List of oldest documents

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The following is a list of the world's oldest surviving physical documents.

Contents

Each entry is the most ancient of each language or civilization. For example, the Narmer Palette may be the most ancient from Egypt, but there are many other surviving written documents from Egypt later than the Narmer Palette but still more ancient than the Missal of Silos.

List

35th–32nd centuries BCE

The Kish tablet, a small limestone tablet from the middle Uruk period of ancient Mesopotamia, contains pictographic inscriptions exemplifying an early precursor to Cuneiform. Many similar tablets have been found from the same period, all of which have proven difficult to date using radiocarbon dating; among these, the Kish tablet has the earliest proposed date of manufacture, although it may be from the later Uruk IV period, around 3200 BCE. [1]

The Kushim tablets from the same period feature possibly the oldest named person (Kushim).

Another Uruk Period clay tablet that featured names dating back to around 3100 BCE includes the names of a slave owner (Gal-Sal) and their two enslaved people (a man, En-pap X, and a woman, Sukkalgir). This tablet was likely produced one or two generations after the Kushim Tablet. [2]

From the same period, the first named Egyptian ruler, Iry-Hor, has been found, as well as the soon-following, possibly oldest-named female ruler, Queen Ha, just before the contemporary of Narmer, Queen Neithhotep.

31st century BCE

The Narmer Palette, a carved slab of siltstone from the Early Dynastic Period of Ancient Egypt, contains some of the earliest known examples of Egyptian hieroglyphs. Notably, the palette contains carved Serekhs bearing the rebus symbols n'r (catfish) and mr (chisel). These are believed to be a phonetic representation of Narmer, the first Pharaoh of Upper and Lower Egypt following their unification around 3100 BCE.

25th century BCE

The Palermo Stone, a stele, containing the names of Pharaohs and other information, is made of basalt. Fragments of the piece exist, with some of them reportedly found in Memphis and others in Middle Egypt. The primary piece that is referred to as the Palermo stone is currently[ when? ] on display in Italy, having been purchased by a Sicilian lawyer named Ferdinand Guidano in 1859.

The Diary of Merer (also known as Papyrus Jarf) is the name for papyrus logbooks written over 4,500 years ago by Merer, a middle ranking official with the title inspector (sHD). Buried in front of man-made-caves that served to store boats at Wadi al-Jarf on the Red Sea coast, the papyri were found and excavated in 2013.

21st century BCE

According to the Guinness World Records, the oldest surviving love poem, a balbale, in the world is of Sumerian origin and written in cuneiform, discovered in Nippur, dated to 2031 BCE, called Istanbul #2461 by archaeologists. [3] Written on a clay tablet measuring 10.7 × 6 × 3.1 cm, [4] it is believed to have been written by a bride of the Sumerian king Shu-Sin, who reigned between 2037 BCE and 2029 BCE. The tablet is on display at the Istanbul Archaeology Museums. [5]

Bridegroom, dear to my heart,

Goodly is your beauty, honeysweet,

Lion, dear to my heart,

Goodly is your beauty, honeysweet.

— Istanbul #2461

18th century BCE

Dating back to 1800 BCE, to the Old Babylonian period, a clay tablet containing a recipe for squab was found, written in Akkadian cuneiform. No measurements, cooking times, nor preparation or cooking methods are given, stating only that one should cut the pigeon in half and make a mixture of water, fat, salt, breadcrumbs, milk-soaked herbs including onions, leeks, garlic, and an herb called "samidu", which was the equivalent of modern semolina. [6]

The complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir, a clay tablet written in Akkadian cuneiform found in Iraq, is the first recorded customer complaint. It was written by a customer named Nanni, who complains that copper which he purchased from the merchant Ea-Nasir was of the incorrect grade. [7]

14th century BCE

In 2010, a clay fragment bearing Akkadian cuneiform, comparable in size to that of an olive, was discovered by Israeli archaeologists during the excavation of a tower, the tower itself dating back to the 10th century BCE, in Jerusalem, that was determined to have originated in 14th century BCE. [8] The document, nearly 3,400 years old at the time of its discovery, was older than any other ancient text discovered in Jerusalem by at least 600 years. Further examination revealed that the clay had originated in the Jerusalem area and that the scribe responsible was highly skilled. [9] It is the only cuneiform text to have ever been discovered in the area. Previously, the oldest document found in Jerusalem was a tablet, found in the Shiloah water tunnel, dating back to 8th century BCE. [10]

13th century BCE

Extant direct records from the Shang dynasty date from approximately 1250 BCE. These records primarily consist of oracle bones and bronze inscriptions, and also include a small number of other writings on pottery, jade and other materials. [11]

4th century BCE

The oldest of the Dead Sea Scrolls are thought to date from this period, although some may be as recent as the 1st century CE. They are written almost entirely in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. About 30% of the Hebrew Bible is accounted for in these ancient scrolls and fragments, as well as a vast library of other historical, apocalyptic, legal, and devotional texts. [12]

2nd century BCE

The Nash Papyrus, a collection of four papyrus fragments written in Hebrew, was found in 1898, and was, prior to the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the oldest known example of the written Hebrew language. The fragments contain parts of the Ten Commandments and the Shema Yisrael. The documents were acquired in Egypt, by W. L. Nash, and are believed to have originated in Faiyum, though it is possible they originated elsewhere.

1st century BCE

Gandhāran Buddhist texts are the oldest known manuscripts originating in South Asia. They are written on birch bark or palm leaves, in the Gandhari language, and are housed in various collections around the world.

1st century CE

Gabriel's Revelation is a stone tablet, written in ink.

11th century CE

A Scottish psalter, written in Latin, dating back to the 11th century CE[ relevant? – discuss ] is on display at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. [13] It's unknown as to how the university acquired the piece or where it originated. Photos of its pages show that, while its original binding is lost, the pages are still in remarkable condition, their colors still vibrant and words legible. [14]

The Missal of Silos is the oldest known surviving paper document (as opposed to parchment) of European origin in existence today, dating back to at least 1080 CE. It was made by the monastery at the Santa María la Real of Nájera.

See also

Related Research Articles

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Sumer is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC. Like nearby Elam, it is one of the cradles of civilization, along with Egypt, the Indus Valley, the Erligang culture of the Yellow River valley, Caral-Supe, and Mesoamerica. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Sumerian farmers grew an abundance of grain and other crops, a surplus which enabled them to form urban settlements. The world's earliest known texts come from the Sumerian cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr, and date to between c. 3350 – c. 2500 BC, following a period of proto-writing c. 4000 – c. 2500 BC.

<i>Sumerian King List</i> Ancient text listing Sumerian Kingships

The Sumerian King List or Chronicle of the One Monarchy is an ancient literary composition written in Sumerian that was likely created and redacted to legitimize the claims to power of various city-states and kingdoms in southern Mesopotamia during the late third and early second millennium BC. It does so by repetitively listing Sumerian cities, the kings that ruled there, and the lengths of their reigns. Especially in the early part of the list, these reigns often span thousands of years. In the oldest known version, dated to the Ur III period but probably based on Akkadian source material, the SKL reflected a more linear transition of power from Kish, the first city to receive kingship, to Akkad. In later versions from the Old Babylonian period, the list consisted of a large number of cities between which kingship was transferred, reflecting a more cyclical view of how kingship came to a city, only to be inevitably replaced by the next. In its best-known and best-preserved version, as recorded on the Weld-Blundell Prism, the SKL begins with a number of fictional antediluvian kings, who ruled before a flood swept over the land, after which kingship went to Kish. It ends with a dynasty from Isin, which is well-known from other contemporary sources.

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References

  1. ↑ Hayes, John L., 1990 A Manual of Sumerian Grammar and Texts, Undena Publications, p.266
  2. ↑ Krulwich, Robert (2015-08-19). "Who's the First Person in History Whose Name We Know?". National Geographic . Archived from the original on July 7, 2018.
  3. ↑ "Oldest love poem". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
  4. ↑ Fant, Clyde E.; Reddish, Mitchell G. (2008-10-15). Lost Treasures of the Bible: Understanding the Bible Through Archaeological Artifacts in World Museums. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN   9780802828811.[ verification needed ]
  5. ↑ Sebnem Arsu. The Oldest Line in the World // The New York Times, 14-Feb-2006. [ verification needed ]
  6. ↑ "Mesopotamian Ingredients". 21 October 2017.
  7. ↑ "Letters - Archaeology Magazine". www.archaeology.org. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  8. ↑ "Oldest written document ever found in Jerusalem discovered". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  9. ↑ "Oldest Known Document Uncovered in Jerusalem". Voice of America. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  10. ↑ "Tiny fragment bears oldest script found in Jerusalem". The Daily Telegraph. 2010-07-12. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  11. ↑ Qiu, Xigui, 2000 Chinese writing, trans. by Gilbert L. Mattos and Jerry Norman, Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, ISBN   978-1-55729-071-7. (English translation of Wénzìxué Gàiyào 文字學概要, Shangwu, 1988.)
  12. ↑ Davies, Philip R. "Dead Sea Scrolls". britannica.com. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  13. ↑ "Scotland's oldest surviving book still in Scotland: The Celtic Psalter | Transceltic - Home of the Celtic nations". www.transceltic.com. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  14. ↑ "Search Results: All Fields similar to 'Celtic and Psalter' and What equal to 'Celtic Psalter, 11th C.' - University of Edinburgh". images.is.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
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