List of people with synesthesia

Last updated

This is a list of notable people who have claimed to have the neurological condition synesthesia. Following that, there is a list of people who are often wrongly believed to have had synesthesia because they used it as a device in their art, poetry or music (referred to as pseudo-synesthetes).

Contents

Estimates of prevalence of synesthesia have ranged widely, from 1 in 4 to 1 in 25,000 – 100,000. However, most studies have relied on synesthetes reporting themselves, introducing self-referral bias. [1]

Media outlets including Pitchfork have critically noted the considerable numbers of musical artists from the 2010s onwards claiming to be synesthetes, observing that "without literally testing every person who comes out in the press as a synesthete, it’s exceedingly difficult to tell who has it and who is lying through their teeth for cultural cachet" and that claims of experiencing synesthesia can be employed "as an express route to creative genius". [2]

Synesthetes

NameTypeLifespanCountryProfessionNotesSource
Richard Feynman grapheme-colour1918-1988United StatesPhysicist"When I see equations, I see the letters in colors. I don't know why. I see vague pictures of Bessel functions with light-tan j's, slightly violet-bluish n's, and dark brown x's flying around." [3]
Frank Iero Chromesthesia b. 1981United StatesSinger-songwriter, guitarist [4]
Tilden Daken Multiple1876-1935United StatesArtistPainted to orchestral music. [5] [6]
Syd Barrett Multiple1946-2006United KingdomSinger-songwriter, guitarist, artist
Vladimir Nabokov Grapheme-Color1899-1977Russia/United States/SwitzerlandNovelist, poet [7]
Alessia Cara Multipleb. 1996CanadaSinger-songwriter [8] [9]
Beyoncé Chromesthesia b. 1981 United StatesSinger-songwriter, record producer, dancer, actress [10] [11] [12] [13]
Charli XCX Chromesthesiab. 1992 United KingdomSinger-songwriter [14]
Jennifer Cook O'Toole Multipleb. 1975 United StatesAuthor [15]
Marilyn Monroe Taste to colour1926-1962United StatesActress [16] [17] [18]
Jack Coulter Chromesthesiab. 1994United KingdomArtist [19] [20]
Marina Diamandis Multipleb. 1985 United KingdomSinger-songwriter [21] [22]
Patricia Lynne Duffy Unspecifiedb. 1952 United StatesAuthorWrote Blue Cats and Chartreuse Kittens, the first book by a synesthete about synesthesia.

Co-founded the American Synesthesia Association.

[23]
Mary J. Blige Sound to colourb. 1971United StatesSinger-songwriter, actress [24]
Billie Eilish Multipleb. 2001 United StatesSinger-songwriter [25]
Kanye West Multipleb. 1977 United StatesRapper, singer-songwriter, record producer, fashion designer [26] [27]
Nikola Tesla Chromesthesia1856–1943Austria/United StatesInventor [28]
Eves Karydas Chromesthesiab. 1994AustraliaSinger-songwriter [29] [30]
Duke Ellington Chromesthesia1899–1974 United StatesComposer, pianist, bandleader [31]
David Hockney Chromesthesiab. 1937 United KingdomArtist, stage designer, photographer [32]
Greg Jarvis Sound to shapeb. 1944CanadaMusicianFounded the Canadian Synesthesia Association. [33] [34] [35]
Ramin Djawadi Chromesthesiab. 1974GermanyScore composer [36]
Billy Joel Multipleb. 1949 United StatesSinger-songwriter, composer, pianist [37] [38]
Bloem de Ligny Multipleb. 1978NetherlandsSinger [39]
Franz Liszt Sound to color1811–1886HungaryComposer, pianist [40] [41] [37]
Lorde Sound to colorb. 1996New ZealandSinger-songwriter [42] [43]
Olivia Rodrigo Sound to colourb. 2003United StatesSinger-songwriter [44] [45] [46]
Tori Amos Sound to colorb. 1963 United StatesSinger-songwriter [47]
Ida Maria Sound to colorb. 1984NorwaySinger-songwriter [48] [49]
Marian McPartland Sound to color1918–2013 United Kingdom/United StatesJazz pianist [50]
Bea Miller Sound to colorb. 1999 United StatesSinger-songwriter, actress [51]
Stephanie Morgenstern Multipleb. 1965CanadaActress, filmmaker [52]
Finneas O'Connell Multipleb. 1997 United StatesMusician, record producer, actor [26]
Frank Ocean Sound to colorb. 1987 United StatesSinger-songwriter, producer, artistReleased Channel Orange in 2012, an album themed around his own synesthesia [53]
Adil Omar Multipleb. 1991PakistanSinger-songwriter, record producer [54]
Andy Partridge Multipleb. 1953 United KingdomSinger-songwriter, musician [55] [56]
Itzhak Perlman Sound to shapeb. 1945Israel/United StatesViolinist, conductor, music teacher [38]
Jon Poole Sound to colorb. 1969United KingdomMusician [57]
Osmo Tapio Räihälä Shape to soundb. 1964FinlandComposer [58]
Maggie Rogers Sound to colorb. 1994 United StatesSinger-songwriter, record producer [59]
Jean Sibelius Unspecified1865–1957FinlandComposer, violinist [37]
Holly Smale Emotions to colorb. 1981 United KingdomWriter [60]
Carol Steen Multipleb. 1943 United StatesArtistCo-founded the American Synesthesia Association. [61] [62]
Daniel Tammet Unspecifiedb. 1979 United KingdomAuthor [63]
Brendon Urie Multipleb. 1987 United StatesSinger [64]
Sabrina Vlaškalić Multiple1989–2019SerbiaClassical guitarist [65]
Solomon Shereshevsky Fivefold1886-1958Russian Empire/Soviet UnionJournalist, mnemonist [66] [67]
Richard Wagner Sound to color1813–1883GermanyComposer, theatre director, conductor [38]
Pharrell Williams Sound to colorb. 1973 United StatesSinger, rapper, songwriter, record producer, fashion designer [38] [37]
Richard David James Unspecifiedb. 1971IrelandMusician, record player, composer, remixer, DJ [68] [38]
Hans Zimmer Chromesthesiab. 1957GermanyComposer, music producer [69]
Olivier Messiaen Chromesthesia1896-1979 FranceComposer, pianist, organist [70] [71]

[72]

Awsten Knight Sound to colorb. 1992 United StatesSinger-songwriter, producer [73]
Nyokabi Kariûki Chromesthesiab. 1998KenyaComposer, sound artist [74]
J57 (rapper) Sound to colorb. 1983United StatesMusician

Pseudo-synesthetes

Related Research Articles

The clavier à lumières, or tastiera per luce, as it appears in the score, was a musical instrument invented by Alexander Scriabin for use in his work Prometheus: Poem of Fire. Only one version of this instrument was constructed, for the performance of Prometheus: Poem of Fire in New York City in 1915. The instrument was supposed to be a keyboard, with notes corresponding to colors as given by Scriabin's synesthetic system, specified in the score. However, numerous synesthesia researchers have cast doubt on the claim that Scriabin was a synesthete.

<i>The Man Who Tasted Shapes</i> Book by Richard Cytowic

The Man Who Tasted Shapes is a book by neurologist Richard Cytowic about synesthesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Number form</span> Mental map of numbers

A number form is a mental map of numbers, which automatically and involuntarily appears whenever someone who experiences number-forms thinks of numbers. Numbers are mapped into distinct spatial locations and the mapping may be different across individuals. Number forms were first documented and named by Sir Francis Galton in his The Visions of Sane Persons. Later research has identified them as a type of synesthesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Wannerton</span>

James Wannerton; is an English IT professional, artist and writer. He experiences sound to taste synesthesia, including lexical-gustatory synesthesia; i.e. he can "taste" sounds, including words or word sounds.

Synesthesia is a neurological condition in which two or more bodily senses are coupled. For example, in a form of synesthesia known as grapheme-color synesthesia, letters or numbers may be perceived as inherently colored. Historically, the most commonly described form of synesthesia has been between sound and vision, e.g. the hearing of colors in music.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grapheme–color synesthesia</span> Synesthesia that associates numbers or letters with colors

Grapheme–color synesthesia or colored grapheme synesthesia is a form of synesthesia in which an individual's perception of numerals and letters is associated with the experience of colors. Like all forms of synesthesia, grapheme–color synesthesia is involuntary, consistent and memorable. Grapheme–color synesthesia is one of the most common forms of synesthesia and, because of the extensive knowledge of the visual system, one of the most studied.

Ordinal-linguistic personification is a form of synesthesia in which ordered sequences, such as ordinal numbers, days, months and letters are associated with personalities or genders. Although this form of synesthesia was documented as early as the 1890s, researchers have, until recently, paid little attention to this form.

Lexical–gustatory synesthesia is a rare form of synesthesia in which spoken and written language causes individuals to experience an automatic and highly consistent taste/smell. The taste is often experienced as a complex mixture of both temperature and texture. For example, in a particular synaesthete, JIW, the word jail would taste of cold, hard bacon. Synesthetic tastes are evoked by an inducer/concurrent complex. The inducer is the stimulus that activates the sensation and the taste experience is the concurrent.

The American Synesthesia Association (ASA) is a not-for-profit academic and public society whose mission is to foster and promote the education and the advancement of knowledge of the phenomena of synesthesia, a neurological condition in which stimulation in one sensory modality leads to experiences in a second, unstimulated modality. The ASA attempts to promote and provide a means for the people who experience and/or study synesthesia to be in contact with each other. As part of its educational mission, the ASA provides information to scientists, health professionals, academicians, researchers, artists, writers, musicians, lay persons and people who experience synesthesia.

The phrase synesthesia in art has historically referred to a wide variety of artists' experiments that have explored the co-operation of the senses in the genres of visual music, music visualization, audiovisual art, abstract film, and intermedia. The age-old artistic views on synesthesia have some overlap with the current neuroscientific view on neurological synesthesia, but also some major differences, e.g. in the contexts of investigations, types of synesthesia selected, and definitions. While in neuroscientific studies synesthesia is defined as the elicitation of perceptual experiences in the absence of the normal sensory stimulation, in the arts the concept of synaesthesia is more often defined as the simultaneous perception of two or more stimuli as one gestalt experience. The usage of the term synesthesia in art should, therefore, be differentiated from neurological synesthesia in scientific research. Synesthesia is by no means unique to artists or musicians. Only in the last decades have scientific methods become available to assess synesthesia in persons. For synesthesia in artists before that time one has to interpret (auto)biographical information. For instance, there has been debate on the neurological synesthesia of historical artists like Kandinsky and Scriabin. Additionally, Synesthetic art may refer to either art created by synesthetes or art created to elicit synesthetic experience in the general audience.

Synesthesia is a neurological condition in which two or more bodily senses are coupled. For example, in a form of synesthesia known as Grapheme → color synesthesia, letters or numbers may be perceived as inherently colored. In another, called number → form synesthesia, numbers are automatically and consistently associated with locations in space. In yet another form of synesthesia, called ordinal linguistic personification, either numbers, days of the week, or months of the year evoke personalities. In other forms of synesthesia, music and other sounds may be perceived as colored or having particular shapes. Recent research has begun to explore the neural basis of these experiences, drawing both on neuroscientific principles and on functional neuroimaging data.

Fictional works that have main characters with synesthesia and non-fiction books to non-specialist audiences reflect the condition's influence in popular culture and how non-synesthetes view it. Synesthesia is a neurological condition in which one or more sensory modalities become linked. However, for over a century, synesthesia has also been the artistic and poetic devices that try to connect the senses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chromesthesia</span> Sound to color synesthesia

Chromesthesia or sound-to-color synesthesia is a type of synesthesia in which sound involuntarily evokes an experience of color, shape, and movement. Individuals with sound-color synesthesia are consciously aware of their synesthetic color associations/perceptions in daily life. Synesthetes that perceive color while listening to music experience the colors in addition to the normal auditory sensations. The synesthetic color experience supplements, but does not obscure real, modality-specific perceptions. As with other forms of synesthesia, individuals with sound-color synesthesia perceive it spontaneously, without effort, and as their normal realm of experience. Chromesthesia can be induced by different auditory experiences, such as music, phonemes, speech, and/or everyday sounds.

Synesthesia is a neurologically based phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. There are many occurrences of synesthesia in books, television and film.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Synesthesia</span> Neurological condition involving the crossing of senses

Synesthesia or synaesthesia is a perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. For instance, people with synesthesia may experience colors when listening to music, see shapes when smelling certain scents, or perceive tastes when looking at words. People who report a lifelong history of such experiences are known as synesthetes. Awareness of synesthetic perceptions varies from person to person with the perception of synesthesia differing based on an individual's unique life experiences and the specific type of synesthesia that they have. In one common form of synesthesia, known as grapheme–color synesthesia or color–graphemic synesthesia, letters or numbers are perceived as inherently colored. In spatial-sequence, or number form synesthesia, numbers, months of the year, or days of the week elicit precise locations in space, or may appear as a three-dimensional map. Synesthetic associations can occur in any combination and any number of senses or cognitive pathways.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Cytowic</span> American neurologist and author

Richard E. Cytowic is an American neurologist and author who rekindled interest in synesthesia in the 1980s and returned it to mainstream science. He was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize for his New York Times Magazine cover story about James Brady, the Presidential Press Secretary shot in the brain during the assassination attempt on President Reagan. Cytowic’s writing ranges from textbooks and music reviews, to his Metro Weekly "Love Doctor" essays and brief medical biographies of Anton Chekhov, Maurice Ravel and Virginia Woolf. His work is the subject of two BBC Horizon documentaries, “Orange Sherbert Kisses” (1994) and “Derek Tastes of Earwax” (2014).

<i>Wednesday Is Indigo Blue</i> Book by Richard Cytowic

Wednesday Is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia is a 2009 non-fiction book written by Richard Cytowic and David Eagleman documenting the current scientific understanding of synesthesia, a perceptual condition where an experience of one sense causes an automatic and involuntary experience in another sense. The afterword is written by Dimitri Nabokov, a synesthete, and the son of the well-known author and synesthete Vladimir Nabokov.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ideasthesia</span> Phenomenon in which concepts evoke sensory experiences

Ideasthesia is a neuropsychological phenomenon in which activations of concepts (inducers) evoke perception-like sensory experiences (concurrents). The name comes from the Ancient Greek ἰδέα and αἴσθησις, meaning 'sensing concepts' or 'sensing ideas'. The notion was introduced by neuroscientist Danko Nikolić as an alternative explanation for a set of phenomena traditionally covered by synesthesia.

Mirror-touch synesthesia is a rare condition which causes individuals to experience a similar sensation in the same part or opposite part of the body that another person feels. For example, if someone with this condition were to observe someone touching their cheek, they would feel the same sensation on their own cheek. Synesthesia, in general, is described as a condition in which a concept or sensation causes an individual to experience an additional sensation or concept. Synesthesia is usually a developmental condition; however, recent research has shown that mirror touch synesthesia can be acquired after sensory loss following amputation.

Jack Coulter is an Irish artist. He is widely known for his paintings and the visceral quality within his work. In 2020, The Financial Times described Coulter as one of the most popular abstract painters emerging today. In 2021, Forbes featured Coulter in their 30 Under 30 list.

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