This page has a list of lawsuits related to equality of the sexes.
Lawsuit | Subject of lawsuit | Court of decision | Year of decision |
---|---|---|---|
Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College | equal pay for work of equal value | European Court of Justice | 2004 |
Association belge des Consommateurs Test-Achats ASBL v Conseil des ministres | prohibition of sexual discrimination in insurance policies and fares | European Court of Justice | 2011 |
Attorney General v Dow | mother's ability to pass on citizenship to children | Botswana Court of Appeal | 1992 |
Bhe v Magistrate, Khayelitsha | inheritance by women under customary law | Constitutional Court of South Africa | 2004 |
Bliss v Canada (AG) | unemployment insurance benefits during pregnancy | Supreme Court of Canada | 1978 |
Califano v. Goldfarb | protection afforded wage earners for surviving spouses | Supreme Court of the United States | 1977 |
Canada (AG) v Lavell | Indian status retained or lost by Indian women marrying non-Indian men | Supreme Court of Canada | 1973 |
Chen-Oster v. Goldman Sachs & Co. | certified class of over 2,000 female associates and vice-presidents challenging systemic discrimination in pay, promotions, and performance reviews | United States District Court for the Southern District of New York | 2018 |
Chrapliwy v. Uniroyal, Inc. | segregated hiring and seniority system | United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit | 1982 |
Craig v. Boren | age of majority for purchasing "nonintoxicating" beer | Supreme Court of the United States | 1976 |
Equal Opportunities Commission v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry | incompatibility of employment equality regulations | High Court of England and Wales | 2007 |
Fairchild v. Hughes | right to vote | Supreme Court of the United States | 1922 |
Fraser v Children's Court, Pretoria North | consent to adoption by unmarried fathers | Constitutional Court of South Africa | 1997 |
Fronterio v. Richardson | decided that benefits given by the United States military to the family of service members cannot be given out differently because of sex | Supreme Court of the United States | 1973 |
Geduldig v. Aiello | disability insurance benefits for female workers during normal pregnancy | Supreme Court of the United States | 1974 |
Goesaert v. Cleary | employment as bartenders | Supreme Court of the United States | 1948 |
Gonzalez v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc. | limits to minority and female employment | United States District Court for the Northern District of California | 2004 |
Hong v. Facebook, Inc. | tech-employment sex and race discrimination | San Mateo County Superior Court | 2015 |
Huang v. Twitter | class action sex discrimination lawsuit | 2015 [1] | |
J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B. | Intentional discrimination on the basis of sex by state actors in the use of peremptory strikes in jury selection | United States Supreme Court | 1994 |
Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. | statute of limitations on pay discrimination | Supreme Court of the United States | 2007 |
Leser v. Garnett | right to vote | Supreme Court of the United States | 1922 |
Mauldin v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. | health insurance not covering prescription contraceptives | United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia | 2006 |
Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan | admission to School of Nursing | Supreme Court of the United States | 1982 |
Mmusi and Others v Ramantele and Another | inheritance by women under customary law | Botswana Court of Appeal | 2013 |
Native Women's Assn of Canada v Canada | financial support for interest groups | Supreme Court of Canada | 1994 |
Orr v. Orr | alimony | Supreme Court of the United States | 1979 |
Pao v. Kleiner Perkins | employment discrimination based on sex | San Francisco County Superior Court | 2015 |
Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney | hiring preference to veterans over non-veterans | Supreme Court of the United States | 1979 |
R v Sullivan | status of a fetus as a person, with implications for women's rights | Supreme Court of Canada | 1991 |
Rajender v. University of Minnesota | employment discrimination based on sex | United States District Court for the District of Minnesota | 1980 |
Reed v. Reed | administrating estates cannot discriminate between sexes | Supreme Court of the United States | 1971 |
Roberts v. United States Jaycees | full membership | Supreme Court of the United States | 1984 |
Rostker v. Goldberg | upholding the Selective Service Act of 1948 requiring only men to register for the military draft | Supreme Court of the United States | 1981 |
Schultz v. Wheaton Glass Co. | equal pay for men and women | United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit | 1970 |
Stanton v. Stanton | age of majority, with implications for child support | Supreme Court of the United States | 1975 |
Stopps v Just Ladies Fitness (Metrotown) Ltd | admission policy | British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal | 2006 |
Sessions v Morales-Santana | Statutory distinction in citizenship for unwed citizen mothers and unwed citizen fathers of foreign-born children | United States Supreme Court | 2017 |
Thibaudeau v Canada | income taxability of alimony for child support received by ex-wife from ex-husband | Supreme Court of Canada | 1995 |
Trociuk v British Columbia (AG) | control of identity on child's birth certificate | Supreme Court of Canada | 2003 |
United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc. | fetal protection policies impede the hiring of females | Supreme Court of the United States | 1991 |
United States v. Virginia | struck down the long-standing male-only admission policy of the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) | Supreme Court of the United States | 1996 |
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes | discrimination in promotions, pay, and job assignments | Supreme Court of the United States | 2011 |
Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld | special benefits for widows and widowers caring for minor children | Supreme Court of the United States | 1975 |
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The American multinational retail chain Walmart has been criticized by many groups and individuals, such as labor unions and small-town advocates, for its policies and business practices, and their effects. Criticisms include charges of racial and gender discrimination, foreign product sourcing, anti-competitive practices, treatment of product suppliers, environmental practices, the use of public subsidies, and its surveillance of its employees. The company has denied any wrongdoing and said that low prices are the result of efficiency.
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The Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) of 1978 is a United States federal statute. It amended Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to "prohibit sex discrimination on the basis of pregnancy."
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Mauldin v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. was a sexual discrimination class action lawsuit filed on October 16, 2001, in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, seeking back pay and an injunction. The suit challenged Walmart's denial of health insurance coverage for prescription contraceptives. The case was granted class action status with an estimated 400,000 women eligible for participation in the lawsuit.
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Rajender v. University of Minnesota was a landmark class action lawsuit dealing with sexual discrimination at an American university. The case was filed on September 5, 1973, by Shyamala Rajender, an assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Minnesota. Rajender accused the university of engaging in employment discrimination on the basis of sex and national origin after she was turned down for a tenure-track position despite being recommended for the position by several university committees. The suit was certified as a class action by the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota on February 13, 1978. After eleven weeks of trial, the suit was settled in 1980 by a consent decree. Rajender received $100,000 and Judge Miles Lord enjoined the university from discriminating against women on the basis of sex. Rajender's attorneys were awarded approximately $2 million in fees. The suit had a lasting impact on US colleges and universities.
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Suzette M. Malveaux is a law professor, scholar and civil rights lawyer. She is currently Provost Professor of Civil Rights Law and Director of the Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Law at the University of Colorado Law School. She has also taught at the Columbus School of Law, Catholic University of America and the University of Alabama School of Law. She teaches Civil Procedure, Complex Litigation, Employment Discrimination and Civil Rights. She is a nationally recognized expert on civil rights law and class action litigation, who has appeared before the U.S. Supreme Court and argued before the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals. She is a member of the American Law Institute.