List of Dutch cabinet formations

Expected parliamentary leaders meeting the day after the election to appoint a scout during the 2021–2022 cabinet formation.

This is a list of Dutch cabinet formations. This includes attempts to form or continue with a cabinet after a cabinet crisis.

In most cases, a cabinet formation is started after a general election after which a majority cabinet is sought. In some cases it results in a minority cabinet. After the fall of a cabinet, a new start can be made with part of the fallen cabinet. Then there may be a rump cabinet, which is also often a minority cabinet.

List

Formation	Start [a]	End [b]	Length (days) [c]	Cabinet	Ref.
1848	16 March 1848	25 March 1848	10	Schimmelpenninck	[2]
				De Kempenaer-Donker Curtius [d]
1849	19 September 1849	1 November 1849	44	Thorbecke I	[3]
1853	16 April 1853	19 April 1853	4	Van Hall/Donker Curtius	[4]
1856	1 June 1856	1 July 1856	47	Van der Brugghen	[5]
1858	3 March 1858	18 March 1858	16	Rochussen	[6]
1860	17 February 1860	23 February 1860	7	Van Hall/Van Heemstra	[7]
1861	16 February 1861	14 March 1861	27	Van Zuylen van Nijevelt/Van Heemstra	[8]
1861–1862	18 December 1861 [e]	1 February 1862	46	Thorbecke II	[9]
Jan–Feb 1866	29 January 1866	10 February 1866	13	Fransen van de Putte	[10]
May–Jun 1866	24 May 1866	1 June 1866	9	Van Zuylen van Nijevelt	[11]
1868	17 April 1868	4 June 1868	49	Van Bosse/Fock	[12]
1870–1871	24 November 1870	4 January 1871	42	Thorbecke III	[13]
1872	25 June 1872	6 July 1872	12	De Vries/Fransen van de Putte	[14]
1874	14 July 1874	27 August 1874	45	Heemskerk/Van Lynden van Sandenburg	[15]
1877	16 October 1877	3 November 1877	19	Kappeyne van de Coppello	[16]
1879	12 July 1879	20 August 1879	40	Van Lynden van Sandenburg	[17]
1882	10 May 1882	12 August 1882	95
1883	4 March 1883	23 April 1883	51	J. Heemskerk	[18]
1888	28 March 1888	21 April 1888	25	Mackay	[19] [20]
1891	24 June 1891	21 August 1891	58	Van Tienhoven	[21]
1894	25 April 1894	9 May 1894	15	Röell	[22]
1897	26 June 1897	27 July 1897	32	Pierson	[23]
1901	28 June 1901	1 August 1901	35	Kuyper	[24] [25]
1905	29 June 1905	17 August 1905	50	De Meester	[26]
1907	12 February 1907	21 March 1907	38
1907–1908	25 December 1907	12 February 1908	50	T. Heemskerk	[27] [28]
1913	26 June 1913	29 August 1913	65	Cort van der Linden	[29]
1918	4 July 1918	9 September 1918	68	Ruijs de Beerenbrouck I	[30] [31]
1921	22 June 1921	26 July 1921	35		[30] [32]
1922	6 July 1922	18 September 1922	75	Ruijs de Beerenbrouck II	[33]
1923–1924	26 October 1923	7 January 1924	73
1925	2 July 1925	4 August 1925	34	Colijn I	[34]
1925–1926	24 November 1925	8 March 1926	105	De Geer I	[35]
1929	3 July 1929	10 August 1929	39	Ruijs de Beerenbrouck III	[36]
1933	27 April 1933	26 May 1933	30	Colijn II	[37]
1935	26 July 1935	31 July 1935	6	Colijn III	[38]
1937	27 May 1937	24 June 1937	29	Colijn IV	[39]
Jun–Jul 1939	30 June 1939	25 July 1939	26	Colijn V	[40]
Aug 1939	4 August 1939	10 August 1939	7	De Geer II	[41]
1940	28 August 1940	3 September 1940	7	Gerbrandy I	[42] [43]
1941	1 July 1941	27 July 1941	27	Gerbrandy II [42] [44]
Feb 1945	22 January 1945	23 February 1945	33	Gerbrandy III	[45] [46]
May–Jun 1945	9 May 1945	24 June 1945	47	Schermerhorn-Drees	[47] [46]
1946	18 May 1946	3 July 1946	47	Beel I	[48] [49]
1948	8 July 1948	7 August 1948	31	Drees-Van Schaik	[50] [51]
1951	29 January 1951	15 March 1951	44	Drees I	[52] [53]
1952	26 June 1952	2 September 1952	69	Drees II	[54] [55]
1955	18 May 1955	3 June 1955	17		[56]
1956	14 June 1956	13 October 1956	121	Drees III	[57] [58]
1958	13 December 1958	22 December 1958	10	Beel II [f]	[59] [60]
1959	13 March 1959	19 May 1959	67	De Quay	[61] [62]
1960–1961	24 December 1960	2 January 1961	10		[63]
1963	16 May 1963	24 July 1963	70	Marijnen	[64] [65]
1965	28 February 1965	14 April 1965	46	Cals	[66] [67]
1966	18 October 1966	22 November 1966	35	Zijlstra [f]	[68] [69]
1967	16 February 1967	5 April 1967	49	De Jong	[70] [71]
1971	29 April 1971	6 July 1971	69	Biesheuvel I	[72] [73]
1972	19 July 1972	9 August 1972	11	Biesheuvel II [f]	[74] [75]
1972–1973	30 November 1972	11 May 1973	163	Den Uyl	[76] [77]
1977	26 May 1977	19 December 1977	208	Van Agt I	[78] [79]
1981	27 May 1981	11 September 1981	108	Van Agt II	[80] [81]
	16 October 1981	4 November 1981	19
May–Jun 1982	14 May 1982	29 May 1982	17	Van Agt III [f]	[82] [83]
Sep–Nov 1982	9 September 1982	4 November 1982	57	Lubbers I	[84] [85]
1986	22 May 1986	14 July 1986	54	Lubbers II	[86] [87]
1989	7 September 1989	7 November 1989	62	Lubbers III	[88] [89]
1994	4 May 1994	22 August 1994	111	Kok I	[90] [91]
1998	6 May 1998	3 August 1998	89	Kok II	[92] [93]
1999	20 May 1999	8 June 1999	20		[94] [95]
2002	16 May 2002	22 July 2002	68	Balkenende I	[96] [97]
2003	23 January 2003	27 May 2003	122	Balkenende II	[98] [99]
2006	30 June 2006	7 July 2006	7	Balkenende III [f]	[100]
2006–2007	23 November 2006	22 February 2007	90	Balkenende IV	[101] [102]
2010	10 June 2010	14 October 2010	127	Rutte I	[103] [104]
2012	13 September 2012	5 November 2012	54	Rutte II	[105] [106]
2017	16 March 2017	26 October 2017	225	Rutte III	[107] [108]
2021–2022	18 March 2021	10 January 2022	299	Rutte IV	[1] [109]
2023–2024	23 November 2023	2 July 2024	223	Schoof	[110] [111]
2025–2026	30 October 2025	Ongoing	66		[112]

See also

• List of cabinets of the Netherlands
• List of Dutch (in)formateurs and scouts

Notes

1. In the case of a regular cabinet formation, it is the day after the election. In other cases, it is generally the day after a cabinet requested dismissal.
2. In the case of cabinet formations that lead to a new cabinet, this is the day when the new cabinet is appointed and/or sworn in
3. Calculated from the day after the general election until the day when the cabinet is sworn in. ^[1] Not all sources use the same starting point.
4. The De Kempenaer-Donker Curtius cabinet succeeded the preceding cabinet in 1848 without a cabinet formation
5. The Van Zuylen van Nijevelt/Van Heemstra cabinet resigned on 17 December 1861.
6. Rump cabinet.

Citations

1. "Kabinetsformatie 2021-2022" [Cabinet formation 2021-2022]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
2. "Kabinetten-Schimmelpenninck en -Donker Curtius (1848)" [Cabinets Schimmelpennick and Donker Curtius (1848)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
3. "Kabinet-Thorbecke I (1849-1853)" [Cabinet Thorkecke I (1849-1853)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
4. "Kabinet-Van Hall/Donker Curtius (1853-1856)" [Cabinet Van Hall/Donker Curtius (1853-1856)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
5. "Kabinet-Van der Brugghen (1856-1858)" [Cabinet Van der Brugghen (1856-1858)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
6. "Kabinet-Rochussen (1858-1860)" [Cabinet Rochussen (1858-1860)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
7. "Kabinet-Van Hall/Van Heemstra (1860-1861)" [Cabinet Van Hall/Van Heemstra (1860-1861)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
8. "Kabinet-Van Zuylen van Nijevelt/Van Heemstra (1861-1862)" [Cabinet Van Zuylen van Nijevelt/Van Heemstra (1861-1862)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
9. "Kabinet-Thorbecke II (1862-1866)" [Cabinet Thorbecke II (1862-1866)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
10. "Kabinet-Fransen van de Putte (1866)" [Cabinet Fransen van de Putte (1866)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
11. "Kabinet-Van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1866-1868)" [Cabinet Van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1866-1868)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
12. "Kabinet-Van Bosse/Fock (1868-1871)" [Cabinet Van Bosse/Fock (1868-1871)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
13. "Kabinet-Thorbecke III (1871-1872)" [Cabinet Thorbecke III (1871-1872)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
14. "Kabinet-De Vries/Fransen van de Putte (1872-1874)" [Cabinet De Vries/Fransen van de Putte (1872-1874)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
15. "Kabinet-Heemskerk/Van Lynden van Sandenburg (1874-1877)" [Cabinet Heemskerk/Van Lynden van Sandenburg (1874-1877)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
16. "Kabinet-Kappeyne van de Coppello (1877-1879)" [Cabinet Kappeyne van de Coppello (1877-1879)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
17. "Kabinet-Van Lynden van Sandenburg (1879-1883)" [Cabinet Van Lynden van Sandenburg (1879-1883)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
18. "Kabinet-Heemskerk Azn. (1883-1888)" [Cabinet Heemskerk Azn. (1883-1888)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
19. "Kabinet-Mackay (1888-1891)" [Cabinet Mackay (1888-1891)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
20. Westenbroek, A.J.M. (1976). "De kabinetsformatie Mackay 1888 II" [The cabinet formation Mackay 1888 II](PDF). Anti-Revolutionaire Staatkunde (in Dutch). Dr. Abraham Kuyperstichting. pp. 262–273. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
21. "Kabinet-Van Tienhoven (1891-1894)" [Cabinet Van Tienhoven (1891-1894)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
22. "Kabinet-Röell (1894-1897)" [Cabinet Röell (1894-1897)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
23. "Kabinet-Pierson (1897-1901)" [Cabinet Pierson (1897-1901)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
24. "Kabinet-Kuyper (1901-1905)" [Cabinet Kuyper (1901-1905)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
25. De Bruijn, Jan (2001). 'Kuyper ist ein Luegner' (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Historisch Documentatiecentrum voor het Nederlands Protestantisme. ISBN   90-72319-16-8.
26. "Kabinet-De Meester (1905-1908)" [Cabinet De Meester (1905-1908)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
27. "Kabinet-Heemskerk (1908-1913)" [Cabinet Heemskerk (1908-1913)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
28. De Bruijn, Jan (2012). Wilhelmina formeert (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Boom. ISBN   978-94-6105-300-8.
29. "Kabinet-Cort van der Linden (1913-1918)" [Cabinet Cort van der Linden (1913-1918)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
30. "Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck I (1918-1922)" [Cabinet Ruijs de Beerenbrouck I (1918-1922)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
31. Puchinger 1970, pp. 27–141.
32. Puchinger 1970, pp. 165–199.
33. "Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck II (1922-1925)" [Cabinet Ruijs de Beerenbrouck II (1922-1925)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
34. "Kabinet-Colijn I (1925-1926)" [Cabinet Colijn I (1925-1926)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
35. "Kabinet-De Geer I (1926-1929)" [Cabinet De Geer I (1926-1929)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
36. "Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck III (1929-1933)" [Cabinet Ruijs de Beerenbrouck III (1929-1933)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
37. "Kabinet-Colijn II (1933-1935)" [Cabinet Colijn II (1933-1935)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
38. "Kabinet-Colijn III (1935-1937)" [Cabinet Colijn III (1935-1937)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
39. "Kabinet-Colijn IV (1937-1939)" [Cabinet Colijn IV (1937-1939)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
40. "Kabinet-Colijn V (1939)" [Cabinet Colijn V (1939)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
41. "Kabinet-De Geer II (1939-1940)" [Cabinet De Geer II (1939-1940)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
42. "Kabinet-Gerbrandy I en II (1940-1945)" [Cabinet Gerbrandy I and II (1940-1945)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
43. De Jong, L. (1979). Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 9 Londen. Eerste helft (in Dutch). The Hague: Nijhoff. pp. 87–93. ISBN   978-90-12-02090-9.
44. De Jong, L. (1979). Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 9 Londen. Eerste helft (in Dutch). The Hague: Nijhoff. pp. 202–208. ISBN   978-90-12-02090-9.
45. "Kabinet-Gerbrandy III (1945)" [Cabinet Gerbrandy I (1945)]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 October 2023.
46. Duynstee, F.J.F.M.; Bosmans, J. (1977). Het kabinet Schermerhorn Drees 1945'1946 (in Dutch). Assen/Amsterdam: Van Gorcum. ISBN   90-232-1412-9.
47. "Kabinetsformatie 1945" [Cabinet formation 1945]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
48. "Kabinetsformatie 1946" [Cabinet formation 1946]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
49. Duynstee 1966, pp. 1–4.
50. "Kabinetsformatie 1948" [Cabinet formation 1948]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
51. Duynstee 1966, pp. 16–24.
52. "Kabinetsformatie 1951" [Cabinet formation 1951]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
53. Duynstee 1966, pp. 36–52.
54. "Kabinetsformatie 1952" [Cabinet formation 1952]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 5 February 2024.
55. Duynstee 1966, pp. 54–72.
56. Duynstee 1966, pp. 75–84.
57. "Kabinetsformatie 1956" [Cabinet formation 1956]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
58. Duynstee 1966, pp. 86–159.
59. "Kabinetsformatie 1958" [Cabinet formation 1958]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
60. Duynstee 1966, pp. 199–208.
61. "Kabinetsformatie 1959" [Cabinet formation 1959]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
62. Duynstee 1966, pp. 209–234.
63. Duynstee 1966, pp. 246–254.
64. "Kabinetsformatie 1963" [Cabinet formation 1963]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
65. Duynstee 1966, pp. 276–329.
66. "Kabinetsformatie 1965" [Cabinet formation 1965]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 October 2023.
67. Duynstee 1966, pp. 360–432.
68. "Kabinetsformatie 1966" [Cabinet formation 1966]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 October 2023.
69. Maas 1982, pp. 184–206.
70. "Kabinetsformatie 1967" [Cabinet formation 1967]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 October 2023.
71. Maas 1982, pp. 207–250.
72. "Kabinetsformatie 1971" [Cabinet formation 1971]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 October 2023.
73. Maas 1982, pp. 256–281.
74. "Kabinetsformatie 1972" [Cabinet formation 1972]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 October 2023.
75. Maas 1982, pp. 299–318.
76. "Kabinetsformatie 1972-1973" [Cabinet formation 1972-1973]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 October 2023.
77. Maas 1982, pp. 319–368.
78. "Kabinetsformatie 1977" [Cabinet formation 1977]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 October 2023.
79. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 11–80.
80. "Kabinetsformatie 1981" [Cabinet formation 1981]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 October 2023.
81. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 81–114.
82. "Kabinetsformatie juni 1982 (zomerkabinetje)" [Cabinet formation June 1982 (summer cabinet)]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 October 2023.
83. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 115–128.
84. "Kabinetsformatie 1982" [Cabinet formation 1982]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 October 2023.
85. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 129–160.
86. "Kabinetsformatie 1986" [Cabinet formation 1986]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 October 2023.
87. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 161–190.
88. "Kabinetsformatie 1989" [Cabinet formation 1989]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 October 2023.
89. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 191–220.
90. "Kabinetsformatie 1994" [Cabinet formation 1994]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 August 2023.
91. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 221–266.
92. "Kabinetsformatie 1998" [Cabinet formation 1998]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
93. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 267–302.
94. "Kabinetscrisis 1999: de Nacht van Wiegel" [Cabinet crisis 1999: the Night of Wiegel]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 20 October 2023.
95. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 303–318.
96. "Kabinetsformatie 2002" [Cabinet formation 2002]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
97. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 319–348.
98. "Kabinetsformatie 2003" [Cabinet formation 2003]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
99. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 349–388.
100. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 389–402.
101. "Kabinetsformatie 2006-2007" [Cabinet formation 2006-2007]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
102. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 403–446.
103. "Kabinetsformatie 2010" [Cabinet formation 2010]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
104. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 447–510.
105. "Kabinetsformatie 2012" [Cabinet formation 2012]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
106. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 511–524.
107. "Kabinetsformatie 2017" [Cabinet formation 2017]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
108. Bovend'Eert, Paul; Bootsma, Peter; Van Kessel, Alexander (6 December 2018). Evaluatie Kabinetsformatie 2017 [Evaluation Cabinet formation 2017](PDF). Den Haag: House of Representatives.
109. Van Baalen, Carla; Van Kessel, Alexander; Bovend'Eert, Paul; Van Twist, Mark (21 February 2023). Evaluatie kabinetsformatie 2021/22 (PDF) (in Dutch). Centrum voor Parlementaire Geschiedenis. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
110. "Kabinetsformatie 2023-2024" [Cabinet formation 2023-2024]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 December 2023.
111. "Evaluatie kabinetsformatie 2023-2024". Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (in Dutch). 29 January 2025. p. 13.
112. "Kabinetsformatie 2025" [Cabinet formation 2025]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 December 2025.

References

• Van Baalen, Carla; Van Kessel, Alexander, eds. (2016). Kabinetsformaties 1977-2012[Cabinet formations 1977-2012] (in Dutch). Boom. ISBN   978-94-6105-466-1.
• Duynstee, Frans (1966). De kabinetsformaties 1946-1965[The cabinet formations 1946-1965] (in Dutch). Deventer: Æ. E. Kluwer. hdl: 2066/98788 . OCLC   220593429.
• Maas, Petrus Franciscus (1982). Kabinetsformaties 1959-1973[Cabinet formations 1959-1973] (in Dutch). The Hague: Staatsuitgeverij. hdl: 2066/98794 . ISBN   978-90-12-03998-7.
• Puchinger, G. (1970). Colijn en het einde van de coalitie I. De geschiedenis van de kabinetsformaties 1918-1924[Colijn and the end of the coalition I. The history of cabinet formations 1918-1924] (in Dutch). Kampen: J.H. Kok. ISBN   978-90-242-1538-6.
• —————— (1980). Colijn en het einde van de coalitie II. De geschiedenis van de kabinetsformaties 1925-1929[Colijn and the end of the coalition II. The history of cabinet formations 1925-1929] (in Dutch). Kampen: J.H. Kok. ISBN   90-242-0311-2.
• —————— (1993). Colijn en het einde van de coalitie III. De geschiedenis van de kabinetsformaties 1933-1939[Colijn and the end of the coalition III. The history of cabinet formations 1933-1939] (in Dutch). Leiden: J.J. Groen en zoon. ISBN   90-5030-356-0.