List of mammoth specimens

Last updated

This list of specimens of extinct Mammutidae and Elephantidae clades covers mammoth remains which are either notable in their history or preservation. Mass accumulations of mammoth remains are included in the latter portion of this list.

Contents

List of notable individual fossil or subfossil mammoth remains

NameImageLocation of discoveryDate of discoveryAge of remains in
radiocarbon years BP		Comments
Adams mammoth Mammuthus primigenius.jpg Mouth of the Lena River, Siberia [1] 1799 [1] [2] 35,800 [1] [3] It is the first complete mammoth skeleton ever to be reconstructed. Originally, it was an entire mummified mammoth carcass. [2]
Beresovka Mammoth Stuffed mammoth.jpg Berezovka River, Siberia [4] 1900 [4] 44,000 [4] Except for head, it is an almost wholly preserved, mummified mammoth carcass. [4]
Fairbanks Creek Mammoth (Effie) [5] Fairbanks Creek near Fairbanks, Alaska [5] 1948 [5] 21,300 [5] [6] It consists of the mummified head, trunk, and left forelimb of a mammoth calf. It was recovered from muck near a prehistoric scraper. [5]
Fishhook Mammoth [7] Shoreline banks of the estuary of the Upper Taimyra River, Taymyr Peninsula, Siberian Federal District. [7] 1990-1992 [7] 20,620±70 [7] Partial woolly mammoth carcass [7]
Jarkov Mammoth [8] [9] Taymyr Peninsula, Siberian Federal District [9] [8] July 1997 [8] 20,000 [8] Found by members of the Jarkov family, who are Dolgan reindeer herders. [8]
Kirgilyakh (Magadan) Mammoth (Dima) [8] [10] Mamut enano-Beringia rusa-NOAA.jpg Northeast Siberia, near Kirgilyakh Creek in the Upper Kolyma basin [8] [10] June 23, 1977 [10] 40,000 [10] The discovery of the frozen carcass of the Kirgilyakh (Magadan) Mammoth or Dima provided the first opportunity for a detailed study of the anatomy of a mammoth calf. [10]
Lyuba Mammoth [11] [12] Lyuba.jpg Near the Yuribei River on the Yamal Peninsula in northwest Siberia. [11] [12] May 2007 [11] 42,000 [11] Lyuba is regarded to be the most complete and best-preserved mammoth calf discovered. It is nicknamed Lyuba after the diminutive of the name of the wife of the reindeer herder who discovered it. [11] [12]
Malolyakhovsky Mammoth [13] (Buttercup) [14] Maly Lyakhovsky Island of the New Siberian Islands archipelago [13] 2012 [13] 28,610±110 [13] While many mammoths found in permafrost are dried up and mummified, “this was really juicy,” said Herridge, who likened the appearance of the muscle to a “piece of steak — bright red when you cut into the flesh and then as it hit the air, it would go brown.” [15]
Yuka Mammoth [16] [17] Mamontionok Iuka.JPG Oyagossky Yar coast, 30 km west from the mouth of the Kondratieva River near Yukagir, Siberia. [17] August 2010 [17] 34,300+260/−240 [17] The Yuka mammoth corpse consists of about 95% of its hide, and soft tissues around limbs were preserved in articulated position. This female mammoth calf was nicknamed ‘Yuka’ after the village of Yukagir, whose local people discovered it. [16] [17]
Sopkarga Mammoth (Zhenya) [18] [19] Taymyr Peninsula, Siberian Federal District [18] August 28, 2012 [18] [19] 43,350±240 [19] The Sopkarga Mammoth (Zhenya) was found on the right bank of the Yenisei River about 3 km north of the Sopochnaya Karga Meteorological Station on Sopochnaya Karga Cape. Zhenya is the diminutive of the name of the 11-year-old boy who discovered it. [18] [19]
Khroma Mammoth [20] Allaikhovskii District, Yakutia, Khroma River [20] October 2008 [20] greater than 45,000 [21] Khroma is very well preserved excepting the absence of trunk. [20]
Yukagir mammoth Yukagir mammoth head.jpg Northern Yakutia, Arctic Siberia, Russia2002 (autumn)22,500 cal. BP [22] Notably well-preserved head, which revealed that woolly mammoths had temporal glands between the ear and the eye [22]
Nun cho ga mammoth Yukon, Trʼondëk Hwëchʼin First Nation, Canada June 21, 2022greater than 30,000. [23] [24] [25] Considered the most complete mummified mammoth found in North America, and only the second such find of a calf since Effie (1948). Also roughly same size as Lyuba (2007). [23] [25]

List of significant fossil or subfossil mammoth bone accumulations

In the former Soviet Union and Russia, bone beds and other accumulations of fossil and subfossil bones are known in the scientific literature as mass accumulations. [26]

NameImageLocation of discoveryDate of discoveryAge of remains in years BPComments
Achchagyi–Allaikha mass accumulation [26] [27] Achchagyi–Allaikha stream, Yana-Indighirka coastal lowlands, Siberia. [27] [28] 1987 [27] 12,490±80 to 12,400±60 BP., C14 [27] The concentration of bones in the Achchagyi–Allaikha mass accumulation was likely result from the simultaneous deaths of a large number of animals within herd-family groups in one or several seasons. The formation of this mass accumulation is argued to be a direct consequence of short but strong climatic warming (Bølling oscillation) and associated unfavorable environmental conditions. [27]
Berelyokh mass accumulation [26] [27] [28] Byoryolyokh River, Yana-Indighirka coastal lowlands, Siberia. [27] [28] 1947 [28] 12,720±100 to 11,900±50 BP., C14 [27] The concentration of bones in the Berelyokh mass accumulation was likely result from the simultaneous deaths of a large number of animals within herd-family groups in one or several seasons. The formation of this mass accumulation is argued to be a direct consequence of short but strong climatic warming (Bølling oscillation) and associated unfavorable environmental conditions. [27] [28]
Condover site [29] Norton Farm Pit, Condover, south of Shrewsbury, United kingdom [29] 1986 [29] circa 12,300 BP., C14, Greenland Interstadial 1 [29] Remains of several mammoths trapped in glacial kettle-hole [29]
The Mammoth Site [30] Mammoth Site Hot Springs.jpg Hot Springs, South Dakota [30] [31] [32] 1974 [30] [31] Greater than 26,000 B.P, C14 [32] As of 2016, the remains of 58 North American Columbian and 3 woolly mammoths have been found within pond sediments filling an ancient sinkhole. [31] [32]
Waco Mammoth National Monument [33] [34] Waco mammoth site QRT.jpg Waco, Texas [33] 1978 [33] 66,800±5,000 BP, calendar [35] As of 2016, two bone beds have yielded 25 Columbian mammoths along with the remains of other co-existing fauna. [34]
Mammoth central [36] Santa Lucía, Mexico 2020 [37] [38] 10,000 to 20,000As of 2020, at least 200 Columbian mammoths have been uncovered as well as 25 camels and five horses.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mammoth</span> Extinct genus of mammals

A mammoth is any species of the extinct elephantid genus Mammuthus. They lived from the late Miocene epoch into the Holocene until about 4,000 years ago, with mammoth species at various times inhabiting Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Mammoths are distinguished from living elephants by their spirally twisted tusks and in at least some later species, the development of numerous adaptions to living in cold environments, including a thick layer of fur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elephantidae</span> Family of mammals

Elephantidae is a family of large, herbivorous proboscidean mammals collectively called elephants and mammoths. These are large terrestrial mammals with a snout modified into a trunk and teeth modified into tusks. Most genera and species in the family are extinct. Only two genera, Loxodonta and Elephas, are living.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Woolly rhinoceros</span> Extinct species of rhinoceros of northern Eurasia

The woolly rhinoceros is an extinct species of rhinoceros that inhabited northern Eurasia during the Pleistocene epoch. The woolly rhinoceros was a member of the Pleistocene megafauna. The woolly rhinoceros was covered with long, thick hair that allowed it to survive in the extremely cold, harsh mammoth steppe. It had a massive hump reaching from its shoulder and fed mainly on herbaceous plants that grew in the steppe. Mummified carcasses preserved in permafrost and many bone remains of woolly rhinoceroses have been found. Images of woolly rhinoceroses are found among cave paintings in Europe and Asia. The range of the woolly rhinoceros contracted towards Siberia beginning around 17,000 years ago, with the youngest known records being around 14,000 years old in northeast Siberia, coinciding with the Bølling–Allerød warming, which likely disrupted its habitat, with environmental DNA records possibly extending the range of the species around 9,800 years ago. Its closest living relative is the Sumatran rhinoceros.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steppe bison</span> Extinct species of mammal

The steppe bison or steppe wisent is an extinct species of bison. It was widely distributed across the mammoth steppe, ranging from Western Europe to eastern Beringia in North America during the Late Pleistocene. It is ancestral to all North American bison, including ultimately modern American bison. Three chronological subspecies, Bison priscus priscus, Bison priscus mediator, and Bison priscus gigas, have been suggested.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dwarf elephant</span> Prehistoric elephant species

Dwarf elephants are prehistoric members of the order Proboscidea which, through the process of allopatric speciation on islands, evolved much smaller body sizes in comparison with their immediate ancestors. Dwarf elephants are an example of insular dwarfism, the phenomenon whereby large terrestrial vertebrates that colonize islands evolve dwarf forms, a phenomenon attributed to adaptation to resource-poor environments and lack of predation and competition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pygmy mammoth</span> Species of mammoth

The pygmy mammoth or Channel Islands mammoth is an extinct species of dwarf mammoth native to the northern Channel Islands off the coast of southern California during the Late Pleistocene. It was descended from the Columbian mammoth of mainland North America, which are suggested to have colonised the islands around 250–150,000 years ago. At only 1.72–2.02 m (5.6–6.6 ft) tall at the shoulder, it was around 17% the size of its mainland ancestor. The species became extinct around 13,000 years ago, co-inciding with major environmental change and the arrival of humans in the Channel islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Columbian mammoth</span> Extinct species of mammoth that inhabited North America

The Columbian mammoth is an extinct species of mammoth that inhabited North America from southern Canada to Costa Rica during the Pleistocene epoch. The Columbian mammoth descended from Eurasian steppe mammoths that colonised North America during the Early Pleistocene around 1.5–1.3 million years ago, and later experienced hybridisation with the woolly mammoth lineage. The Columbian mammoth was among the last mammoth species, and the pygmy mammoths evolved from them on the Channel Islands of California. The closest extant relative of the Columbian and other mammoths is the Asian elephant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mammoth steppe</span> Prehistoric biome

The mammoth steppe, also known as steppe-tundra, was once the Earth's most extensive biome. During glacial periods in the later Pleistocene it stretched east-to-west, from the Iberian Peninsula in the west of Europe, across Eurasia to North America, through Beringia and northwest Canada; from north-to-south, the steppe reached from the Arctic southward to southern Europe, Central Asia and northern China. The mammoth steppe was cold and dry, and relatively featureless, though climate, topography, and geography varied considerably throughout. Certain areas of the biome—such as coastal areas—had wetter and milder climates than others. Some areas featured rivers which, through erosion, naturally created gorges, gulleys, or small glens. The continual glacial recession and advancement over millennia contributed more to the formation of larger valleys and different geographical features. Overall, however, the steppe is known to be flat and expansive grassland. The vegetation was dominated by palatable, high-productivity grasses, herbs and willow shrubs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steppe mammoth</span> Extinct species of mammoth

Mammuthus trogontherii, sometimes called the steppe mammoth, is an extinct species of mammoth that ranged over most of northern Eurasia during the Early and Middle Pleistocene, approximately 1.7 million to 200,000 years ago. The evolution of the steppe mammoth marked the initial adaptation of the mammoth lineage towards cold environments, with the species probably being covered in a layer of fur. One of the largest mammoth species, it evolved in East Asia during the Early Pleistocene, around 1.8 million years ago, before migrating into North America around 1.3 million years ago, and into Europe during the Early/Middle Pleistocene transition, around 1 to 0.7 million years ago. It was the ancestor of the woolly mammoth and Columbian mammoth of the later Pleistocene.

The Sopkarga mammoth, alternately spelled Sopkarginsky mammoth, and informally called Zhenya, after the nickname of its discoverer, is a woolly mammoth carcass found in October 2012. It was discovered 3 kilometres (2 mi) away from the Sopkarga polar weather station on the Taymyr Peninsula in Russia. The Moscow News refers to it as the best preserved mammoth find in the past 100 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyuba (mammoth)</span> Female woolly mammoth calf

Lyuba is a female woolly mammoth calf who died c. 42,000 years ago at the age of 30 to 35 days. She was formerly the best preserved mammoth mummy in the world, surpassing Dima, a male mammoth calf mummy which had previously been the best known specimen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adams mammoth</span> Wooly mammoth carcass

The Adams mammoth also known as the Lenskymammoth is the first woolly mammoth skeleton with skin and flesh still attached to be recovered by scientists. The mostly complete skeleton and flesh were discovered in 1799 in the northeastern Arctic Siberia peninsula Mys Bykov on delta Lena river by Ossip Shumachov, an Evenki hunter and subsequently recovered in 1806 when Russian botanist Mikhail Adams journeyed to the location and collected the remains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Woolly mammoth</span> Extinct species of mammoth

The woolly mammoth is an extinct species of mammoth that lived from the Middle Pleistocene until its extinction in the Holocene epoch. It was one of the last in a line of mammoth species, beginning with the African Mammuthus subplanifrons in the early Pliocene. The woolly mammoth began to diverge from the steppe mammoth about 800,000 years ago in Siberia. Its closest extant relative is the Asian elephant. The Columbian mammoth lived alongside the woolly mammoth in North America, and DNA studies show that the two hybridised with each other. Mammoth remains had long been known in Asia before they became known to Europeans. The origin of these remains was long a matter of debate and often explained as being remains of legendary creatures. The mammoth was identified as an extinct species of elephant by Georges Cuvier in 1796.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Mammoth Site</span> Paleontological site near Hot Springs, South Dakota

The Mammoth Site is a museum and paleontological site near Hot Springs, South Dakota, in the Black Hills. It is an active paleontological excavation site at which research and excavations are continuing. The facility encloses a prehistoric sinkhole that formed and was slowly filled with sediments during the Pleistocene era. The sedimentary fill of the sinkhole contains the remains of Pleistocene fauna and flora preserved by entrapment and burial within a sinkhole. As of 2016, the remains of 61 mammoths, including 58 North American Columbian and 3 woolly mammoths had been recovered. Mammoth bones were found at the site in 1974, and a museum and building enclosing the site were established. The museum now contains an extensive collection of mammoth remains.

The Jarkov Mammoth, is a woolly mammoth specimen discovered on the Taymyr Peninsula of Siberia by a nine-year-old boy in 1997. This particular mammoth is estimated to have lived about 20,000 years ago. It is likely to be male and probably died at age 47.

Dick "Sir Mammoth" Mol is a Dutch paleontologist - a specialist in the field of mammoths for almost three decades. He is a research associate of several museums. Mol's primary focus is on mammals of the Quaternary period, including mammoths and extinct rhinoceros species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yuka (mammoth)</span> Mummified mammoth carcass

Yuka is the best-preserved woolly mammoth carcass ever found. It was discovered by local Siberian tusk hunters in August 2010. They turned it over to local scientists, who made an initial assessment of the carcass in 2012. It is displayed in Moscow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yukagir mammoth</span> Woolly mammoth in Russia

The Yukagir Mammoth is a frozen adult male woolly mammoth specimen found in the autumn of 2002 in northern Yakutia, Arctic Siberia, Russia, and is considered to be an exceptional discovery. The nickname refers to the Siberian village near where it was found.

The Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site is an Upper Palaeolithic archaeological site located near the lower Yana River in northeastern Siberia, Russia, north of the Arctic Circle in the far west of Beringia. It was discovered in 2001, after thawing and erosion exposed animal bones and artifacts. The site features a well-preserved cultural layer due to the cold conditions, and includes hundreds of animal bones and ivory pieces as well as numerous artifacts, which are indicative of sustained settlement and a relatively high level of technological development. With an estimated age of around 32,000 calibrated years before present, the site provides the earliest archaeological evidence for human settlement in this region, or anywhere north of the Arctic Circle, where people survived extreme conditions and hunted a wide range of fauna before the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum. The Yana site is perhaps the earliest unambiguous evidence of mammoth hunting by humans.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Iacumin, P., Davanzo, S. and Nikolaev, V., 2006. Spatial and temporal variations in the 13 C/12 C and 15 N/14 N ratios of mammoth hairs: palaeodiet and palaeoclimatic implications. Chemical Geology, 231(1), pp.16-25.
  2. 1 2 Cohen, C., 2002. The Fate of the Mammoth: Fossils, Myth, and History. University of Chicago Press. 336 pp. ISBN   978-0226112923
  3. ↑ Bishop, S., and Burns, P., 1998-2016, Mammoths: Evidence of Catastrophe? TalkOrigins Archive. Access Date October 2, 2017
  4. 1 2 3 4 Ukraintseva, V.V., Agenbroad, L.D., Mead, J.I. and Hevly, R.H., 1993. Vegetation cover and environment of the "Mammoth Epoch," Siberia. The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, Rapid City, South Dakota.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Dixon, J.E., 1999. Bones, Boats, & Bison: Archaeology and the First Colonization of Western North America. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. 322 pp.
  6. ↑ Farrand, W.R., 1961. Frozen mammoths and modern geology. Science, pp. 729-735.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Mol, D., Tikhonov, A.N., MacPhee, R.D.E., Flemming, C., Buigues, B., De Marliave, C., Coppens, Y. and Agenbroad, L.D., 2001. The Fishhook Mammoth: rediscovery of a woolly mammoth carcass by the CERPOLEX/Mammuthus Team, Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia. In Proceedings of the 1st International Congress La Terra degli Elefanti/The World of Elephants, Rome (pp. 310-313).
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ukraintseva, V.V., 2013. Mammoths and the Environment. Cambridge University Press. 354 pp. ISBN   978-1-10702-716-9
  9. 1 2 Mol, D., Coppens, Y., Tikhonov, A.N., Agenbroad, L.D., MacPhee, R.D.E., Flemming, C., Greenwood, A., Buigues, B., De Marliave, C., Van Geel, B. and Van Reenen, G.B.A., 2001. The Jarkov Mammoth: 20,000-year-old carcass of a Siberian woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799). In Proceedings of the 1st International Congress’ The World of Elephants ‘(Roma) pp. 305-309.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Lozhkin, A.V. and Anderson, P.M., 2016. About the age and habitat of the Kirgilyakh mammoth (Dima), Western Beringia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 145, pp.104-116.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Fisher, D.C., Tikhonov, A.N., Kosintsev, P.A., Rountrey, A.N., Buigues, B. and van der Plicht, J., 2012. Anatomy, death, and preservation of a woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) calf, Yamal Peninsula, northwest Siberia. Quaternary International, 255, pp.94-105.
  12. 1 2 3 Papageorgopoulou, C., Link, K. and Rühli, F.J., 2015. Histology of a woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) preserved in permafrost, Yamal Peninsula, northwest Siberia. The Anatomical Record, 298(6), pp.1059-1071.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Grigoriev, S.E., Fisher, D.C., Obadă, T., Shirley, E.A., Rountrey, A.N., Savvinov, G.N., Garmaeva, D.K., Novgorodov, G.P., Cheprasov, M.Y., Vasilev, S.E. and Goncharov, A.E., 2017. A woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) carcass from Maly Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Islands, Russian Federation). Quaternary International. 445, pp.98-103.
  14. ↑ Ghose, T., 2014. Fresh Mammoth Carcass from Siberia Holds Many Secrets. Scientific American. Access Date October 2, 2017
  15. ↑ Emily Chung (November 26, 2014). "Woolly mammoth 'autopsy' provides flesh and blood samples". CBC News. Archived from the original on January 16, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2015. The well-preserved mammoth, nicknamed Buttercup, was discovered buried in the ice on Maily Lyakhovsky Island in May 2013.
  16. 1 2 Boeskorov, G.G., Potapova, O.R., Mashchenko, E.N., Protopopov, A.V., Kuznetsova, T.V., Agenbroad, L. and Tikhonov, A.N., 2014. Preliminary analyses of the frozen mummies of mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), bison (Bison priscus) and horse (Equus sp.) from the Yana‐Indigirka Lowland, Yakutia, Russia. Integrative zoology, 9(4), pp.471-480.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Rudaya, N., Protopopov, A., Trofimova, S., Plotnikov, V. and Zhilich, S., 2015. Landscapes of the ‘Yuka’mammoth habitat: A palaeobotanical approach. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 214, pp.1-8.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Maschenko, E.N., Tikhonov, A.N., Serdyuk, N.V., Tarasenko, K.K. and Lopatin, A.V., 2015. A finding of the male mammoth carcass in the Karginsky suit of the Upper Pleistocene of the Taimyr Peninsula. In Doklady Biological Sciences, 460, no. 1, p.32-35.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Maschenko, E.N., Potapova, O.R., Vershinina, A., Shapiro, B., Streletskaya, I.D., Vasiliev, A.A., Oblogov, G.E., Kharlamova, A.S., Potapov, E., van der Plicht, J. and Tikhonov, A.N., 2017. The Zhenya Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius (Blum.)): Taphonomy, geology, age, morphology and ancient DNA of a 48,000 year old frozen mummy from western Taimyr, Russia. Quaternary International, 445, pp.104-134.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Lacombat, F., Tikhonov, A.N., Cortella, L., Fisher, D.C., Buigues, B. and Lazarev, P., 2016. Khroma: autopsy of a story. Bull. Mus. Préhist. Monacco, suppl, (6), pp.149-154.
  21. ↑ Fisher, D.C., Shirley, E.A., Whalen, C.D., Calamari, Z.T., Rountrey, A.N., Tikhonov, A.N., Buigues, B., Lacombat, F., Grigoriev, S. and Lazarev, P.A., 2014. X-ray computed tomography of two mammoth calf mummies X-Ray CT of Mammoth Calves.Journal of Paleontology, 88(4), pp.664-675
  22. 1 2 Mol, Dick; Shoshani, Jeheskel (Hezy); Tikhonov, Aleksei; GEEL, Bas van; Lazarev, Peter; Boeskorov, Gennady; Agenbroad, Larry (2006). "The Yukagir Mammoth: Brief History, 14c dates, individual age, gender, size, physical and environmental conditions and storage" (PDF). Scientific Annals, School of Geology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH). 98: 299–314. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
  23. 1 2 "Mummified baby woolly mammoth found by gold miner in the Klondike". yukon.ca. 2022-06-24. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  24. ↑ "Frozen baby mammoth discovered in Yukon excites Canada". BBC News. 2022-06-25. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
  25. 1 2 Christine Chung (July 2, 2022). "Searching for Gold, Miners Discover a Frozen Baby Mammoth". The New York Times . Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  26. 1 2 3 In the former Soviet Union and Russia, bone beds and other accumulations of fossil and subfossil bones are known in the scientific literature as mass accumulations.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Nikolskiy, P.A., Basilyan, A.E., Sulerzhitsky, L.D. and Pitulko, V.V., 2010. Prelude to the extinction: revision of the Achchagyi–Allaikha and Berelyokh mass accumulations of mammoth. Quaternary International, 219(1), pp. 16-25.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 Leshchinskiy, S.V., 2017. Strong evidence for dietary mineral imbalance as the cause of osteodystrophy in Late Glacial woolly mammoths at the Berelyokh site (Northern Yakutia, Russia). Quaternary International, 30, p.1e25.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 Scourse, J.D., Coope, G.R., Allen, J.R.M., Lister, A.M., Housley, R.A., Hedges, R.E.M., Jones, A.S.G. and Watkins, R., 2009. Late‐glacial remains of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) from Shropshire, UK: stratigraphy, sedimentology and geochronology of the Condover site. Geological Journal, 44(4), pp. 392-413.
  30. 1 2 3 Agenbroad, L.D., 1994. Geology, hydrology, and excavation of the site. In Agenbroad, L.D. and Mead, J.I., eds., pp. 15-27. “The Hot Springs Mammoth Site: A Decade of Field and Laboratory Research in the Paleontology, Geology, and Paleoecology.” The Mammoth Site of South Dakota. Inc. Hot Springs, South Dakota.
  31. 1 2 3 Laury, R.L., 1980. Paleoenvironment of a late Quaternary mammoth-bearing sinkhole deposit, Hot Springs, South Dakota. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 91(8), pp.465-475.
  32. 1 2 3 Mahan, S.A., Hanson, P.R., Mead, J., Holen, S., and Wilkins, J., 2016. Dating the Hot Springs, South Dakota Mammoth Sinkhole Site. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 48:7. doi: 10.1130/abs/2016AM-281798
  33. 1 2 3 Bongino, J.D., 2007. Late quaternary history of the Waco Mammoth site: environmental reconstruction and interpreting the cause of death (Doctoral dissertation).
  34. 1 2 Wiest, L.A., Esker, D. and Driese, S.G., 2016. The Waco Mammoth National Monument May Represent a Diminished Watering-Hole Scenario Based on Preliminary Evidence of Post-Mortem Scavenging. Palaios, 31(12), pp.592-606.
  35. ↑ Nordt, L., Bongino, J., Forman, S., Esker, D. and Benedict, A., 2015. Late Quaternary environments of the Waco Mammoth site, Texas USA. Quaternary Research, 84(3), pp. 423-438.
  36. ↑ "Mexico City's new airport site becomes 'mammoth central'". Mexico News Daily. September 4, 2020. Archived from the original on September 7, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  37. ↑ "Mexico City's new airport site becomes 'mammoth central'". Mexico News Daily. September 4, 2020. Archived from the original on September 7, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  38. ↑ Associated Press (September 4, 2020). "'Mammoth central' found at Mexico airport construction site". Fox News. Archived from the original on September 5, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.