List of foreign nationals detained in Iran

Since the Iran hostage crisis, the Islamic Republic of Iran has engaged in a pattern of detaining foreign nationals for extended periods. ^[1] Dual nationals of Iran and another country are particularly vulnerable to arbitrary detention because the international Master Nationality Rule provides that "a State may not afford diplomatic protection to one of its nationals against a state whose nationality such person also possesses". ^[2] According to the Center for Human Rights in Iran, the Iranian government has used imprisoned dual and foreign-only nationals "as bargaining chips in its dealings with other nations." ^[3]

In November 2017, Reuters reported that Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) had arrested "at least 30 dual nationals during the past two years, mostly on spying charges." ^[4] According to Human Rights Watch, "Iranian authorities have violated detainees' due process rights and carried out a pattern of politically motivated arrests." ^[5]

In September 2019, on the sidelines of the Seventy-fourth session of the United Nations General Assembly, families of dual and foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran as well former dual and foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran launched the "Alliance of Families Against State Hostage Taking." ^{[6] [7] [8]}

In January 2023, France called for the release of seven nationals, who were held in Iran. One of the detainees, Fariba Adelkhak was arrested in June 2019, along with her colleague Roland Marchal. While Marchal was released in 2020, but Fraiban Adelkhak remained in prison amid mounting political tensions in Iran. ^[9]

This list of current and former detainees in Iran excludes people abducted in other countries and brought into the country.

Current foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran

Name	Detained	Citizenship	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Nazak Afshar	12 March 2016	France	2889			[10]
Ahmad Reza Jalali	24 April 2016	Sweden	2846			[11] [12]
Abdolrasoul Dorri-Esfahani	August 2016	Canada	~2747	In May 2017, convicted on espionage charges, including "collaborating with the British secret service," and sentenced to five years in prison.		[13]
Jamshid Sharmahd	July 2020	Germany	1290		U.S. permanent resident. Sentenced to death February 2023.	[14]
Nahid Taghavi	16 October 2020	Germany				[15]
Mehran Raoof	16 October 2020	UK				[16]
Johan Floderus	17 April 2022	Sweden	662			[17]

U.S. citizens

Further information: Iran–United States relations

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Masoud Jamali Ashtiani	20 May 2012	20 May 2013	365	propaganda against the regime	41 days in solidarity confinement	[ citation needed ]
Emad Shargi	30 November 2020	18 September 2023	1022	Espionage / Spying	Member of [18] in exchange for 5 U.S. prisoners and unfreezing of $6 billion in Iranian assets. Had been sentenced to 10 years in January 2021. Had previously been cleared in December 2019. (Iranian national who also holds US citizenship.)	[19] [20] [18]
Michael White	July 2018	19 March 2020	~2048			[10]
Morad Tahbaz	January 2018	18 September 2023	~2086	Conspiring with America	Member of group of 5 released in Sept 2023 in exchange for 5 U.S. prisoners and unfreezing of $6 billion in Iranian assets. (Iranian national who also holds US and UK citizenship.)	[21] [22] [18]
Xiyue Wang	8 August 2016	7 December 2019	1216			[23]
Gholamreza (Reza) "Robin" Shahini	11 July 2016	21 March 2017	253			[24]
Karan Vafadari	20 July 2016	21 July 2018	731		Released on bail but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran.	[25] [26] [22]
Baquer Namazi	22 February 2016	1 October 2022	2908		Released during the Mahsa Amini protests	[27] [28]
Siamak Namazi	13 October 2015	18 September 2023	2895	spying	Member of group of 5 released in Sept 2023 in exchange for 5 U.S. prisoners and unfreezing of $6 billion in Iranian assets. (Iranian national who also holds US citizenship.)	[29] [30] [22] [18]
Nosratollah Khosravi-Roodsari	May 2015	16 January 2016	~260			[31]
Matthew Trevithick	7 December 2015	16 January 2016	39			[32]
Jason Rezaian	22 July 2014	16 January 2016	543			[33] [34]
Saeed Abedini	28 July 2012	16 January 2016	1277			[34] [35]
Afsaneh Azadeh	13 May 2012	September 2012	~111		Azadeh was released from detention to house arrest from September 2012 – November 2012. She was not permitted to leave the country until May 2013.	[36]
Amir Hekmati	29 August 2011	16 January 2016	1601			[34] [37]
Joshua Fattal	31 July 2009	21 September 2011	782
Shane Bauer	31 July 2009	21 September 2011	782
Sarah Shourd	31 July 2009	14 September 2010	410
Roxana Saberi	31 January 2009	11 May 2009	100			[38]
Esha Momeni	15 October 2008	10 November 2008	26		Momeni was released on bail in November 2008 but she was not permitted to leave Iran until August 2009.	[39]
Reza Taghavi	May 2008	16 October 2010	~898			[40]
Nik Moradi	31 October 2007	15 April 2008	167			[41]
Kian Tajbakhsh	11 May 2007	19 September 2007	140
Ali Shakeri	8 May 2007	25 September 2007	140
Haleh Esfandiari	8 May 2007	21 August 2007	105			[42] [43]
Robert Levinson (alleged)	9 March 2007	Presumed dead 25 March 2020	>1333 (alleged)		U.S. agent working for the CIA who disappeared on Kish Island. Proof of life in captivity in an unknown location was received in November 2010, but Iran has never acknowledged his arrest or detention; he was presumed dead in March 2020.	[10]
Dariush Zahedi	10 July 2003	9 November 2003	122			[44]
Daniel Baumann	10 January 1997	16 March 1997	65		Dual U.S.-Swiss citizen. Arrested with South African Stuart Timm.	[45]
Gerald Seib	31 January 1987	4 February 1987	4		Wall Street Journal reporter who had been visiting Iran with a group of journalists.	[46]
Jon Pattis	16 June 1986	October 1991	~1933	Sentenced to 10 years in prison in 1987 for espionage.		[47] [48]
David Rabhan	1980	6 August 1990	~3832			[49]

U.S. permanent residents

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Afshin Sheikholeslami Vatani	27 June 2020	In detention	1321		Released on bail in February 2019 but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran and then arrested again in 2020.	[50]
Afarin Neyssari	20 July 2016	21 July 2018	731		Released on bail but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran.	[25] [26]
Shahab Dalili	20 March 2016	In detention	2881	cooperating with a hostile government	U.S. permanent resident	[51]
Jamshid Sharmahd	1 August 2020	In detention	1286	journalistic activity criticizing the Islamic regime for 16 years	German citizen and U.S. permanent resident. Jimmy was kidnapped on a business trip to India and taken to Iran. He has spent the entire detention at an unknown location, in solitary confinement and after what Amnesty International calls a sham trial condemned to death.	[52] [53]

Iran hostage crisis detainees (1979 - 1981)

Further information: Iran hostage crisis

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Notes
Cynthia Dwyer	5 May 1980	10 February 1981	281	Civilian. Freelance writer convicted on trumped-up charges of espionage and other crimes [54]
Mohi Sobhani	6 September 1980	4 February 1981	151	Civilian [55]
Thomas L. Ahern, Jr.	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Clair Cortland Barnes	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
William E. Belk	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Robert O. Blucker	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Donald J. Cooke	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
William J. Daugherty	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Robert Englemann	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
William Gallegos	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Bruce W. German	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Duane L. Gillette	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Alan B. Golacinski	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
John E. Graves	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Joseph M. Hall	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Kevin J. Hermening	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Donald R. Hohman	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Leland J. Holland	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Michael Howland	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Charles A. Jones, Jr.	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Malcolm K. Kalp	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Moorhead C. Kennedy, Jr.	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
William F. Keough, Jr.	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Steven W. Kirtley	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Kathryn L. Koob	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Frederick Lee Kupke	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Bruce Laingen	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Steven Lauterbach	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Gary E. Lee	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Paul Edward Lewis	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
John Limbert	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
John D. McKeel, Jr.	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Michael J. Metrinko	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Jerry J. Miele	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Michael E. Moeller	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Bert C. Moore	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Richard Morefield	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Paul M. Needham, Jr.	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Robert C. Ode	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Gregory A. Persinger	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Jerry Plotkin	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444	Civilian
Regis Ragan	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
David M. Roeder	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Barry M. Rosen	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
William B. Royer, Jr.	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Thomas E. Schaefer	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Charles W. Scott	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Donald A. Sharer	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Rodney V. Sickmann	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Joseph Subic, Jr.	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Elizabeth Ann Swift	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Victor L. Tomseth	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Phillip R. Ward	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Richard Queen	4 November 1979	11 July 1980	250
Wesley Williams	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
Joan Walsh	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
David Walker	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
Joseph Vincent	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
Terri Tedford	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
Neal Robinson	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
Lloyd Rollins	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
Elizabeth Montagne	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
Lillian Johnson	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
James Hughes	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
Kathy Gross	4 November 1979	19 November 1979	15
Ladell Maples	4 November 1979	19 November 1979	15
William Quarles	4 November 1979	19 November 1979	15

British citizens

Further information: Iran–United Kingdom relations

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Mehran Raoof	16 October 2020	In detention	1210			[16]
Kameel Ahmady	11 August 2019	17 November 2019	1642		Released on bail. Fled the Regime [56]	[10] [57]
Abbas Edalat	15 April 2018	December 2018	~230
Morad Tahbaz	January 2018	18 September 2023	~2086	Conspiring with America	Member of group of 5 released in Sept 2023 in exchange for 5 U.S. prisoners and unfreezing of $6 billion in Iranian assets. (Iranian national who also holds US and UK citizenship.)	[3] [18]
Anoush Ashoori	August 2017	16 March 2022	~2382	Convicted of spying for Israel's Mossad and sentenced to 12 years in prison.		[10]
Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe	3 April 2016	17 March 2020 (parole within 300 metres of house) 16 March 2022	2173 (part parole)	Sentenced to 5 years for ‘plotting to topple the Iranian government’.	Iran (birth)/UK (2013) dual citizen	[58] [59] [60]
Kamal Foroughi	5 May 2011	1 April 2020	3284			[61]
Ghoncheh Ghavami	20 June 2014	23 November 2014	156			[62]
Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht	October 2013	25 August 2017	~1424		Subject to travel ban after release. Unclear if she has been permitted to depart Iran.	[10] [63]
Andrew Barber	21 June 2010	18 August 2010	58			[64]
Iason Athanasiadis	17 June 2009	5 July 2009	18		Also holds Greek citizenship.	[65] [66]
Roger Cooper	7 December 1985	1 April 1991	1941			[67]
Frank Skinner	27 April 1981	13 April 1982	351	Flight engineer for Iran Air held without charge.		[68] [69]
Andrew Pyke	27 August 1980	28 January 1982	519	British businessman who worked for Dutch-Iranian helicopter firm, accused of spying but was never charged.		[68]

List of British permanent residents

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Aras Amiri	14 March 2018	16 August 2021	2157	Sentenced to 10 years in prison for spying.		[70]
Ana Diamond	10 January 2016	January 2018	722	Arbitrary detention, falsely accused of espionage for "MI6, CIA, Mossad, and others."	UK Permanent Resident at the time of arrest, as well as British naturalisation application in place. Subjected to travel ban shortly after her arrival in Iran in August 2014, ~500-days before her arrest in January 2016. Travel ban imposed again following her release from Evin prison on bail in August 2016. Acquitted of all charges and travel ban lifted in 2018.	[71] [72]

Canadian citizens

Further information: Canada–Iran relations

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Kavous Seyed-Emami	24 January 2018	8 February 2018	15		Died in custody under suspicious circumstances. Authorities say he committed suicide.	[21] [73]
Abdolrasoul Dorri-Esfahani	August 2016	In detention	~2747	In May 2017, convicted on espionage charges, including "collaborating with the British secret service," and sentenced to five years in prison.		[13]
Homa Hoodfar	6 June 2016	26 September 2016	112	Undisclosed "security" charges	Before arrest, had been prevented from leaving country from March 2016.	[74]
Maziar Bahari	21 June 2009	17 October 2009	118			[75]
Hossein Derakhshan	1 November 2008	19 November 2014	2209	Sentenced to 19.5 years on "several national security, obscenity and religious insult charges in connection with his online activism."		[76]
Hamid Ghassemi-Shall	24 May 2008	23 September 2013	1948			[77]
Zahra Kazemi	23 June 2003	10 July 2003	17		Died in custody as a result of torture.	[78]
Ramin Jahanbegloo	27 April 2006	30 August 2006	125	Plotting a "velvet revolution"		[79]
Philip Engs	3 December 1986	8 February 1987	67	Manager of oil services company, held in solitary confinement and interrogated at Evin Prison on ““Suspicion of espionage”’, never formally charged, and then released unharmed.	Concessions were made by his employer on their contract for services with NIOC while he was detained.	[80]

Canadian permanent residents

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Saeed Malekpour	4 October 2008	~August 2019	~3953		Escaped Iran while on furlough from prison.	[81] [82]

Australian citizens

Further information: Australia–Iran relations

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Jolie King	~1 July 2019	~5 October 2019	~96		Also holds British citizenship.	[10] [83]
Mark Firkin	~1 July 2019	~5 October 2019	~96			[10] [83]
Meimanat Hosseini-Chavoshi	December 2018	~27 January 2019	~57		Iranian authorities have reportedly prevented her from leaving the country.	[84] [85]
Kylie Moore-Gilbert	September 2018	November 2020	~792	Espionage	Also holds British citizenship.	[86] [87]

New Zealand citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Topher Richwhite	~9 July 2022	~27 October 2022	~110		Well-known New Zealand citizen from Expedition Earth.	[88]
Bridget Thackwray	~9 July 2022	~27 October 2022	~110		Well-known New Zealand citizen from Expedition Earth.	[89]

Lebanese citizens

Further information: Iran–Lebanon relations

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Nizar Zakka	15 September 2015	11 June 2019	1395		Permanent resident of the U.S. at time of arrest.	[10]

French citizens

Further information: France–Iran relations

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Fariba Adelkhah	~5 June 2019	~October 2023	~1579			[90] [91]
Nazak Afshar	12 March 2016	In detention	2889			[10]
Benjamin Brière	26 May 2020	12 May 2023	1353	spying and propaganda, for flying a drone in an unauthorised area and making social media posts concerning Iranian law		[92] [93]
Nelly Erin-Cambervelle	21 October 2018	~21 February 2019	~123	"signing an illegal mining contract and carrying out an unauthorized trip"	Erin-Cambervelle is a businesswoman from the French Caribbean island of Martinique.	[94]
Stéphane Lherbier	29 November 2005	25 February 2007	453		Detained with German Donald Klein.	[95]
Roland Marchal	~June 2019	20 March 2020	~1713			[96]
Bernard Phelan	3 October 2022	12 May 2023	221	Providing information to an enemy country	French-Irish. Sentenced to 6.5 years in February 2023. Had previously been sentenced to 3.5 years, and told he would be pardoned.	[97] [93]
Clotilde Reiss	1 July 2009	16 May 2010	319

French permanent residents

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Ruhollah Zam	~11 October 2019	Executed	~1581			[98]

German citizens

Further information: Germany–Iran relations

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Helmut Szimkus	January 1989	14 June 1994	~1952			[99] [100]
Helmut Hofer	September 1997	January 2000	852	Initially sentenced to death for having illicit sexual relations with an Iranian woman.		[101] [102]
Donald Klein	29 November 2005	12 March 2007	468			[95] [103]
Marcus Hellwig	10 October 2010	19 February 2011	132			[104]
Jens Koch	10 October 2010	19 February 2011	132			[104]
Jamshid Sharmahd	July 2020	In detention	1286	Journalistic activity criticizing the Islamic regime for 16 years	German citizen and US national. Jimmy was kidnapped on a business trip to India and taken to Iran. He has spent the entire detention at an unknown location, in solitary confinement and after what Amnesty International calls a sham trial condemned to death.	[14] [105]
Nahid Taghavi	12 October 2020	In detention	1214		on 4 June 2023, Marges Mohammadi (also detained in Iran) wrote on Instagram that Taghavi's state of health is so bad that her life is in danger. [106]	[107]

Austrian citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Massud Mossaheb	January 2019	In detention	~1864			[108]
Kamran Ghaderi	2 January 2016	In detention	2959			[10]

Russian citizens

Further information: Iran–Russia relations

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Yulia Yuzik	2 October 2019	10 October 2019	8			[109]

Dutch citizens

Further information: Iran–Netherlands relations

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Sabri Hassanpour	19 April 2016	May 2018				[110] [111]
Zahra Bahrami	27 December 2009	Executed	398	Arrested while participating in the 2009 Ashura protests. Charged with the capital crime of drug trafficking. Executed by hanging on 29 January 2011.		[112]

Swedish citizens

Further information: Iran–Sweden relations

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Johan Floderus	17 April 2023	In detention	297			[17]
Ahmad Reza Jalali	24 April 2016	In detention	2846			[113] [114]
Habib Chaab	~October 2020	Executed	~947		Death sentence upheld by Iranian supreme court March 2023.	[115]
Stefan Johansson	26 February 2006	16 April 2007	414	Convicted for espionage and sentenced to 3 years in prison.		[116]
Jari Hjortmar	26 February 2006	16 April 2007	414	Convicted for espionage and sentenced to 3 years in prison.		[116]

Finnish citizens

Further information: Finland–Iran relations

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Ana Diamond	10 January 2016	January 2018	~722	Arbitrary detention, later falsely accused of espionage for "MI6, CIA, Mossad, and others."	UK Permanent Resident at the time of arrest, as well as British naturalisation application in place. Subjected to travel ban shortly after her arrival in Iran in August 2014, ~500-days before her arrest in January 2016. Travel ban imposed again following her release from Evin prison on bail in August 2016. Acquitted of all charges in 2017 and travel ban lifted in May 2018.	[117] [118]

Belgian citizens

Further information: Belgium–Iran relations

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Olivier Vandecasteele	February 2022	Released on 26 May 2023	~737			[119]
Diego Mathieu	16 September 2009	8 December 2009	83			[120]
Vincent Boon Falleur	5 September 2009	8 December 2009	94			[121]
Idesbald van den Bosch	5 September 2009	8 December 2009	94			[121]

Armenian citizens

Further information: Armenia–Iran relations

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Silva Harotonian	26 June 2008	10 March 2009	257	Convicted of promoting a "soft" revolution in Iran on January 19, 2009, and sentenced to 3 years in prison.	At the time of her arrest, Harotonian was an administrative officer for a maternal and child health project in Tehran for International Research & Exchanges Board (IREX), a U.S. government-funded organization.	[122]

South African citizens

Further information: Iran–South Africa relations

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Stuart Timm	10 January 1997	17 February 1997	38			[45]

See also

• Iranian nationality law
• Hostage diplomacy
• Human rights in Iran
• Lebanon hostage crisis

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External links

• "Dual Nationals and Foreigners Held in Iran" (United States Institute of Peace)
• "Who Are the Dual and Foreign Nationals Imprisoned in Iran?" (Center for Human Rights in Iran)