Coat of Arms
This is a list of members of both houses of the Federal Assembly from the Canton of Bern.
This is a list of members of both houses of the Federal Assembly from the Canton of Bern.
| Councillor (Party) | Election | Councillor (Party) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paul Migy Free Democratic Party 1848–1851 | Appointed | Niklaus Niggeler Free Democratic Party 1848–1850 | ||
| Eduard Eugen Blösch Conservateurs réformés 1850–1851 | ||||
| Abraham Boivin Conservateurs réformés 1851–1855 | Chr. Albrecht Kurz Conservateurs réformés 1851–1854 | |||
 Jakob Stämpfli Free Democratic Party 1854–1854 | ||||
| Niklaus Niggeler Free Democratic Party 1855–1860 | ||||
| Aimé-C. Rossel Free Democratic Party 1856–1856 | ||||
 Karl Schenk Free Democratic Party 1857–1863 | ||||
| Jakob Leuenberger Free Democratic Party 1860–1861 | ||||
| Johann Ulrich Lehmann Free Democratic Party 1862–1865 | ||||
| Christian Sahli Free Democratic Party 1864–1866 | ||||
| Johann Sessler Free Democratic Party 1865–1868 | ||||
| Karl Gustav König Party unknown 1867–1868 | ||||
| Christian Sahli Free Democratic Party 1868–1874 | Johann Weber Démocrate puis radical 1868–1875 | |||
| Constant Bodenheimer Free Democratic Party 1874–1878 | ||||
| Joh. Friedrich Hofer Free Democratic Party 1876–1877 | ||||
| Joh. Friedrich Michel Free Democratic Party 1877–1879 | ||||
| Alfred Scheurer Free Democratic Party 1879–1879 | Christian Sahli Free Democratic Party 1879–1885 | |||
| B. Albert Bitzius Free Democratic Party 1879–1882 | ||||
| Alfred Scheurer Free Democratic Party 1882–1883 | ||||
| Albert Gobat Free Democratic Party 1884–1890 | ||||
| Friedrich Eggli Free Democratic Party 1885–1895 | ||||
| Hermann Lienhard Free Democratic Party 1890–1895 | ||||
| Johannes Ritschard Free Democratic Party 1895–1903 | ||||
| Alfred Scheurer Free Democratic Party 1896–1897 | ||||
| Franz Bigler Free Democratic Party 1898–1906 | ||||
| Niklaus Chr. Morgenthaler Free Democratic Party 1903–1908 | ||||
| Gottfried Kunz Free Democratic Party 1907–1919 | ||||
| Adolf A. A. von Steiger Free Democratic Party 1908–1918 | ||||
| Leo Merz Free Democratic Party 1918–1919 | ||||
| Paul Charmillot Free Democratic Party 1919–1932 | Carl Moser Paysans, Artisans et Bourgeois 1919–1935 | |||
| Henri Mouttet Free Democratic Party 1932–1948 | ||||
| Jakob Rudolf Weber Paysans, Artisans et Bourgeois 1935–1957 | ||||
| Georges Moeckli Social Democratic Party 1948–1959 | ||||
| Dewet Buri Paysans, Artisans et Bourgeois 1957–1971 | ||||
| Charles Jeanneret Free Democratic Party 1959–1967 | 1959 | |||
| 1963 | ||||
| Maurice Péquignot Free Democratic Party 1967–1979 | 1967 | |||
| 1971 | Fritz Krauchthaler Swiss People's Party 1971–1979 | |||
| 1975 | ||||
| Arthur Hänsenberger Free Democratic Party 1979–1991 | 1979 | Peter Gerber Swiss People's Party 1979–1987 | ||
| 1983 | ||||
| 1987 | Ulrich Zimmerli Swiss People's Party 1987–1999 | |||
| Christine Beerli Free Democratic Party 1991–2003 | 1991 | |||
| 1995 | ||||
| 1999 | Samuel Schmid Swiss People's Party 1999–2000 | |||
| 2001 | Hans Lauri Swiss People's Party 2001–2007 | |||
 Simonetta Sommaruga Social Democratic Party 2003–2010 | 2003 | |||
| 2007 |  Werner Luginbühl Swiss People's Party 2007–2019 | |||
 Adrian Amstutz Swiss People's Party 2011–2011 | 2011 | |||
 Hans Stöckli Social Democratic Party 2011–2023 | 2011 | |||
| 2015 | ||||
| 2019 |  Werner Salzmann Swiss People's Party 2019–present | |||
 Flavia Wasserfallen Social Democratic Party 2023–present | 2023 |
| Councillor | Party | Term start | Term end | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guillaume-Henri Dufour | Conservative | 1848 | 1851 | |
| Friedrich Fueter | Conservative | 1848 | 1857 | |
| Alexander L. Funk | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1851 | |
| Jakob Imobersteg | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1858 | |
| Johann Karlen | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1850 | |
| Karl Karrer | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1886 | |
| Friedrich S. Kohler | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1851 | |
| Albert R. S. Lohner | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1854 | |
| Karl J. Fr. Neuhaus | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1849 | |
| Ulrich J. Ochsenbein | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1848 | |
| Fr. Xavier I. Péquignot | Liberal | 1848 | 1851 | |
| J.-H. Cyprien Revel | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1851 | |
| Johann Rudolf Schneider | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1866 | |
| Johannes Schneider | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1850 | |
| Friedrich Seiler | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1851 | |
| Jakob Stämpfli | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1854 | |
| Xavier Stockmar | Liberal | 1848 | 1864 | |
| Johann Rudolf Vogel | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1869 | |
| Ludwig von Fischer | Conservative | 1848 | 1851 | |
| Johann Anton von Tillier | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1851 | |
| Joh. August Weingart | FDP/PRD | 1848 | 1860 | |
| Johann Bützberger | FDP/PRD | 1849 | 1886 | |
| Johannes Knechtenhofer | Conservative | 1850 | 1851 | |
| Johann Ulrich Lehmann | FDP/PRD | 1850 | 1854 | |
| Pierre-Ignace Aubry | Conservative | 1851 | 1854 | |
| Johannes Bach | FDP/PRD | 1851 | 1857 | |
| Eduard Eugen Blösch | Conservative | 1851 | 1866 | |
| F.-Xavier-M. Elsässer | Conservative | 1851 | 1854 | |
| Johann Ulrich Gfeller | FDP/PRD | 1851 | 1866 | |
| Johannes Hubler | FDP/PRD | 1851 | 1858 | |
| Jakob Karlen | FDP/PRD | 1851 | 1857 | |
| Charles Moreau | Conservative | 1851 | 1854 | |
| Auguste Moschard | Conservative | 1851 | 1854 | |
| Bendicht Straub | Conservative | 1851 | 1854 | |
| Albrecht Weyermann | FDP/PRD | 1851 | 1857 | |
| D. L. August von Gonzenbach | Conservative | 1852 | 1860 | |
| Gottlieb Rud. Bühlmann | Conservative | 1854 | 1857 | |
| P. A. Edouard Carlin | FDP/PRD | 1854 | 1870 | |
| Chr. Albrecht Kurz | Conservative | 1854 | 1864 | |
| Paul Migy | FDP/PRD | 1854 | 1878 | |
| Sam. Friedrich Moser | FDP/PRD | 1854 | 1857 | |
| J.-H. Cyprien Revel | FDP/PRD | 1854 | 1869 | |
| Jakob Steiner | FDP/PRD | 1854 | 1865 | |
| Jakob Leuenberger | FDP/PRD | 1855 | 1857 | |
| Karl Engemann | FDP/PRD | 1857 | 1866 | |
| Johann Jakob Karlen | FDP/PRD | 1857 | 1872 | |
| Gottl. Ludwig Lauterburg | Conservative | 1857 | 1860 | |
| Samuel Lehmann | FDP/PRD | 1857 | 1872 | |
| Rudolf Schmid | FDP/PRD | 1857 | 1863 | |
| Gottlieb Schneider | FDP/PRD | 1857 | 1860 | |
| F. August Dür | FDP/PRD | 1858 | 1860 | |
| Christian Sahli | FDP/PRD | 1858 | 1863 | |
| Jakob Karlen | FDP/PRD | 1859 | 1863 | |
| Niklaus Niggeler | FDP/PRD | 1860 | 1866 | |
| Jakob Scherz | FDP/PRD | 1860 | 1889 | |
| Johann Sessler | FDP/PRD | 1860 | 1863 | |
| Johann Weber | Dém->Rad | 1860 | 1868 | |
| Friedrich Kilian | FDP/PRD | 1861 | 1863 | |
| Friedrich Seiler | FDP/PRD | 1863 | 1883 | |
| Jakob Stämpfli | FDP/PRD | 1863 | 1879 | |
| K. Wilhelm von Graffenried | FDP/PRD | 1863 | 1866 | |
| Peter von Känel | FDP/PRD | 1863 | 1866 | |
| Ludwig Wyss | FDP/PRD | 1863 | 1872 | |
| Niklaus Kaiser | FDP/PRD | 1864 | 1884 | |
| Otto R. von Büren | Conservative | 1864 | 1884 | |
| Jakob Leuenberger | FDP/PRD | 1865 | 1871 | |
| Rudolf Brunner | Grut* | 1866 | 1894 | |
| Friedrich Eggli | FDP/PRD | 1866 | 1878 | |
| Eduard Marti | FDP/PRD | 1866 | 1878 | |
| Samuel Steiner | Conservative | 1866 | 1872 | |
| D. L. August von Gonzenbach | Conservative | 1866 | 1875 | |
| Carl Sam. Zyro | FDP/PRD | 1866 | 1893 | |
| Gottlieb Riem | FDP/PRD | 1867 | 1888 | |
| Daniel Flückiger | FDP/PRD | 1869 | 1872 | |
| Pierre Jolissaint | FDP/PRD | 1869 | 1878 | |
| Andreas Schmid | FDP/PRD | 1869 | 1872 | |
| H.-Auguste Klaye | FDP/PRD | 1870 | 1890 | |
| Albert Friedrich Born | FDP/PRD | 1871 | 1879 | |
| Alexander Bucher | FDP/PRD | 1872 | 1881 | |
| Gottfried Joost | FDP/PRD | 1872 | 1881 | |
| Walter Munzinger | Conservative | 1872 | 1873 | |
| Hippolyte Paulet | FDP/PRD | 1872 | 1879 | |
| Wilhelm Joh. Teuscher | FDP/PRD | 1872 | 1881 | |
| Friedrich K. G. von Werdt | FDP/PRD | 1872 | 1881 | |
| Daniel Flückiger | FDP/PRD | 1873 | 1875 | |
| Johannes Ritschard | FDP/PRD | 1873 | 1883 | |
| Alfred Scheurer | FDP/PRD | 1873 | 1875 | |
| Rudolf Leuenberger | FDP/PRD | 1875 | 1887 | |
| Fr. Rudolf J. Rohr | FDP/PRD | 1875 | 1888 | |
| Fritz E. Bühlmann | FDP/PRD | 1876 | 1919 | |
| Abraham Boivin | Conservative | 1878 | 1881 | |
| Charles-L. Kuhn | FDP/PRD | 1878 | 1886 | |
| Albert Morel | Conservative | 1878 | 1881 | |
| Johannes Schlup | FDP/PRD | 1878 | 1887 | |
| Joh. Friedrich Gugelmann | FDP/PRD | 1879 | 1890 | |
| Rudolf Niggeler | FDP/PRD | 1879 | 1887 | |
| Joseph Stockmar | FDP/PRD | 1879 | 1897 | |
| Gottlieb Berger | FDP/PRD | 1881 | 1902 | |
| Henri Cuenat | FDP/PRD | 1881 | 1896 | |
| Ernest Francillon | FDP/PRD | 1881 | 1890 | |
| Johann Jakob Hauser | FDP/PRD | 1881 | 1891 | |
| Andreas Schmid | FDP/PRD | 1881 | 1887 | |
| Jules Schnyder | Liberal | 1881 | 1884 | |
| Bendicht Tschannen | FDP/PRD | 1881 | 1884 | |
| Johann Zürcher | FDP/PRD | 1881 | 1892 | |
| Johann Jakob Rebmann | FDP/PRD | 1883 | 1919 | |
| Mathäus Zurbuchen | FDP/PRD | 1883 | 1902 | |
| Pierre Jolissaint | FDP/PRD | 1884 | 1896 | |
| Eduard Marti | FDP/PRD | 1884 | 1896 | |
| Eduard Müller | FDP/PRD | 1884 | 1895 | |
| Karl Stämpfli | Liberal | 1884 | 1893 | |
| Karl Engel | Conservative | 1886 | 1887 | |
| Adolf Müller | FDP/PRD | 1886 | 1911 | |
| Johannes Schär | Conservative | 1886 | 1890 | |
| Traugott-Philipp Eduard Bähler | FDP/PRD | 1887 | 1908 | |
| Ulrich Burkhalter | BeVP* | 1887 | 1893 | |
| Emil Elsässer | Conservative | 1887 | 1890 | |
| Rudolf Häni | FDP/PRD | 1887 | 1896 | |
| Johann Zimmermann | FDP/PRD | 1887 | 1911 | |
| K. Fr. Edmund von Steiger | VKons | 1888 | 1890 | |
| Arnold Gottlieb Bühler | FDP/PRD | 1889 | 1922 | |
| Gottfried Joost | FDP/PRD | 1889 | 1899 | |
| Gottfried Bangerter | FDP/PRD | 1890 | 1902 | |
| Fr.-Joseph Choquard | Conservative | 1890 | 1895 | |
| Albert Gobat | FDP/PRD | 1890 | 1914 | |
| Ernst Aug. Grieb | FDP/PRD | 1890 | 1893 | |
| Johann Jenny | PAB | 1890 | 1935 | |
| Jakob Adolf Roth | Conservative | 1890 | 1893 | |
| K. Fr. Edmund von Steiger | Liberal | 1891 | 1908 | |
| Hans Dinkelmann | FDP/PRD | 1893 | 1905 | |
| Gottfried Feller | FDP/PRD | 1893 | 1896 | |
| Emil F. Moser | FDP/PRD | 1893 | 1902 | |
| K. Franz J. Neuhaus | FDP/PRD | 1893 | 1902 | |
| S. J. Ernst Wyss | LPS/PLS | 1893 | 1896 | |
| Johann D. Hirter | FDP/PRD | 1894 | 1919 | |
| Johann Rudolf Steinhauer | proc Rad* | 1894 | 1902 | |
| Casimir Folletête | Conservative | 1895 | 1900 | |
| Jean von Wattenwyl | Liberal | 1895 | 1896 | |
| Joseph-Auguste Boinay | Conservative | 1896 | 1899 | |
| Friedrich Bürgi | FDP/PRD | 1896 | 1908 | |
| Jakob Freiburghaus | FDP/PRD | 1896 | 1927 | |
| Virgile Rossel | FDP/PRD | 1896 | 1912 | |
| Eduard Ruchti | FDP/PRD | 1896 | 1902 | |
| Theodor Sourbeck | FDP/PRD | 1896 | 1899 | |
| Eduard Will | FDP/PRD | 1896 | 1919 | |
| Louis Emile Peteut | FDP/PRD | 1897 | 1899 | |
| Emile Boéchat | FDP/PRD | 1899 | 1902 | |
| Albert-A. Locher | FDP/PRD | 1899 | 1917 | |
| S. J. Ernst Wyss | LPS/PLS | 1899 | 1914 | |
| Fritz Zumstein | FDP/PRD | 1899 | 1917 | |
| Fr.-Joseph Choquard | Conservative | 1901 | 1928 | |
| Ernest Daucourt | Conservative | 1902 | 1919 | |
| Ulrich Dürrenmatt | PP | 1902 | 1908 | |
| Arnold Gugelmann | FDP/PRD | 1902 | 1917 | |
| Michael Hofer | FDP/PRD | 1902 | 1919 | |
| Eugen Huber | FDP/PRD | 1902 | 1911 | |
| Louis Joliat | FDP/PRD | 1902 | 1904 | |
| Emil Lohner | FDP/PRD | 1902 | 1927 | |
| Friedrich Michel | FDP/PRD | 1902 | 1919 | |
| Johann Jakob Schär | FDP/PRD | 1902 | 1919 | |
| Johannes Ritschard | FDP/PRD | 1903 | 1908 | |
| F. C. Henri Simonin | FDP/PRD | 1904 | 1917 | |
| Friedrich Buri | FDP/PRD | 1905 | 1919 | |
| Gustav König | Conservative | 1908 | 1917 | |
| Alfred Moll | FDP/PRD | 1908 | 1919 | |
| August Rikli | SP/PS | 1908 | 1921 | |
| Jakob Scheidegger | FDP/PRD | 1908 | 1917 | |
| Robert Stucki | FDP/PRD | 1908 | 1919 | |
| Michael Bühler | FDP/PRD | 1911 | 1917 | |
| Friedrich Minder | FDP/PRD | 1911 | 1919 | |
| Gustav A. A. Müller | SP/PS | 1911 | 1921 | |
| Johann Näher | SP/PS | 1911 | 1917 | |
| Karl Scheurer | FDP/PRD | 1911 | 1919 | |
| Hermann Schüpbach | FDP/PRD | 1911 | 1935 | |
| Robert B. Savoye | FDP/PRD | 1912 | 1917 | |
| Fritz Burren | Conservative | 1914 | 1926 | |
| J. Emile Ryser | SP/PS | 1914 | 1922 | |
| Hermann Brand | SP/PS | 1917 | 1920 | |
| Emil Düby | SP/PS | 1917 | 1920 | |
| Maurice Goetschel | FDP/PRD | 1917 | 1921 | |
| Achille-Tell Grospierre | SP/PS | 1917 | 1935 | |
| August Huggler | SP/PS | 1917 | 1939 | |
| Xavier J. J. B. Jobin | Conservative | 1917 | 1919 | |
| Arnold L. E. Knellwolf | Grut&PS* | 1917 | 1919 | |
| Felix Koch | FDP/PRD | 1917 | 1918 | |
| Carl Moser | FDP/PRD | 1917 | 1919 | |
| Friedrich Oskar Schneeberger | SP/PS | 1917 | 1931 | |
| Konrad Ilg | SP/PS | 1918 | 1919 | |
| Adolf Bucher | SP/PS | 1919 | 1928 | |
| Gottfried Gnägi | PAB | 1919 | 1939 | |
| Ernst Otto Graf | FDP/PRD | 1919 | 1939 | |
| Johann Jakob Hadorn | SP/PS | 1919 | 1928 | |
| Walter Hämmerli | PAB | 1919 | 1920 | |
| Ernst Jakob | SP/PS | 1919 | 1922 | |
| Fritz Joss | PAB | 1919 | 1939 | |
| Richard König | PAB | 1919 | 1934 | |
| Rudolf Minger | PAB | 1919 | 1929 | |
| Jean-Théodor Moeckli | FDP/PRD | 1919 | 1922 | |
| Fr. Ferdinand Rothpletz | PAB | 1919 | 1922 | |
| Friedrich Siegenthaler | PAB | 1919 | 1935 | |
| Friedrich Spichiger | PAB | 1919 | 1922 | |
| Hans Stähli | PAB | 1919 | 1951 | |
| Hans Tschumi | PAB | 1919 | 1935 | |
| Jakob Rudolf Weber | PAB | 1919 | 1935 | |
| Robert Grimm | SP/PS | 1920 | 1955 | |
| Oskar Läuffer | SP/PS | 1920 | 1922 | |
| Friedrich Michel | PAB | 1920 | 1922 | |
| Rudolf Baumann | Grut* | 1921 | 1922 | |
| Ernst Reinhard | SP/PS | 1921 | 1928 | |
| Frédéric Schwarz | FDP/PRD | 1921 | 1922 | |
| Paul Billieux | FDP/PRD | 1922 | 1931 | |
| Hans Blaser | SP/PS | 1922 | 1928 | |
| Robert Bratschi | SP/PS | 1922 | 1967 | |
| Peter Bratschi | SP/PS | 1922 | 1925 | |
| Otto Burger | PAB | 1922 | 1925 | |
| Eugène Girod | PAB | 1922 | 1925 | |
| Alfred Held | PAB | 1922 | 1925 | |
| Konrad Ilg | SP/PS | 1922 | 1947 | |
| Xavier J. J. B. Jobin | Conservative | 1922 | 1931 | |
| Jakob Leuenberger | PAB | 1922 | 1925 | |
| Johann Nyffeler | PAB | 1922 | 1928 | |
| Arnold Spychiger | FDP/PRD | 1922 | 1931 | |
| Ernest Bütikofer | SP/PS | 1925 | 1928 | |
| Hans Lanz | PAB | 1925 | 1928 | |
| Oskar Läuffer | SP/PS | 1925 | 1925 | |
| Guido Müller | SP/PS | 1925 | 1943 | |
| Hans Roth | SP/PS | 1925 | 1955 | |
| Henri Auguste Sandoz | FDP/PRD | 1925 | 1934 | |
| Alfred Held | PAB | 1926 | 1928 | |
| Jakob Leuenberger | PAB | 1927 | 1931 | |
| Peter Balmer | FDP/PRD | 1928 | 1935 | |
| Germain-Joseph Carnat | PAB | 1928 | 1939 | |
| Joseph Ceppi | Conservative | 1928 | 1939 | |
| Max Gafner | PAB | 1928 | 1943 | |
| Werner Hadorn | PAB | 1928 | 1935 | |
| Hans Müller | PAB | 1928 | 1947 | |
| Hermann Oldani | SP/PS | 1928 | 1934 | |
| Fritz Schmidlin | SP/PS | 1928 | 1931 | |
| Rudolf Schmutz | PAB | 1928 | 1947 | |
| Robert Wagner | SP/PS | 1928 | 1931 | |
| Alfred Held | PAB | 1929 | 1947 | |
| Ernst Bürki | PAB | 1931 | 1951 | |
| Friedrich Marbach | SP/PS | 1931 | 1933 | |
| Ernst Reichen | FDP/PRD | 1931 | 1935 | |
| Ernst Reinhard | SP/PS | 1931 | 1947 | |
| Fritz Schmidlin | SP/PS | 1933 | 1955 | |
| Paul Billieux | FDP/PRD | 1934 | 1943 | |
| Friedrich Flück | SP/PS | 1934 | 1935 | |
| Johann Ueltschi | PAB | 1934 | 1935 | |
| Ernst Anliker | JB | 1935 | 1943 | |
| Fritz Bigler | JB | 1935 | 1943 | |
| Samuel Brawand | SP/PS | 1935 | 1947 | |
| Gottlieb Duttweiler | LDU/LdI | 1935 | 1940 | |
| Markus Feldmann | PAB | 1935 | 1945 | |
| Hans Gfeller | PAB | 1935 | 1963 | |
| Hans Hofer | PAB | 1935 | 1953 | |
| Ernst Jakob | SP/PS | 1935 | 1939 | |
| Georges Moeckli | SP/PS | 1935 | 1938 | |
| Walter Stucki | FDP/PRD | 1935 | 1937 | |
| Fritz von Almen | FDP/PRD | 1935 | 1947 | |
| Hans Gottfried Müller | FDP/PRD | 1937 | 1943 | |
| Fritz Giovanoli | SP/PS | 1938 | 1939 | |
| Ernst Bärtschi | FDP/PRD | 1939 | 1951 | |
| Gottlieb Bühler | PAB | 1939 | 1943 | |
| Henry Burrus | Conservative | 1939 | 1947 | |
| Jean Gressot | Conservative | 1939 | 1955 | |
| Carl Künzi | PAB | 1939 | 1943 | |
| Herbert Moos | LDU/LdI | 1939 | 1941 | |
| Arnold Seematter | FDP/PRD | 1939 | 1954 | |
| Ernest Vuille | SP/PS | 1939 | 1943 | |
| Max Weber | SP/PS | 1939 | 1951 | |
| Paul Andres | LDU/LdI | 1941 | 1943 | |
| Ernst Schmid | PAB | 1941 | 1950 | |
| Ernst Barben | JB | 1943 | 1947 | |
| Paul Burgdorfer | PAB | 1943 | 1967 | |
| Eduard Freimüller | SP/PS | 1943 | 1963 | |
| Fritz Giovanoli | SP/PS | 1943 | 1946 | |
| Emile Giroud | SP/PS | 1943 | 1951 | |
| Fritz Meyer | SP/PS | 1943 | 1954 | |
| Virgile Moine | FDP/PRD | 1943 | 1948 | |
| Alfred Ryter | SP/PS | 1943 | 1947 | |
| Ernst Studer | FDP/PRD | 1943 | 1963 | |
| Johann Ueltschi | PAB | 1943 | 1943 | |
| Georg Wander | PAB | 1943 | 1946 | |
| Woldemar Wiedmer | PAB | 1943 | 1945 | |
| Hans Kästli | PAB | 1945 | 1959 | |
| Johann Ueltschi | PAB | 1945 | 1947 | |
| Werner Meister | PAB | 1946 | 1959 | |
| Friedrich Segessenmann | SP/PS | 1946 | 1947 | |
| Ernst Aebersold | SP/PS | 1947 | 1958 | |
| Dewet Buri | PAB | 1947 | 1957 | |
| Albert Fawer | SP/PS | 1947 | 1951 | |
| Markus Feldmann | PAB | 1947 | 1951 | |
| Karl Geissbühler | SP/PS | 1947 | 1951 | |
| Fritz Grütter | SP/PS | 1947 | 1971 | |
| Ernst Jakob | SP/PS | 1947 | 1950 | |
| Paul Kunz | FDP/PRD | 1947 | 1955 | |
| Louis Lovis | Conservative | 1947 | 1951 | |
| Hans Gottfried Müller | FDP/PRD | 1947 | 1963 | |
| Arthur Steiner | SP/PS | 1947 | 1958 | |
| Hans Tschumi | PAB | 1947 | 1960 | |
| André Calame | FDP/PRD | 1948 | 1951 | |
| Alfred Held | PAB | 1950 | 1951 | |
| Walter Stünzi | SP/PS | 1950 | 1959 | |
| Gottlieb Duttweiler | LDU/LdI | 1951 | 1962 | |
| Walter Egger | FDP/PRD | 1951 | 1955 | |
| Ernest Josi | FDP/PRD | 1951 | 1959 | |
| Hermann Kurz | SP/PS | 1951 | 1955 | |
| Georges Luterbacher | PAB | 1951 | 1955 | |
| Gustav Morf | LDU/LdI | 1951 | 1953 | |
| Etienne Philippe | Conservative | 1951 | 1956 | |
| Paul Rufener | PAB | 1951 | 1959 | |
| Hans Weber | PAB | 1951 | 1971 | |
| Karl Geissbühler | SP/PS | 1952 | 1967 | |
| Hans Stähli | PAB | 1952 | 1955 | |
| Rudolf Gnägi | PAB | 1953 | 1965 | |
| Alfred Grütter | LDU/LdI | 1953 | 1955 | |
| Robert Bauder | FDP/PRD | 1954 | 1955 | |
| Christian Rubi | SP/PS | 1954 | 1959 | |
| Emil Baumgartner | FDP/PRD | 1955 | 1967 | |
| Samuel Brawand | SP/PS | 1955 | 1967 | |
| Hans Düby | SP/PS | 1955 | 1975 | |
| Rudolf Etter | PAB | 1955 | 1979 | |
| Fritz Giovanoli | SP/PS | 1955 | 1963 | |
| Emile Giroud | SP/PS | 1955 | 1963 | |
| Georg Rutishauser | FDP/PRD | 1955 | 1963 | |
| Hans Tschanz | PAB | 1955 | 1971 | |
| Walo von Greyerz | FDP/PRD | 1955 | 1967 | |
| Max Weber | SP/PS | 1955 | 1971 | |
| Rainer Weibel | Conservative | 1955 | 1967 | |
| Jean Gressot | Conservative | 1956 | 1959 | |
| Fritz Geissbühler | PAB | 1957 | 1967 | |
| Erwin Schneider | SP/PS | 1958 | 1962 | |
| Jakob Bächtold | LDU/LdI | 1959 | 1975 | |
| Otto Bienz | PAB | 1959 | 1966 | |
| Erwin Freiburghaus | PAB | 1959 | 1979 | |
| Henri Geiser | PAB | 1959 | 1971 | |
| Simon Kohler | FDP/PRD | 1959 | 1975 | |
| Walter König | SP/PS | 1959 | 1965 | |
| Jean Wilhelm | CCS | 1959 | 1979 | |
| Ernst Wüthrich | SP/PS | 1959 | 1975 | |
| Hans Burren | PAB | 1960 | 1963 | |
| Casimir Huber | LDU/LdI | 1962 | 1971 | |
| Emil Schaffer | SP/PS | 1962 | 1979 | |
| André Auroi | SP/PS | 1963 | 1967 | |
| Fritz Blatti | FDP/PRD | 1963 | 1975 | |
| Walther Hofer | PAB | 1963 | 1979 | |
| Richard Müller | SP/PS | 1963 | 1983 | |
| Reynold Tschäppät | SP/PS | 1963 | 1979 | |
| Hans Tschumi | PAB | 1963 | 1979 | |
| Erich Weisskopf | FDP/PRD | 1963 | 1971 | |
| Otto M. Wenger | FDP/PRD | 1963 | 1971 | |
| Ernst Jaggi | SP/PS | 1965 | 1971 | |
| Armin Haller | PAB | 1966 | 1969 | |
| Fritz Marthaler | PAB | 1966 | 1977 | |
| Paul Aebischer | EVP/PEV | 1967 | 1971 | |
| Walter Augsburger | PAB | 1967 | 1983 | |
| Ernst Bircher | SP/PS | 1967 | 1975 | |
| Adolf Blaser | SP/PS | 1967 | 1970 | |
| Heinz Bratschi | SP/PS | 1967 | 1987 | |
| Otto Fischer | FDP/PRD | 1967 | 1983 | |
| Karl Glatthard | FDP/PRD | 1967 | 1971 | |
| Walter Rohner | CCS | 1967 | 1971 | |
| Fred Rubi | SP/PS | 1967 | 1987 | |
| Otto Locher | PAB | 1969 | 1971 | |
| Erwin Schneider | SP/PS | 1970 | 1971 | |
| Pierre Gassmann | SP/PS | 1971 | 1979 | |
| Paul Gehler | SVP/UDC | 1971 | 1979 | |
| Fritz Hofmann | SVP/UDC | 1971 | 1987 | |
| Raoul Kohler | FDP/PRD | 1971 | 1991 | |
| Valentin Oehen | N | 1971 | 1987 | |
| Friedrich Salzmann | LDU/LdI | 1971 | 1978 | |
| Heinrich Schnyder | SVP/UDC | 1971 | 1987 | |
| Gerhart Schürch | FDP/PRD | 1971 | 1979 | |
| Hans Ueltschi | SVP/UDC | 1971 | 1979 | |
| Arthur Villard | SP/PS | 1971 | 1979 | |
| Eduard von Waldkirch | N | 1971 | 1972 | |
| Otto (senior) Zwygart | EVP/PEV | 1971 | 1983 | |
| Bernhard König | N | 1972 | 1975 | |
| Ulrich Ammann | FDP/PRD | 1975 | 1987 | |
| Andreas Blum | SP/PS | 1975 | 1979 | |
| Ernst Eggenberg | SP/PS | 1975 | 1991 | |
| Urs Kunz | FDP/PRD | 1975 | 1983 | |
| Francis Loetscher | SP/PS | 1975 | 1983 | |
| Werner Meier | SP/PS | 1975 | 1983 | |
| Roland Stähli | FDP/PRD | 1975 | 1979 | |
| Fritz Räz | SVP/UDC | 1977 | 1983 | |
| Jakob Bächtold | LDU/LdI | 1978 | 1979 | |
| Geneviève Aubry | FDP/PRD | 1979 | 1995 | |
| Richard Bäumlin | SP/PS | 1979 | 1989 | |
| Jean-Claude Crevoisier | SP/PS | 1979 | 1983 | |
| Jean-Paul Gehler | SVP/UDC | 1979 | 1987 | |
| Gottlieb Geissbühler | SVP/UDC | 1979 | 1987 | |
| Paul Günter | LDU/LdI | 1979 | 1991 | |
| Fritz Hari | SVP/UDC | 1979 | 1995 | |
| Marc-André Houmard | FDP/PRD | 1979 | 1991 | |
| Werner Martignoni | SVP/UDC | 1979 | 1987 | |
| Bernhard Müller | SVP/UDC | 1979 | 1987 | |
| Alfred Neukomm | SP/PS | 1979 | 1991 | |
| Adolf Ogi | SVP/UDC | 1979 | 1987 | |
| Fritz Reimann | SP/PS | 1979 | 1991 | |
| Jean-Pierre Bonny | FDP/PRD | 1983 | 1995 | |
| Jean Clivaz | SP/PS | 1983 | 1987 | |
| Hermann Fehr | SP/PS | 1983 | 1990 | |
| Barbara Gurtner | PdA/PST | 1983 | 1987 | |
| Kurt Meyer | SP/PS | 1983 | 1987 | |
| Leni Robert | LL | 1983 | 1986 | |
| Markus Ruf | 0 | 1983 | 1995 | |
| Peter Sager | SVP/UDC | 1983 | 1991 | |
| Otto Zwygart | EVP/PEV | 1983 | 1995 | |
| Lukas Fierz | LL | 1986 | 1991 | |
| Rosmarie Bär | LL | 1987 | 1995 | |
| Ursula Bäumlin | SP/PS | 1987 | 1995 | |
| Franz Dietrich | CVP/PDC | 1987 | 1991 | |
| Rudolf Hafner | LL | 1987 | 1994 | |
| Gret Haller | SP/PS | 1987 | 1994 | |
| François Loeb | FDP/PRD | 1987 | 1995 | |
| Paul Luder | SVP/UDC | 1987 | 1992 | |
| Albrecht Rychen | SVP/UDC | 1987 | 1995 | |
| Jürg Scherrer | 0 | 1987 | 1995 | |
| Heinz Schwab | SVP/UDC | 1987 | 1994 | |
| Hanspeter Seiler | SVP/UDC | 1987 | 1995 | |
| William Wyss | SVP/UDC | 1987 | 1991 | |
| Elisabeth Zölch | SVP/UDC | 1987 | 1994 | |
| Susanna Daepp-Heiniger | SVP/UDC | 1988 | 1994 | |
| Peter Vollmer | SP/PS | 1989 | 1995 | |
| Georges Eggenberger | SP/PS | 1990 | 1995 | |
| Ruedi Baumann | GPS/PES | 1991 | 1995 | |
| Peter Jenni | 0 | 1991 | 1995 | |
| Leni Robert | LL | 1991 | 1995 | |
| Werner Scherrer | 0 | 1991 | 1995 | |
| Walter Schmied | SVP/UDC | 1991 | 1995 | |
| Fritz Stalder | SD/DS | 1991 | 1995 | |
| Rudolf Strahm | SP/PS | 1991 | 1995 | |
| Marc Frédéric Suter | FDP/PRD | 1991 | 1995 | |
| Alexander Tschäppät | SP/PS | 1991 | 1995 | |
| Jean-Claude Zwahlen | AJU | 1991 | 1995 | |
| William Wyss | SVP/UDC | 1992 | 1995 | |
| Stephanie Baumann | SP/PS | 1994 | 1995 | |
| Simon Schenk | SVP/UDC | 1994 | 1995 | |
| Samuel Schmid | SVP/UDC | 1994 | 1995 | |
| Verena Singeisen | LL | 1994 | 1995 | |
| Hermann Weyeneth | SVP/UDC | 1994 | 1995 | |
| Käthi Bangerter | FDP/PRD | 1995 | 2003 | |
| Ruedi Baumann | GPS/PES | 1995 | 2003 | |
| Stephanie Baumann | SP/PS | 1995 | 2003 | |
| Ursula Bäumlin | SP/PS | 1995 | 1998 | |
| Jean-Pierre Bonny | FDP/PRD | 1995 | 1999 | |
| Hubert Frainier | CVP/PDC | 1995 | 1995 | |
| Paul Günter | SP/PS | 1995 | 2007 | |
| Norbert Hochreutener | CVP/PDC | 1995 | 1999 | |
| François Loeb | FDP/PRD | 1995 | 1999 | |
| Fritz Abraham Oehrli | SVP/UDC | 1995 | 2007 | |
| Markus Ruf | Ind. | 1995 | 1999 | |
| Albrecht Rychen | SVP/UDC | 1995 | 1999 | |
| Simon Schenk | SVP/UDC | 1995 | 2003 | |
| Werner Scherrer | 0 | 1995 | 1997 | |
| Jürg Scherrer | 0 | 1995 | 1999 | |
| Samuel Schmid | SVP/UDC | 1995 | 1999 | |
| Walter Schmied | SVP/UDC | 1995 | 2007 | |
| Hanspeter Seiler | SVP/UDC | 1995 | 2003 | |
| Rudolf Strahm | SP/PS | 1995 | 2004 | |
| Marc Frédéric Suter | FDP/PRD | 1995 | 2003 | |
| Franziska Teuscher | GB | 1995 | 2013 | |
| Alexander Tschäppät | SP/PS | 1995 | 2003 | |
| Ruth-Gaby Vermot-Mangold | SP/PS | 1995 | 2007 | |
| Peter Vollmer | SP/PS | 1995 | 2007 | |
| Hansueli von Allmen | SP/PS | 1995 | 1999 | |
| Hermann Weyeneth | SVP/UDC | 1995 | 2007 | |
| William Wyss | SVP/UDC | 1995 | 1999 | |
| Otto Zwygart | EVP/PEV | 1995 | 2000 | |
| Christian Waber | EDU/UDF | 1997 | 1999 | |
| Barbara Geiser | SP/PS | 1998 | 1999 | |
| Remo Giosué Galli | CVP/PDC | 1999 | 2003 | |
| Ursula Haller | SVP/UDC | 1999 | 2014 | |
| Bernhard Hess | SD/DS | 1999 | 2007 | |
| Rudolf Joder | SVP/UDC | 1999 | 2015 | |
| Johann N. Schneider | FDP/PRD | 1999 | 2010 | |
| Simonetta Sommaruga | SP/PS | 1999 | 2003 | |
| Pierre Triponez | FDP/PRD | 1999 | 2011 | |
| Christian Waber | EDU/UDF | 1999 | 2009 | |
| Hansruedi Wandfluh | SVP/UDC | 1999 | 2014 | |
| Kurt Wasserfallen | FDP/PRD | 1999 | 2006 | |
| Ursula Wyss | SP/PS | 1999 | 2013 | |
| Annemarie Huber-Hotz | FDP/PRD | 1999 | 2007 | |
| Walter Donzé | EVP/PEV | 2000 | 2010 | |
| Evi Allemann | SP/PS | 2003 | 2018 | |
| Adrian Amstutz | SVP/UDC | 2003 | 2023 | |
| André Daguet | SP/PS | 2003 | 2011 | |
| Therese Frösch | GB | 2003 | 2011 | |
| Norbert Hochreutener | CVP/PDC | 2003 | 2011 | |
| Rudolf Joder | SVP/UDC | 2003 | 2015 | |
| Margret Kiener Nellen | SP/PS | 2003 | 2023 | |
| Christa Markwalder Bär | FDP/PRD | 2003 | 2023 | |
| Simon Schenk | SVP/UDC | 2003 | 2011 | |
| Hermann Weyeneth | SVP/UDC | 2003 | 2007 | |
| Hans Stöckli | SP/PS | 2004 | 2011 | |
| Andreas Aebi | SVP/UDC | 2007 | 2023 | |
| Andrea Martina Geissbühler | SVP/UDC | 2007 | 2023 | |
| Jean-Pierre Graber | SVP/UDC | 2007 | 2011 | |
| Hans Grunder | SVP/UDC | 2007 | 2023 | |
| Ricardo Lumengo | SP/PS | 2007 | 2011 | |
| Marc Frédéric Suter | FDP/PRD | 2007 | 2007 | |
| Alec von Graffenried | GPS/PES | 2007 | 2015 | |
| Erich von Siebenthal | SVP/UDC | 2007 | 2023 | |
| Christian Wasserfallen | FDP/PRD | 2007 | Incumbent | |
| Andreas Brönnimann | EDU/UDF | 2009 | 2011 | |
| Peter Flück | FDP/PLR | 2010 | 2011 | |
| Marianne Streiff-Feller | EVP/PEV | 2010 | 2023 | |
| Matthias Aebischer | SP/PS | 2011 | Incumbent | |
| Kathrin Bertschy | GLP/PVL | 2011 | 2023 | |
| Thomas Fuchs | SVP/UDC | 2011 | 2011 | |
| Urs Gasche | BDP/PBD | 2011 | 2017 | |
| Jürg Grossen | GLP/PVL | 2011 | Incumbent | |
| Lorenz Hess | BDP/PBD | 2011 | Incumbent | |
| Corrado Pardini | SP/PS | 2011 | 2023 | |
| Nadja Pieren | SVP/UDC | 2011 | 2023 | |
| Albert Rösti | SVP/UDC | 2011 | 2023 | |
| Regula Rytz | GPS/PES | 2011 | 2023 | |
| Alexander Tschäppät | SP/PS | 2011 | 2018 | |
| Nadine Masshardt | SP/PS | 2013 | Incumbent | |
| Aline Trede | GPS/PES | 2013 | Incumbent | |
| Heinz Siegenthaler | BDP/PBD | 2014 | 2023 | |
| Manfred Bühler | SVP/UDC | 2015 | Incumbent | |
| Jean-Pierre Graber | SVP/UDC | 2015 | 2015 | |
| Christine Häsler | GPS/PES | 2015 | 2015 | |
| Christine Häsler | GPS/PES | 2015 | 2018 | |
| Erich Hess | SVP/UDC | 2015 | Incumbent | |
| Werner Salzmann | SVP/UDC | 2015 | 2023 | |
| Flavia Wasserfallen | SP/PS | 2018 | Incumbent | |
| Adrian Wüthrich | SP/PS | 2018 | 2023 | |
| Christine Badertscher | GPS/PES | 2019 | Incumbent | |
| Kilian Baumann | GPS/PES | 2019 | Incumbent | |
| Melanie Mettler | GLP/PVL | 2019 | Incumbent | |
| Kathrin Bertshy | GLP/PVL | 2019 | Incumbent | |
| Tamara Funiciello | SP/PS | 2019 | Incumbent | |
| Lars Guggisberg | SVP/UDC | 2019 | Incumbent | |
| Nadja Umbricht Pieren | SVP/UDC | 2019 | Incumbent | |
| Andreas Gafner | EDU | 2019 | Incumbent | |
| Marc Jost | EVP | 2019 | Incumbent | |
| Werner Salzmann | SVP/UDC | 2023 | Incumbent | |
| Katja Riem | SVP/UDC | 2023 | Incumbent | |
| Thomas Knutti | SVP/UDC | 2023 | Incumbent | |
| Ernst Wandfluh | SVP/UDC | 2023 | Incumbent | |
| Ursula Zybach | SP/PS | 2023 | Incumbent | |
| Reto Nause | The Centre | 2023 | Incumbent |
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The Union has a total area of 4,233,255 km2 (1,634,469 sq mi) and an estimated total population of over 448 million. The EU has often been described as a sui generis political entity combining the characteristics of both a federation and a confederation.
The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England. The House of Commons is an elected body consisting of 650 members known as members of Parliament (MPs). MPs are elected to represent constituencies by the first-past-the-post system and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved.
The Ku Klux Klan, commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan, is the name of several historical and current American white supremacist, far-right terrorist organizations and hate groups. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, the Klan was "the first organized terror movement in American history." Their primary targets at various times have been African Americans, Jews, and Catholics.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American. Established in the aftermath of World War II, the organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949. NATO is a collective security system: its independent member states agree to defend each other against attacks by third parties. During the Cold War, NATO operated as a check on the threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance remained in place after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, and has been involved in military operations in the Balkans, the Middle East, South Asia and Africa. The organization's motto is animus in consulendo liber. The organization's strategic concepts include deterrence.
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter. Its powers as outlined in the United Nations Charter include establishing peacekeeping operations, enacting international sanctions, and authorizing military action. The UNSC is the only UN body with authority to issue resolutions that are binding on member states.
Jehovah's Witnesses is a nontrinitarian, millenarian, restorationist Christian denomination. As of 2023, the group reported approximately 8.6 million members involved in evangelism, with around 20.5 million attending the annual Memorial of Christ's death. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and the establishment of God's kingdom over earth is the only solution to all of humanity's problems.
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organizations, and public service outside the civil service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V and comprises five classes across both civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male or dame if female. There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order.
The Rajya Sabha, constitutionally the Council of States, is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India. As of 2023, it has a maximum membership of 250, of which 238 are elected by the legislatures of the states and union territories using single transferable votes through open ballots, while the president can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social service. The total allowed capacity is 250 according to article 80 of the Indian Constitution. The current potential seating capacity of the Rajya Sabha is 245, after the Jammu and Kashmir (Reorganisation) Act, 2019, the seats came down to 245. The maximum seats of 250 members can be filled up at the discretion and requirements of the house of Rajya Sabha.
The Lok Sabha, constitutionally the House of the People, is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament, with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an adult universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their respective constituencies, and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Parliament House, New Delhi.
The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. It is a bicameral legislature composed of the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha. The President of India, in their role as head of the legislature, has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve the Lok Sabha, but they can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Prime Minister and their Union Council of Ministers.
Saturday Night Live (SNL) is an American late-night live sketch comedy variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Michaels and Dick Ebersol that airs on NBC and streams on Peacock. Michaels currently serves as the program's showrunner. The show's premiere was hosted by George Carlin on NBC on October 11, 1975, under the original title NBC's Saturday Night. The show's comedy sketches, which often parody contemporary American culture and politics, are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest, who usually delivers the opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast, with featured performances by a musical guest. An episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that was usually based on political events and ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming, "Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!", properly beginning the show.
A Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) is a representative elected by the voters of an electoral district (constituency) to the legislature of State government in the Indian system of government. From each constituency, the people elect one representative who then becomes a member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). Each state has between seven and nine MLAs for every Member of Parliament (MP) that it has in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's bicameral parliament. There are also members in three unicameral legislatures in Union Territories: the Delhi Legislative Assembly, Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly and the Puducherry Legislative Assembly. Only a Member of the Legislative Assembly can work as a minister for more than 6 months. If a non-Member of the Legislative Assembly becomes a Chief Minister or a minister, he must become an MLA within 6 months to continue in the job. Only a Member of the Legislative Assembly can become the Speaker of the Legislature
An independent, non-partisan politician or non-affiliated politician is a politician not affiliated with any political party or bureaucratic association. There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent.
The Schengen Area is an area encompassing 29 European countries that have officially abolished border controls at their mutual borders. Being an element within the wider area of freedom, security and justice policy of the European Union (EU), it mostly functions as a single jurisdiction under a common visa policy for international travel purposes. The area is named after the 1985 Schengen Agreement and the 1990 Schengen Convention, both signed in Schengen, Luxembourg.
NATO is an international military alliance consisting of 32 member states from Europe and North America. It was established at the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. Article 5 of the treaty states that if an armed attack occurs against one of the member states, it shall be considered an attack against all members, and other members shall assist the attacked member, with armed forces if necessary. Article 6 of the treaty limits the scope of Article 5 to the islands north of the Tropic of Cancer, the North American and European mainlands, the entirety of Turkey, and French Algeria, the last of which has been moot since July 1962. Thus, an attack on Hawaii, Puerto Rico, French Guiana, the Falkland Islands, Ceuta or Melilla, among other places, would not trigger an Article 5 response.
The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together, they comprise the national bicameral legislature of the United States. The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills; those that are also passed by the Senate are sent to the president for signature or veto. The House's exclusive powers include initiating all revenue bills, impeaching federal officers, and electing the president if no candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College.
The Commonwealth of Nations, often simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is an international association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire from which it developed. The chief institutions of the organisation are the Commonwealth Secretariat, which focuses on intergovernmental aspects, and the Commonwealth Foundation, which focuses on non-governmental relations among member states. Numerous organisations are associated with and operate within the Commonwealth.
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Arlington, Virginia. PBS is a publicly funded nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational programs to public television stations in the United States, distributing shows such as Frontline, Nova, PBS NewsHour, Masterpiece, Sesame Street, and This Old House.
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum whose member countries describe themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members.