De Jong cabinet

De Jong cabinet
52nd Cabinet of the Netherlands
The installation of the De Jong cabinet on 5 April 1967
Date formed	5 April 1967 (1967-04-05)
Date dissolved	6 July 1971 (1971-07-06) 4 years, 92 days in office (Demissionary from 28 April 1971 (1971-04-28))
People and organisations
Monarch	Queen Juliana
Prime Minister	Piet de Jong
Deputy Prime Minister	Johan Witteveen Joop Bakker
No. of ministers	14
Ministers removed	1
Total no. of members	15
Member party	Catholic People's Party (KVP) People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) Christian Historical Union (CHU)
Status in legislature	Centre-right Majority government
History
Election(s)	1967 election
Outgoing election	1971 election
Legislature term(s)	1967–1971
Incoming formation	1967 formation
Outgoing formation	1971 formation
Predecessor	Zijlstra cabinet
Successor	First Biesheuvel cabinet

The De Jong cabinet was the executive branch of the Dutch Government from 5 April 1967 until 6 July 1971. The cabinet was formed by the christian-democratic Catholic People's Party (KVP), Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and Christian Historical Union (CHU) and the conservative-liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) after the election of 1967. The cabinet was a centre-right coalition and had a substantial majority in the House of Representatives with prominent Catholic politician Piet de Jong the Minister of Defence in the previous cabinet serving as Prime Minister. Prominent Liberal politician Johan Witteveen a former Minister of Finances served as Deputy Prime Minister and returned as Minister of Finance, prominent Protestant politician Joop Bakker the Minister of Economic Affairs in the previous cabinet served as Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Transport and Water Management and was given the portfolio of Suriname and Netherlands Antilles Affairs.

The cabinet served in the final years of the tumultuous 1960s and the beginning of the radical 1970s. Domestically it had to deal with the peak of the counterculture but it was able to implement several major social reforms to education, social security, the introduction of value-added taxes and it had to deal with several crises involving Moluccan nationalists. Internationally it oversaw improvements in relations with the former Dutch East Indies, growing protests against the Vietnam War and the fallout of the Soviet Union invasion of Czechoslovakia following the Prague Spring. The cabinet suffered no major internal conflicts and completed its entire term and was succeeded by the First Biesheuvel cabinet following the election of 1971. ^{[1] [2] [3]}

Formation

Following the fall of the Cals cabinet on 14 October 1966 the Labour Party (PvdA) left the coalition, subsequently Queen Juliana appointed Senator Jelle Zijlstra (ARP), a former Minister of Finance as Prime Minister to form a rump cabinet with the Catholic People's Party and the Anti-Revolutionary Party. On 22 November 1966 the Zijlstra cabinet was installed and served as a caretaker government until the election of 1967.

After the election on 15 February 1967 the Catholic People's Party was the winner of the election even after losing 8 seats and had now a total of 40 seats in the House of Representatives. Incumbent Prime Minister Jelle Zijlstra was appointed as Informateur by Queen Juliana to start the cabinet formation process. After a first round of talks the Catholic People's Party, People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, Anti-Revolutionary Party and the Christian Historical Union agreed to form a coalition. On 6 March 1967, Queen Juliana appointed Vice-President of the Council of State Louis Beel (KVP), a former Prime Minister as the new Informateur to start the next formation phase.

On 9 March 1967 incumbent Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries Barend Biesheuvel, the Leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party was asked to form a new cabinet and was asked to become Formateur. The negotiations were troubled by objections from the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy about prospect of Barend Biesheuvel as Prime Minister because he served in the previous Centre-left Cals cabinet. On 20 March 1967 after long negotiations between the parties, Barend Biesheuvel failed to form a cabinet. In order to break the deadlock the Catholic People's Party suggested that incumbent Minister of Defence Piet de Jong (KVP) would be a good candidate to form a new cabinet. Piet de Jong a former Naval officer who served as a World War II submarine commander had a good reputation as a pragmatic minister and was seen as a compromise candidate. On 21 March 1967 Piet de Jong was tasked with forming a new cabinet and was appointed as Formateur. On 4 April 1967 the cabinet formation was completed and the De Jong cabinet was installed the next day.

Term

It was the first Cabinet of the Netherlands after World War II that completed a full term without any internal conflicts. The cabinet was confronted with a demand for democratic reforms in the society and it decided to democratise colleges and universities after the famous maagdenhuisbezetting. Plans were made to modernise politics by establishing an electoral system with districts or a chosen prime minister, but these plans were not implemented. Meanwhile, a pay pause due to the decision of employers and employees to raise wages was partly revoked after anti-government demonstrations and strikes. More unrest took shape in demonstrations against the war in Vietnam. Internationally, relations with Indonesia improved, resulting in a visit by president Suharto, which was, however, overshadowed by the occupation of the Indonesian embassy by Moluccans. The Soviet Union invasion in Czechoslovakia was seen as a reason to increase the defence budget. ^{[4] [5]}

Changes

On 7 January 1970, Minister of Economic Affairs Leo de Block (KVP) resigned after disagreeing with the cabinets decision to increase the wages in the metal industry, but another reason was that he had lost the credibility to remain in office after the House of Representatives was highly critical in his handling of the rising inflation after the introduction of the value-added tax (BTW) on 1 January 1969. Minister of Finance Johan Witteveen (VVD) served as acting Minister of Economic Affairs until 14 January 1970 when Member of the House of Representatives Roelof Nelissen (KVP) was appointed as his successor.

Taoiseach of Ireland Jack Lynch and Prime Minister Piet de Jong at the Ministry of General Affairs on 22 June 1967.

Minister of Foreign Affairs Joseph Luns and United States Under Secretary of State, Nicholas Katzenbach at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 4 January 1968.

British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs George Brown, Prime Minister Piet de Jong, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Wilson and Minister of Foreign Affairs Joseph Luns at 10 Downing Street on 19 February 1968.

Secretary-General of the United Nations U Thant and Minister of Foreign Affairs Joseph Luns at a press conference at Airport Schiphol on 7 April 1968.

Prime Minister of Luxembourg Pierre Werner, Prime Minister Piet de Jong and Prime Minister of Belgium Gaston Eyskens at a Benelux conference in The Hague on 28 April 1968.

Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil and Minister of Foreign Affairs Joseph Luns at a press conference at Airport Schiphol on 15 July 1968.

West-German Minister of Foreign Affairs Willy Brandt, Prime Minister Piet de Jong, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan and Minister of Foreign Affairs Joseph Luns at a European Economic Community conference in the Ridderzaal on 8 November 1968.

Prime Minister Piet de Jong, Minister of Foreign Affairs Joseph Luns, Prime Minister of Belgium Gaston Eyskens and Belgium Minister of Foreign Affairs Pierre Harmel at The Hague Central Station on 4 February 1969.

Prime Minister Piet de Jong and Chancellor of West-Germany Willy Brandt at Ypenburg Airport on 1 December 1969.

Prime Minister of Italy Mariano Rumor and Prime Minister Piet de Jong at Ypenburg Airport on 1 December 1969.

Minister of Foreign Affairs Joseph Luns, West–German Minister for Youth, Family and Health Katharina Focke, Vice-Chancellor of West–Germany and West-German Minister for Foreign Affairs Walter Scheel, Prime Minister of France Jacques Chaban-Delmas, Chancellor of West–Germany Willy Brandt and Prime Minister Piet de Jong at a European Economic Community conference in The Hague on 2 December 1969.

President of the European Commission Franco Maria Malfatti and Minister of Foreign Affairs Joseph Luns at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 12 October 1970.

Minister of Foreign Affairs Joseph Luns and President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito in Rotterdam on 21 October 1970.

Prime Minister of Lesotho Leabua Jonathan and Prime Minister Piet de Jong at the Ministry of General Affairs on 4 November 1970.

Cabinet Members

Ministers			Title/Ministry/Portfolio(s)			Term of office	Party
		Captain Piet de Jong (1915–2016)	Prime Minister	General Affairs		5 April 1967 – 6 July 1971	Catholic People's Party
		Dr. Johan Witteveen (1921–2019)	Deputy Prime Minister	Finance		5 April 1967 – 6 July 1971	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
			Minister
		Joop Bakker (1921–2003)	Deputy Prime Minister	Transport and Water Management		5 April 1967 – 6 July 197	Anti-Revolutionary Party
			Minister
			Minister	Interior	• Suriname and Netherlands Antilles Affairs
		Henk Beernink (1910–1979)	Minister	Interior		5 April 1967 – 6 July 1971	Christian Historical Union
		Joseph Luns (1911–2002)	Minister	Foreign Affairs		13 October 1956 – 6 July 1971 [Retained]	Catholic People's Party
		Carel Polak (1909–1981)	Minister	Justice		5 April 1967 – 6 July 1971	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
		Leo de Block (1904–1988)	Minister	Economic Affairs		5 April 1967 – 7 January 1970 [Res]	Catholic People's Party
		Dr. Johan Witteveen (1921–2019)				7 January 1970 – 14 January 1970 [Ad Interim]	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
		Roelof Nelissen (1931–2019)				7 January 1970 – 14 January 1970	Catholic People's Party
		Lieutenant general Willem den Toom (1911–1998)	Minister	Defence		5 April 1967 – 6 July 1971	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
		Bauke Roolvink (1912–1979)	Minister	Social Affairs and Health		5 April 1967 – 6 July 1971	Anti-Revolutionary Party
		Dr. Gerard Veringa (1924–1999)	Minister	Education and Sciences		5 April 1967 – 6 July 1971	Catholic People's Party
		Pierre Lardinois (1924–1987)	Minister	Agriculture and Fisheries		5 April 1967 – 1 January 1973 [Continued]	Catholic People's Party
		Wim Schut (1920–2006)	Minister	Housing and Spatial Planning		5 April 1967 – 6 July 1971	Anti-Revolutionary Party
		Dr. Marga Klompé (1912–1986)	Minister	Culture, Recreation and Social Work		22 November 1966 – 7 January 1971 [Retained] [Note]	Catholic People's Party
		Dr. Gerard Veringa (1924–1999)				7 January 1971 – 22 February 1971 [Acting]	Catholic People's Party
		Dr. Marga Klompé (1912–1986)				22 February 1971 – 6 July 1971	Catholic People's Party
Minister without portfolio			Title/Ministry/Portfolio(s)			Term of office	Party
		Bé Udink (1926–2016)	Minister	Foreign Affairs	• Development Cooperation	5 April 1967 – 6 July 1971	Christian Historical Union
State Secretaries			Title/Ministry/Portfolio(s)			Term of office	Party
		Chris van Veen (1922–2009)	State Secretary	Interior	• Municipalities • Provinces • Civil Service	10 May 1967 – 6 July 1971	Christian Historical Union
		Hans de Koster (1914–1992)	State Secretary	Foreign Affairs	• European Union • Benelux • NATO	12 June 1967 – 6 July 1971	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
		Dr. Ferd Grapperhaus I (1927–2010)	State Secretary	Finance	• Fiscal Policy • Tax and Customs • Governmental Budget	10 May 1967 – 6 July 1971	Catholic People's Party
		Dr. Klaas Wiersma (1917–1993)	State Secretary	Justice	• Immigration and Asylum • Penitentiaries	20 April 1970 – 6 July 1971	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
		Louis van Son (1922–1986)	State Secretary	Economic Affairs	• Trade and Export • Small and Medium-sized Businesses • Regional Development • Consumer Protection • Tourism	28 November 1966 – 6 July 1971 [Retained]	Catholic People's Party
		Major General Joop Haex (1911–2002)	State Secretary	Defence	• Army	18 April 1967 – 6 July 1971	Christian Historical Union
		Vice admiral Adri van Es (1913–1994)			• Navy	14 August 1963 – 16 September 1972 [Retained] [Continued]	Anti-Revolutionary Party
		Bob Duynstee (1920–2014)			• Air Force	28 April 1967 – 6 July 1971	Catholic People's Party
		Dr. Roelof Kruisinga (1922–2012)	State Secretary	Social Affairs and Health	• Primary Healthcare • Elderly Care • Disability Policy • Medical Ethics	18 April 1967 – 6 July 1971	Christian Historical Union
		Hans Grosheide (1930-2022)	State Secretary	Education and Sciences	• Primary Education • Secondary Education • Special Education	3 September 1963 – 6 July 1971 [Retained]	Anti-Revolutionary Party
		Mike Keyzer (1911–1983)	State Secretary	Transport and Water Management	• Public Transport • Aviation • Rail Transport • Water Management • Weather Forecasting	18 April 1967 – 6 July 1971	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
		Hein van de Poel (1915–1993)	State Secretary	Culture, Recreation and Social Work	• Unemployment • Social Services • Youth Care • Nature • Culture • Art • Recreation • Sport	29 May 1967 – 6 July 1971	Catholic People's Party

^Resigned

^{Retained from the previous cabinet}

^{Continued in the next cabinet}

^Acting

^{Ad Interim}

^{Medical leave of absence from 7 January 1971 until 22 February 1971}

Trivia

• Six cabinet members had previous experience as scholars and professors: Johan Witteveen (Financial Economics), Carel Polak (Administrative and Agricultural Law), Gerard Veringa (Criminology and Criminal Law), Ferd Grapperhaus I (Fiscal Law), Klaas Wiersma (Civil Law) and Roelof Kruisinga (Otorhinolaryngology).
• Three cabinet members were flag officers: Willem den Toom (Lieutenant General in the Air Force), Joop Haex (Major General in the Army) and Adri van Es (Vice Admiral in the Navy).
• Eight cabinet members had served during World War II either in the military or the Resistance: Piet de Jong (Navy), Willem den Toom (Air Force), Wim Schut (Resistance), Marga Klompé (Resistance), Hans de Koster (Resistance), Joop Haex (Army), Adri van Es (Navy) and Bob Duynstee (Army).
• Four cabinet members (later) served as Party Leaders and Lijsttrekkers : Henk Beernink (1963–1967), Bé Udink (1970–1971) and Roelof Kruisinga (1971–1977) of the Christian Historical Union and Gerard Veringa (1971) of the Catholic People's Party.
• The age difference between the first Minister of Economic Affairs Leo de Block (born 1904) and his successor Roelof Nelissen (born 1931) was 26 years, 233 days.

References

1. (in Dutch) P. J. S. (Piet) de Jong 5 April 1967 – 6 juli 1971, Geschiedenis24, 9 December 2005
2. (in Dutch) De putschisten zijn onder ons, De Groene Amsterdammer, 28 October 2005
3. "Het succesvolle kabinet-De Jong 1967-1971" (in Dutch). Historiek. 28 January 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
4. Jan Willem Brouwer; Johan van Merriënboer (2001). Van buitengaats naar Binnenhof: P.J.S. de Jong, een biografie. Sdu Uitgevers. p. 10. ISBN   9789012087742.
5. (in Dutch) ‘De oorlog was de oorzaak van geduvel in ’68’, NRC Handelsblad, 10 May 2008

External links

Official

• (in Dutch) Kabinet-De Jong Parlement & Politiek
• (in Dutch) Kabinet-De Jong Rijksoverheid