This is a list of members of both houses of the Federal Assembly from the Canton of St. Gallen.
Councillor (Party) | Election | Councillor (Party) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Wilhelm Matthias Näff Free Democratic Party 1848–1848 | Appointed | Georg Peter Friedrich Steiger Liberal Party 1848–1850 | ||
Arnold Otto Aepli Liberal Party 1849–1849 | ||||
Jakob Ulrich Ritter Free Democratic Party 1849–1850 | ||||
Felix Helbling Free Democratic Party 1850–1851 | Arnold Otto Aepli Liberal Party 1850–1851 | |||
Basil Ferdinand Curti Free Democratic Party 1851–1851 | Arnold Otto Aepli Liberal Party 1851–1852 | |||
Jos. Felix Marin Würth Free Democratic Party 1851–1852 | ||||
Arnold Otto Aepli Liberal Party 1853–1853 | Georg Peter Friedrich Steiger Liberal Party 1853–1853 | |||
Johann Jakob L. Zingg Liberal Party 1853–1855 | ||||
Carl Georg Jakob Sailer Free Democratic Party 1854–1857 | ||||
Johann Baptist Weder Free Democratic Party 1855–1857 | ||||
Arnold Otto Aepli Liberal Party 1857–1864 | Gallus Jakob Baumgartner Conservative 1857–1861 | |||
Benedikt Anton Wolfgang Hoefliger Conservative 1861–1864 | ||||
Daniel Wirth Free Democratic Party 1864–1865 | Leonhard Gmür Conservative 1864–1867 | |||
Arnold Otto Aepli Liberal Party 1865–1872 | ||||
Daniel Wirth Free Democratic Party 1867–1869 | ||||
Joseph Karl Pankraz Morel Free Democratic Party 1869–1874 | ||||
Gustav Adolf Saxer Free Democratic Party 1872–1872 | ||||
Huldrich Arnold Seifert Liberal Party 1872–1873 | ||||
Karl J. Hoffmann Free Democratic Party 1873–1890 | ||||
Franz Anton Real Free Democratic Party 1874–1877 | ||||
Nikl. Friedrich von Tschudi Liberal Party 1877–1885 | ||||
Jakob Hermann Wartmann Liberal Party 1885–1886 | ||||
Karl Friedrich Good Free Democratic Party 1886–1896 | ||||
Emil Schubiger Liberal Party 1891–1896 | ||||
Johannes G. jun. Geel Free Democratic Party 1896–1931 | H. Arthur Hoffmann Free Democratic Party 1896–1911 | |||
Heinrich Scherrer Social Democratic Party 1911–1919 | ||||
Anton August Messmer Conservative 1919–1935 | ||||
Ernst Löpfe Free Democratic Party 1931–1945 | ||||
Josef Schöbi Conservative 1935–1936 | ||||
Johann Schmuki Conservative 1936–1957 | ||||
Ernst Flükiger Free Democratic Party 1945–1952 | ||||
Willi Rohner Free Democratic Party 1952–1971 | ||||
Rudolf Mäder Christian Social Conservative Party 1957–1966 | ||||
Paul Hofmann Christian Social Conservative Party 1966–1979 | ||||
1967 | ||||
Matthias Eggenberger Social Democratic Party 1971–1975 | 1971 | |||
Paul Bürgi Free Democratic Party 1975–1987 | 1975 | |||
1979 | Jakob Schönenberger Christian Democratic People's Party 1979–1991 | |||
1983 | ||||
Ernst Rüesch Free Democratic Party 1987–1995 | 1987 | |||
1991 | Paul Gemperli Christian Democratic People's Party 1991–1999 | |||
Erika Forster-Vannini Free Democratic Party 1995–2009 FDP.The Liberals 2009–2011 | 1995 | |||
1999 | Eugen David Christian Democratic People's Party 1999–2011 | |||
2003 | ||||
2007 | ||||
2009 | ||||
Karin Keller-Sutter FDP.The Liberals 2011–present | 2011 | Paul Rechsteiner Social Democratic Party 2011–2023 | ||
2015 | ||||
Benedikt Würth Christian Democratic People's Party 2019–2023 The Centre 2023–present | 2019 | |||
2023 | Esther Friedli FDP.The Liberals 2023–present |
Councillor | Party | Term start | Term end | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Johann Georg Anderegg | Liberal | 1848 | 1856 | |
Joseph Leonhard Bernold | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1857 | |
Franz Eduard Erpf | Liberal | 1848 | 1851 | |
Dominik Gmür | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1851 | |
Johann Matthias Hungerbühler | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1875 | |
Joh. Jakob Steger | Conservative | 1848 | 1851 | |
Joseph Marzell von Hoffmann | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1866 | |
Johann Baptist Weder | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1851 | |
Abraham Raschle | FDP/PRD | 1851 | 1860 | |
Jakob Ulrich Ritter | FDP/PRD | 1851 | 1851 | |
Christian Rohrer | Liberal | 1851 | 1860 | |
Johann Benedikt Schubiger | FDP/PRD | 1851 | 1859 | |
Jakob Ulrich Ritter | FDP/PRD | 1852 | 1854 | |
Jakob Ulrich Ritter | FDP/PRD | 1855 | 1857 | |
Johann Josef Müller | Conservative | 1856 | 1860 | |
Josef Guldin | Conservative | 1857 | 1860 | |
Johann Baptist Weder | FDP/PRD | 1858 | 1860 | |
Joseph Leonhard Bernold | FDP/PRD | 1860 | 1872 | |
Basil Ferdinand Curti | FDP/PRD | 1860 | 1866 | |
Paravizin Hilty | FDP/PRD | 1860 | 1866 | |
Joh. Rudolf Raschle | FDP/PRD | 1860 | 1863 | |
Carl Georg Jakob Sailer | FDP/PRD | 1860 | 1870 | |
Johann Baptist Weder | FDP/PRD | 1861 | 1872 | |
Georg Friedrich Anderegg | Liberal | 1863 | 1875 | |
Friedrich Bernet | Grut* | 1864 | 1869 | |
Johann Baptist Gaudy | SD/DS | 1866 | 1881 | |
G. August Suter | Grut* | 1866 | 1869 | |
Johannes Zündt | Conservative | 1866 | 1872 | |
Johann Ulrich Ambühl | Liberal | 1869 | 1872 | |
Daniel Wirth | FDP/PRD | 1869 | 1878 | |
Joh. Fridolin Müller | Conservative | 1870 | 1888 | |
Arnold Otto Aepli | Liberal | 1872 | 1883 | |
Johannes G. sen. Geel | Liberal | 1872 | 1875 | |
Johann Ulrich Hafner | Liberal | 1872 | 1874 | |
Rudolf Hilty | FDP/PRD | 1872 | 1884 | |
Gustav Adolf Saxer | FDP/PRD | 1872 | 1878 | |
Thomas Thoma | Liberal | 1874 | 1884 | |
Johann Josef Huber | FDP/PRD | 1875 | 1878 | |
Johann Joseph Keel | Conservative | 1875 | 1902 | |
Samuel Friedrich Rikli | Conservative | 1875 | 1878 | |
Wilhelm Good | Conservative | 1878 | 1897 | |
Joh. Gebhard Lutz | Conservative | 1878 | 1909 | |
Joh. Rudolf Moser | Liberal | 1878 | 1882 | |
Karl Emil V. von Gonzenbach | Conservative | 1878 | 1884 | |
Theodor Curti | DAP* | 1881 | 1902 | |
Laurenz Schönenberger | Conservative | 1882 | 1890 | |
Roderich Albert Kunkler | Liberal | 1883 | 1886 | |
Adolf Grubenmann | Liberal | 1884 | 1890 | |
G. August Suter | FDP/PRD | 1884 | 1890 | |
Christoph Tobler | Liberal | 1884 | 1899 | |
Joh. Jakob Müller | FDP/PRD | 1886 | 1887 | |
Johannes Blumer | FDP/PRD | 1887 | 1893 | |
Jos. Othmar Staub | Conservative | 1888 | 1919 | |
Johann Georg Berlinger | FDP/PRD | 1890 | 1900 | |
Carl Hilty | FDP/PRD | 1890 | 1909 | |
Joseph Anton Scherrer-Füllemann | SD/DS | 1890 | 1922 | |
Johann Bapt. Schubiger | Conservative | 1890 | 1919 | |
Eduard Steiger | SD/DS | 1891 | 1896 | |
Karl Emil Wild | FDP/PRD | 1893 | 1919 | |
J. K. Ferdinand Hidber | Conservative | 1898 | 1905 | |
Johann Jakob Gächter | Conservative | 1899 | 1905 | |
Ernst Wagner | FDP/PRD | 1900 | 1919 | |
Johann Jakob Bösch | FDP/PRD | 1902 | 1908 | |
Paul J. Brandt | DAP* | 1902 | 1905 | |
Thomas Holenstein | Conservative | 1902 | 1928 | |
Heinrich Scherrer | SP/PS | 1902 | 1911 | |
Emil Grünenfelder | Conservative | 1905 | 1943 | |
Albert Mächler | FDP/PRD | 1905 | 1934 | |
Karl A. Zurburg | Conservative | 1905 | 1925 | |
Robert Forrer | FDP/PRD | 1908 | 1924 | |
Johann B. Eisenring | Conservative | 1909 | 1919 | |
Gallus Schwendener | FDP/PRD | 1909 | 1919 | |
Eduard Scherrer | FDP/PRD | 1911 | 1919 | |
Ernst Schmidheiny | FDP/PRD | 1911 | 1919 | |
Heinrich Otto Weber | SD/DS | 1911 | 1928 | |
Johannes Duft | Conservative | 1919 | 1939 | |
Johann Jakob Gabathuler | FDP/PRD | 1919 | 1929 | |
Johannes Huber | SP/PS | 1919 | 1947 | |
Valentin Keel | SP/PS | 1919 | 1931 | |
Joseph Anton Scherrer-Brisig | Conservative | 1919 | 1951 | |
L. August Schirmer | FDP/PRD | 1919 | 1941 | |
Jakob-Dionys Steiner | Conservative | 1919 | 1928 | |
Johannes Züblin | FDP/PRD | 1919 | 1925 | |
Johann-Jakob Biroll | Conservative | 1922 | 1931 | |
Anton Brügger | FDP/PRD | 1924 | 1931 | |
Jakob Fenk | SP/PS | 1925 | 1947 | |
Bruno Pfister | FDP/PRD | 1925 | 1935 | |
Eduard Guntli | Conservative | 1928 | 1933 | |
Emil Mäder | Conservative | 1928 | 1936 | |
Paul Müller | Conservative | 1928 | 1935 | |
Friedrich Pestalozzi | FDP/PRD | 1929 | 1933 | |
Emil Hardegger | SP/PS | 1931 | 1935 | |
Albert Geser | Conservative | 1933 | 1935 | |
Arnold Saxer | FDP/PRD | 1933 | 1938 | |
Jakob Schmidheiny | FDP/PRD | 1934 | 1935 | |
Ulrich Eggenberger | LDU/LdI | 1935 | 1939 | |
Johann Jakob Gabathuler | FDP/PRD | 1935 | 1947 | |
Johannes Müller | Conservative | 1935 | 1937 | |
Jakob Nüesch | AVL | 1935 | 1939 | |
Ludwig Rittmeyer | FDP/PRD | 1935 | 1944 | |
Otto Huber | Conservative | 1936 | 1939 | |
Thomas Holenstein | Conservative | 1937 | 1954 | |
Bruno Pfister | FDP/PRD | 1938 | 1939 | |
Gallus Eugster | Conservative | 1939 | 1959 | |
Arnold Kappler | Conservative | 1939 | 1947 | |
Karl Kobelt | FDP/PRD | 1939 | 1940 | |
Otto Pfändler | LDU/LdI | 1939 | 1943 | |
Josef Riedener | Conservative | 1939 | 1947 | |
Rolf Theodor Bühler | FDP/PRD | 1941 | 1943 | |
Alfred Baumgartner | FDP/PRD | 1942 | 1944 | |
Emil Anderegg | FDP/PRD | 1943 | 1951 | |
Ulrich Eggenberger | LDU/LdI | 1943 | 1946 | |
Albert Spindler | JB | 1943 | 1947 | |
Rolf Theodor Bühler | FDP/PRD | 1944 | 1947 | |
Johann Jakob Schwendener | FDP/PRD | 1944 | 1951 | |
Christian Eggenberger | LDU/LdI | 1946 | 1951 | |
Matthias Eggenberger | SP/PS | 1947 | 1971 | |
Theodor Eisenring | Conservative | 1947 | 1961 | |
Albert Gemperli | Conservative | 1947 | 1963 | |
Harald Huber | SP/PS | 1947 | 1962 | |
Jean Pozzi | FDP/PRD | 1947 | 1959 | |
Alfons Schwizer | Conservative | 1947 | 1963 | |
Andreas Zeller | FDP/PRD | 1947 | 1951 | |
Emil Bösch | LDU/LdI | 1951 | 1963 | |
René Bühler | FDP/PRD | 1951 | 1959 | |
Johann Jakob Gabathuler | FDP/PRD | 1951 | 1951 | |
Walter Klingler | Conservative | 1951 | 1955 | |
Willi Rohner | FDP/PRD | 1951 | 1952 | |
Michael Schwendener | FDP/PRD | 1951 | 1963 | |
Hans Albrecht | FDP/PRD | 1952 | 1959 | |
Kurt Furgler | Conservative | 1954 | 1971 | |
Andreas Zeller | Conservative | 1955 | 1970 | |
Paul Bürgi | FDP/PRD | 1959 | 1975 | |
Ernst Grob | FDP/PRD | 1959 | 1971 | |
Walter Klingler | CCS | 1959 | 1967 | |
Max Schmidheiny | FDP/PRD | 1959 | 1963 | |
Anton Stadler | CCS | 1961 | 1963 | |
Remigius Bärlocher | CCS | 1963 | 1971 | |
Simon Frick | FDP/PRD | 1963 | 1967 | |
Walter Gerosa | LDU/LdI | 1963 | 1971 | |
Walter Hagmann | CCS | 1963 | 1975 | |
Alfred Hummler | FDP/PRD | 1963 | 1971 | |
Hans Schregenberger | CCS | 1963 | 1971 | |
Florian Vetsch | SP/PS | 1963 | 1969 | |
Hans Hofer | FDP/PRD | 1967 | 1975 | |
Anton Stadler | CCS | 1967 | 1975 | |
Florian Schlegel | SP/PS | 1969 | 1972 | |
Andreas Dürr | CCS | 1970 | 1983 | |
Georg Nef | FDP/PRD | 1971 | 1987 | |
Edgar Oehler | CVP/PDC | 1971 | 1995 | |
Hanna Sahlfeld-Singer | SP/PS | 1971 | 1975 | |
Hanny Thalmann | CVP/PDC | 1971 | 1979 | |
Remigius Kaufmann | CVP/PDC | 1972 | 1983 | |
Hans Schmid | SP/PS | 1972 | 1985 | |
Kurt Bürer | CVP/PDC | 1975 | 1987 | |
Traugott Hungerbühler | CVP/PDC | 1975 | 1979 | |
Ruedi Schatz | FDP/PRD | 1975 | 1979 | |
Burkhard Vetsch | FDP/PRD | 1975 | 1984 | |
Walter Ammann | SP/PS | 1976 | 1991 | |
Susi Eppenberger | FDP/PRD | 1979 | 1991 | |
Josef Kühne | CVP/PDC | 1979 | 1995 | |
Eva Segmüller | CVP/PDC | 1979 | 1995 | |
Titus Giger | FDP/PRD | 1983 | 1995 | |
Hans Ruckstuhl | CVP/PDC | 1983 | 1995 | |
Walter Zwingli | FDP/PRD | 1984 | 1991 | |
Hans Rohrer | SP/PS | 1985 | 1986 | |
Paul Rechsteiner | SP/PS | 1986 | 1995 | |
Eugen David | CVP/PDC | 1987 | 1995 | |
Hans Werner Widrig | CVP/PDC | 1987 | 1991 | |
Elisabeth Caspar-Hutter | SP/PS | 1991 | 1995 | |
Pia Hollenstein | GPS/PES | 1991 | 1995 | |
Franz Jaeger | LDU/LdI | 1991 | 1995 | |
Walter Steinemann | 0 | 1991 | 1995 | |
Milli Wittenwiler | FDP/PRD | 1991 | 1995 | |
Fredi Alder | SP/PS | 1995 | 1999 | |
Toni Brunner | SVP/UDC | 1995 | Incumbent | |
Eugen David | CVP/PDC | 1995 | 1999 | |
Barbara Eberhard-Halter | LDU/LdI | 1995 | 1995 | |
Kathrin Hilber | SP/PS | 1995 | 1996 | |
Pia Hollenstein | GPS/PES | 1995 | 2006 | |
Josef Kühne | CVP/PDC | 1995 | 1999 | |
Paul Rechsteiner | SP/PS | 1995 | 2011 | |
Hans Ruckstuhl | CVP/PDC | 1995 | 1999 | |
Walter Steinemann | 0 | 1995 | 1999 | |
Peter Weigelt | FDP/PRD | 1995 | 2003 | |
Hans Werner Widrig | CVP/PDC | 1995 | 2003 | |
Milli Wittenwiler | FDP/PRD | 1995 | 2003 | |
Hildegard Fässler-Osterwalder | SP/PS | 1997 | 2003 | |
Elmar Bigger | SVP/UDC | 1999 | 2011 | |
Walter Hess | CVP/PDC | 1999 | 2003 | |
Lucrezia Meier-Schatz | CVP/PDC | 1999 | 2015 | |
Theophil Pfister | SVP/UDC | 1999 | 2011 | |
Felix Walker | CVP/PDC | 1999 | 2006 | |
Jakob Büchler | CVP/PDC | 2003 | 2018 | |
Hildegard Fässler-Osterwalder | SP/PS | 2003 | 2013 | |
Jasmin Hutter | SVP/UDC | 2003 | 2009 | |
Walter Müller | FDP/PRD | 2003 | Incumbent | |
Peter Weigelt | FDP/PRD | 2003 | 2006 | |
Urs Bernhardsgrütter | GPS/PES | 2006 | 2007 | |
Thomas Müller | CVP/PDC | 2006 | Incumbent | |
Andreas Zeller | FDP/PRD | 2006 | 2007 | |
Yvonne Gilli | GPS/PES | 2007 | 2015 | |
Lukas Reimann | SVP/UDC | 2007 | Incumbent | |
Roland Rino Büchel | SVP/UDC | 2010 | Incumbent | |
Barbara Gysi | SP/PS | 2011 | Incumbent | |
Margrit Kessler | GLP/PVL | 2011 | 2015 | |
Markus Ritter | CVP/PDC | 2011 | Incumbent | |
Claudia Friedl | SP/PS | 2013 | Incumbent | |
Thomas Ammann | CVP/PDC | 2015 | Incumbent | |
Marcel Dobler | FDP/PLR | 2015 | Incumbent | |
Barbara Keller-Inhelder | SVP/UDC | 2015 | Incumbent | |
Nicolo Paganini | CVP/PDC | 2018 | Incumbent |
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The Union has a total area of 4,233,255 km2 (1,634,469 sq mi) and an estimated total population of over 448 million. The EU has often been described as a sui generis political entity combining the characteristics of both a federation and a confederation.
The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England. The House of Commons is an elected body consisting of 650 members known as members of Parliament (MPs). MPs are elected to represent constituencies by the first-past-the-post system and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American. Established in the aftermath of World War II, the organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949. NATO is a collective security system: its independent member states agree to defend each other against attacks by third parties. During the Cold War, NATO operated as a check on the threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance remained in place after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, and has been involved in military operations in the Balkans, the Middle East, South Asia and Africa. The organization's motto is animus in consulendo liber. The organization's strategic concepts include deterrence.
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter. Its powers as outlined in the United Nations Charter include establishing peacekeeping operations, enacting international sanctions, and authorizing military action. The UNSC is the only UN body with authority to issue resolutions that are binding on member states.
The member states of the United Nations comprise 193 sovereign states. The United Nations (UN) is the world's largest intergovernmental organization. All members have equal representation in the UN General Assembly.
Jehovah's Witnesses is a nontrinitarian, millenarian, restorationist Christian denomination. As of 2023, the group reported approximately 8.6 million members involved in evangelism, with around 20.5 million attending the annual Memorial of Christ's death. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and the establishment of God's kingdom over earth is the only solution to all of humanity's problems.
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organizations, and public service outside the civil service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V and comprises five classes across both civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male or dame if female. There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order.
The Rajya Sabha, constitutionally the Council of States, is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India. As of 2023, it has a maximum membership of 250, of which 238 are elected by the legislatures of the states and union territories using single transferable votes through open ballots, while the president can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social service. The total allowed capacity is 250 according to article 80 of the Indian Constitution. The current potential seating capacity of the Rajya Sabha is 245, after the Jammu and Kashmir (Reorganisation) Act, 2019, the seats came down to 245. The maximum seats of 250 members can be filled up at the discretion and requirements of the house of Rajya Sabha.
The Lok Sabha, constitutionally the House of the People, is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament, with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an adult universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their respective constituencies, and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Parliament House, New Delhi.
The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. It is a bicameral legislature composed of the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha. The President of India, in their role as head of the legislature, has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve the Lok Sabha, but they can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Prime Minister and their Union Council of Ministers.
Saturday Night Live (SNL) is an American late-night live sketch comedy variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Michaels and Dick Ebersol that airs on NBC and streams on Peacock. Michaels currently serves as the program's showrunner. The show's premiere was hosted by George Carlin on NBC on October 11, 1975, under the original title NBC's Saturday Night. The show's comedy sketches, which often parody contemporary American culture and politics, are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest, who usually delivers the opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast, with featured performances by a musical guest. An episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that was usually based on political events and ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming, "Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!", properly beginning the show.
A Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) is a representative elected by the voters of an electoral district (constituency) to the legislature of State government in the Indian system of government. From each constituency, the people elect one representative who then becomes a member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). Each state has between seven and nine MLAs for every Member of Parliament (MP) that it has in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's bicameral parliament. There are also members in three unicameral legislatures in Union Territories: the Delhi Legislative Assembly, Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly and the Puducherry Legislative Assembly. Only a Member of the Legislative Assembly can work as a minister for more than 6 months. If a non-Member of the Legislative Assembly becomes a Chief Minister or a minister, he must become an MLA within 6 months to continue in the job. Only a Member of the Legislative Assembly can become the Speaker of the Legislature
An independent, non-partisan politician or non-affiliated politician is a politician not affiliated with any political party or bureaucratic association. There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent.
The Schengen Area is an area encompassing 29 European countries that have officially abolished border controls at their mutual borders. Being an element within the wider area of freedom, security and justice policy of the European Union (EU), it mostly functions as a single jurisdiction under a common visa policy for international travel purposes. The area is named after the 1985 Schengen Agreement and the 1990 Schengen Convention, both signed in Schengen, Luxembourg.
NATO is an international military alliance consisting of 32 member states from Europe and North America. It was established at the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. Article 5 of the treaty states that if an armed attack occurs against one of the member states, it shall be considered an attack against all members, and other members shall assist the attacked member, with armed forces if necessary. Article 6 of the treaty limits the scope of Article 5 to the islands north of the Tropic of Cancer, the North American and European mainlands, the entirety of Turkey, and French Algeria, the last of which has been moot since July 1962. Thus, an attack on Hawaii, Puerto Rico, French Guiana, the Falkland Islands, Ceuta or Melilla, among other places, would not trigger an Article 5 response.
The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together, they comprise the national bicameral legislature of the United States. The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills; those that are also passed by the Senate are sent to the president for signature or veto. The House's exclusive powers include initiating all revenue bills, impeaching federal officers, and electing the president if no candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College.
The Commonwealth of Nations, often simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is an international association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire from which it developed. The chief institutions of the organisation are the Commonwealth Secretariat, which focuses on intergovernmental aspects, and the Commonwealth Foundation, which focuses on non-governmental relations among member states. Numerous organisations are associated with and operate within the Commonwealth.
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Arlington, Virginia. PBS is a publicly funded nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational programs to public television stations in the United States, distributing shows such as Frontline, Nova, PBS NewsHour, Masterpiece, Sesame Street, and This Old House.
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum whose member countries describe themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members.