biesheuvel 9 March 196712Formateur ARP
Piet de Jong 21 March 196714Formateur KVP
Piet Steenkamp 15 May 197137Informateur KVP 1971 [88] [89]
Barend Biesheuvel 21 June 197115Formateur ARP
Barend Biesheuvel 22 July 197218Formateur ARP 1972 [90] [91]
Marinus Ruppert 4 December 197258Informateur ARP 1972–1973 [92] [93]
Jaap Burger 1 February 197362Formateur PvdA
Dries van Agt 10 April 197313Informateur KVP
Wil Albeda ARP
Jaap Burger 23 April 197318Formateur PvdA
Marinus Ruppert ARP
Joop den Uyl 1 June 197745Formateur PvdA 1977 [94] [95]
Wil Albeda 20 July 19777Informateur CDA
Joop den Uyl 27 July 197730Formateur PvdA
 
Gerard Veringa
 		26 August 19777Informateur CDA
2 September 197735Formateur
Joop den Uyl PvdA
Maarten Vrolijk 11 October 197715Informateur PvdA
Koos Verdam CDA
Joop den Uyl 26 October 197710Formateur PvdA
Wim van der Grinten 8 November 197729Informateur CDA
Dries van Agt 8 December 197711Formateur CDA
Ruud Lubbers 30 May 198166Informateur CDA 1981 [96] [97]
Jan de Koning CDA
 
Ed van Thijn
 		10 July 198125Informateur PvdA
4 August 198116Formateur
Sjeng Kremers CDA
Wilhelm Friedrich de Gaay Fortman 20 August 198113Informateur CDA
Dries van Agt 2 September 19819Formateur CDA
Cees de Galan 16 October 198119Informateur PvdA
Victor Halberstadt PvdA
Piet Steenkamp 14 May 198212Informateur CDA May–Jun 1982 [98] [99]
Dries van Agt 25 May 19824Formateur CDA
Jos van Kemenade 10 September 198221Informateur PvdA Sep–Nov 1982 [100] [101]
Willem Scholten 1 October 198229Informateur CDA
Ruud Lubbers 30 October 19825Formateur CDA
Jan de Koning 23 May 198650Informateur CDA 1986 [102] [103]
Ruud Lubbers 11 July 19863Formateur CDA
Jan de Koning 8 September 19895Informateur CDA 1989 [104] [105]
Ruud Lubbers 13 September 198945Informateur CDA
27 October 19899Formateur
Herman Tjeenk Willink 6 May 19948Informateur PvdA 1994 [106] [107]
Jan Vis 14 May 199444Informateur D66
Gijs van Aardenne VVD
Klaas de Vries PvdA
Herman Tjeenk Willink 27 June 19949Informateur PvdA
Wim Kok 6 July 199423Informateur PvdA
29 July 199422Formateur
Klaas de Vries 8 May 19986Informateur PvdA 1998 [108] [109]
Gerrit Zalm 14 May 199867Informateur VVD
Els Borst D66
 
Wim Kok
 		 PvdA
20 July 199814Formateur
Herman Tjeenk Willink 22 May 199918Formateur PvdA 1999 [110] [111]
Piet Hein Donner 17 May 200248Informateur CDA 2002 [112] [113]
Jan Peter Balkenende 4 July 200218Formateur CDA
 
Piet Hein Donner
 		24 January 200311Informateur CDA 2003 [114] [115]
5 February 200366Informateur
Frans Leijnse PvdA
Rein Jan Hoekstra 15 April 200335Informateur CDA
Frits Korthals Altes VVD
Jan Peter Balkenende 20 May 20037Formateur CDA
Ruud Lubbers 1 July 20064Informateur CDA 2006 [116] [117]
Jan Peter Balkenende 5 July 20063Formateur CDA
Rein Jan Hoekstra 25 November 200625Informateur CDA 2006–2007 [118] [119]
Herman Wijffels 20 December 200651Informateur CDA
Jan Peter Balkenende 9 February 200713Formateur CDA
Uri Rosenthal 12 June 201014Informateur VVD 2010 [120] [121]
Herman Tjeenk Willink 26 June 201010Informateur PvdA
Uri Rosenthal 5 July 201016Informateur VVD
Jacques Wallage PvdA
Ruud Lubbers 21 July 201014Informateur CDA
Ivo Opstelten 4 August 201032Informateur VVD
Herman Tjeenk Willink 7 September 20107Informateur PvdA
Ivo Opstelten 13 September 201025Informateur VVD
Mark Rutte 7 October 20108Formateur VVD
 
Henk Kamp
 		13 September 20126Scout VVD 2012 [122] [119]
20 September 201242Informateur
Wouter Bos PvdA
Mark Rutte 31 October 20125Formateur VVD
Edith Schippers 16 March 201711Scout VVD 2017 [123] [124]
28 March 201763Informateur
Herman Tjeenk Willink 30 May 201729Informateur PvdA
Gerrit Zalm 28 June 2017105Informateur VVD
Mark Rutte 12 October 201714Formateur VVD
Annemarie Jorritsma 18 March 20218Scout VVD 2021–2022 [125] [126]
Kajsa Ollongren D66
Tamara van Ark 25 March 20218Scout VVD
Wouter Koolmees D66
Herman Tjeenk Willink 6 April 202124Informateur PvdA
Mariëtte Hamer 12 May 2021113Informateur PvdA
 
Johan Remkes
 		7 September 202123Informateur VVD
5 October 202171Informateur
Wouter Koolmees D66
Mark Rutte 16 December 202125Formateur VVD
Gom van Strien 24 November 20234Scout PVV 2023–2024 [127]
Ronald Plasterk 28 November 202314Scout PvdA
13 December 202362Informateur
Kim Putters 14 February 202430Informateur PvdA
Elbert Dijkgraaf 20 March 202458Informateur SGP
 
Richard van Zwol
 		 CDA
22 May 202441Formateur

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Exceptions include 1905, 1951 and 2023-2024.
  2. ↑ Such as Gijsbert van Tienhoven in 1891, Jan Elias Nicolaas Schimmelpenninck van der Oye in 1907, Willem Hubert Nolens in 1918 and Dionysius Koolen in June–July 1939.
  3. ↑ For formateurs, this not always reflects the day they have formally accepted the assignment, but instead the day they have asked the monarch to consider the assignment.
  4. ↑ His party did not participate in the negotiations. Some in his party criticised his appointment, which led hem to leave the part. [45]
  5. ↑ Sources from that time refer to him as formateur. However, Parlement.com describes him as informateur.
  6. ↑ Formally as advisor to the queen. [87]

Citations

  1. ↑ "Herman Tjeenk Willink, voorstander van een akkoord op hoofdlijnen" [Herman Tjeenk Willink, in favor of an agreement in outline]. Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (in Dutch). 30 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  2. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012, pp. 204–205.
  3. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012, p. 84.
  4. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012, pp. 191–192.
  5. 1 2 Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012, pp. 188–189.
  6. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012, pp. 68–71.
  7. ↑ "G. (Gerrit) graaf Schimmelpenninck". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  8. ↑ "Kabinet-Thorbecke I (1849-1853)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  9. ↑ "Kabinet-Van Hall/Donker Curtius (1853-1856)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  10. ↑ "Kabinet-Van der Brugghen (1856-1858)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  11. ↑ "Kabinet-Rochussen (1858-1860)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  12. ↑ "Kabinet-Van Hall/Van Heemstra (1860-1861)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  13. ↑ "Kabinet-Van Zuylen van Nijevelt/Van Heemstra (1861-1862)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  14. ↑ "Kabinet-Thorbecke II (1862-1866)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  15. ↑ "Kabinet-Fransen van de Putte (1866)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  16. ↑ "Kabinet-Van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1866-1868)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  17. ↑ "Kabinet-Van Bosse/Fock (1868-1871)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  18. ↑ "Kabinet-Thorbecke III (1871-1872)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  19. ↑ "Kabinet-De Vries/Fransen van de Putte (1872-1874)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  20. ↑ "Kabinet-Heemskerk/Van Lynden van Sandenburg (1874-1877)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  21. ↑ "Kabinet-Kappeyne van de Coppello (1877-1879)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  22. 1 2 "Kabinet-Van Lynden van Sandenburg (1879-1883)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  23. ↑ "Kabinet-Heemskerk Azn. (1883-1888)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  24. ↑ "Kabinet-Mackay (1888-1891)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 July 2024.
  25. ↑ Westenbroek, A.J.M. (1976a). "De kabinetsformatie Mackay 1888 I" [The cabinet formation Mackay 1888 I](PDF). Anti-Revolutionaire Staatkunde (in Dutch). Dr. Abraham Kuyperstichting. pp. 240–248. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  26. ↑ "Kabinet-Van Tienhoven (1891-1894)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  27. ↑ "Kabinet-Röell (1894-1897)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  28. ↑ "Kabinet-Pierson (1897-1901)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  29. ↑ "Kabinet-Kuyper (1901-1905)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  30. ↑ De Bruijn, Jan (2001). 'Kuyper ist ein Luegner' (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Historisch Documentatiecentrum voor het Nederlands Protestantisme. ISBN   90-72319-16-8.
  31. 1 2 "Kabinet-De Meester (1905-1908)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  32. ↑ "Kabinet-Heemskerk (1908-1913)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  33. ↑ De Bruijn, Jan (2012). Wilhelmina formeert (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Boom. ISBN   978-94-6105-300-8.
  34. ↑ "Kabinet-Cort van der Linden (1913-1918)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  35. 1 2 "Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck I (1918-1922)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  36. ↑ Puchinger 1970, pp. 27–141.
  37. ↑ Puchinger 1970, pp. 165–199.
  38. 1 2 "Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck II (1922-1925)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  39. ↑ Puchinger 1970, pp. 209–310.
  40. ↑ Puchinger 1970, pp. 311–589.
  41. ↑ "Kabinet-Colijn I (1925-1926)". Parlement.com . Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  42. ↑ Puchinger 1980, pp. 7–68.
  43. ↑ "Kabinet-De Geer I (1926-1929)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  44. ↑ Puchinger 1980, pp. 444–666.
  45. ↑ "Achtergrond: een informateur van een niet-deelnemende partij" [Background: an informateur from a non-participating party.]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). 13 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  46. ↑ "Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck III (1929-1933)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  47. ↑ Puchinger 1980, pp. 778–876.
  48. ↑ "Kabinet-Colijn II (1933-1935)". Parlement.com . Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  49. ↑ Puchinger 1993, pp. 106–199.
  50. ↑ "Kabinet-Colijn III (1935-1937)". Parlement.com . Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  51. ↑ Puchinger 1993, pp. 203–437.
  52. ↑ "Kabinet-Colijn IV (1937-1939)". Parlement.com . Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  53. ↑ Puchinger 1993, pp. 439–565.
  54. ↑ "Kabinet-Colijn V (1939)". Parlement.com . Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  55. ↑ Puchinger 1993, pp. 567–1096.
  56. ↑ "Kabinet-De Geer II (1939-1940)". Parlement.com . Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  57. 1 2 "Kabinet-Gerbrandy I en II (1940-1945)". Parlement.com . Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  58. ↑ "Mr. P.S. (Pieter) Gerbrandy". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  59. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1945". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  60. ↑ Duynstee, F.J.F.M.; Bosmans, J. Het Kabinet Schermerhorn-Drees (PDF) (in Dutch). Assen/Amsterdam: Van Gorcum. ISBN   978-90-232-1412-0.
  61. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1946" [Cabinet formation 1946]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  62. ↑ Duynstee 1966, pp. 1–4.
  63. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1948". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  64. ↑ Duynstee 1966, pp. 16–23.
  65. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1951". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  66. ↑ Duynstee 1966, pp. 36–52.
  67. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1952". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  68. ↑ Duynstee 1966, pp. 54–72.
  69. ↑ "Mr. J.A.W. (Jaap) Burger". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  70. ↑ Duynstee 1966, pp. 75–84.
  71. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1956". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  72. ↑ Duynstee 1966, pp. 86–159.
  73. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1958". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  74. ↑ Duynstee 1966, pp. 199–208.
  75. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1959". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  76. ↑ Duynstee 1966, pp. 209–234.
  77. ↑ "Mr. W.F. de Gaay Fortman". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  78. ↑ Duynstee 1966, pp. 246–254.
  79. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1963". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  80. ↑ Duynstee 1966, pp. 276–329.
  81. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1965". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  82. ↑ Duynstee 1966, pp. 360–432.
  83. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1966". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  84. ↑ Maas 1982, pp. 184–206.
  85. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1967". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  86. ↑ Maas 1982, pp. 207–250.
  87. ↑ "Dr. L.J.M. (Louis) Beel" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 20 December 2022.
  88. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1971". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  89. ↑ Maas 1982, pp. 256–281.
  90. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1972". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  91. ↑ Maas 1982, pp. 299–318.
  92. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1972-1973". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  93. ↑ Maas 1982, pp. 319–368.
  94. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1977". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  95. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 11–80.
  96. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1981". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  97. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 81–114.
  98. ↑ "Kabinet-Van Agt III (1982)". Parlement.com . Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  99. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 115–128.
  100. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1982". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  101. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 129–160.
  102. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1986". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  103. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 161–190.
  104. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1989". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  105. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 191–220.
  106. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1994". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  107. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 221–266.
  108. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 1998". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  109. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 267–302.
  110. ↑ "Kabinetscrisis 1999: de Nacht van Wiegel". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  111. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 303–318.
  112. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 2002". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  113. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 319–348.
  114. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 2003". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  115. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 349–388.
  116. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie July 2006". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  117. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 389–402.
  118. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 2006-2007". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  119. 1 2 Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 403–446.
  120. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 2010". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  121. ↑ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 447–510.
  122. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 2012". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  123. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 2017". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  124. ↑ Bovend'Eert, Paul; Bootsma, Peter; Van Kessel, Alexander (6 December 2018). Evaluatie Kabinetsformatie 2017 (PDF) (in Dutch). The Hague.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  125. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 2021". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  126. ↑ Van Baalen, Carla; Van Kessel, Alexander; Bovend'Eert, Paul; Van Twist, Mark (21 February 2023). Evaluatie kabinetsformatie 2021/22 [Evaluation cabinet formation 2021/22](pdf) (in Dutch). Centrum voor Parlementaire Geschiedenis. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2023.
  127. ↑ "Kabinetsformatie 2023-2024". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 December 2023.

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References

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