List of video game console palettes

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24-bit palette sample image RGB 24bits palette sample image.jpg
24-bit palette sample image
24-bit palette color test chart RGB 24bits palette color test chart.png
24-bit palette color test chart

This is a full list of color palettes for notable video game console hardware.

Contents

For each unique palette, an image color test chart and sample image (original True color version follows) rendered with that palette (without dithering unless otherwise noted) are given. The test chart shows the full 8-bit, 256 levels of the red, green and blue (RGB) primary colors and cyan, magenta and yellow complementary colors, along with a full 8-bit, 256 levels grayscale. Gradients of full saturation of intermediate colors (orange, yellow-green, green-cyan, blue-cyan, violet, and red-magenta), and a full hue spectrum are also present. Color charts are not gamma corrected.

Atari

Atari 2600

The Television Interface Adaptor [1] (TIA) is the custom computer chip that generated graphics for the Atari Video Computer System game console. It generated different YIQ color palettes dependent on the television signal format used. [2]

NTSC

With the NTSC format, a 128-color palette was available, built based on eight luma values and 15 combinations of I and Q chroma signals (plus I = Q = 0 for a pure grayscale):

Atari2600 NTSC palette sample image.png Atari2600 NTSC palette color test chart.png Atari2600 NTSC palette.png
Hue0123456789101112131415
Luma
0, 1
2, 3
4, 5
6, 7
8, 9
10, 11
12, 13
14, 15

The above image assumes there is no limit on the number of colors per scan line. With the system's actual color restrictions (and proper change in aspect ratio), the same image would look very different:

Atari2600 NTSC simulation.png

PAL

With the PAL format, a 104-color palette was available. 128-color entries could still be selected, but due to the different color encoding scheme, 32 color entries results in the same eight shades of gray:

Atari2600 PAL palette sample image.png Atari2600 PAL palette color test chart.png Atari2600 PAL palette.png
Hue0123456789101112131415
Luma
0, 1
2, 3
4, 5
6, 7
8, 9
10, 11
12, 13
14, 15

The above image assumes there is no limit on the number of colors per scanline. With the system's actual color restrictions (and proper change in aspect ratio), the same image would look very different:

Atari2600 PAL simulation.png

SECAM

RGB 3bits palette sample image.png RGB 3bits palette color test chart.png

The SECAM palette was reduced to a simple 3-bit RGB, containing only 8 colors (black, blue, red, magenta, green, cyan, yellow and white) by mapping the luma values:

0, 12, 34, 56, 78, 910, 1112, 1314, 15

Modern Hardware-Assisted Implementation

The MovieCart (by Rob Bairos) is a modern (2022) cartridge that implements sophisticated display techniques that allow more realistic images to be displayed on the Atari 2600. The MovieCart format offers 80 pixels horizontally, and 192 (NTSC) or 242 (PAL, SECAM) scanlines of resolution. Each line effectively has 10 multiplexed sprites displayed in groups of 5 on alternating frames. Each of the sprites can have its own colour. A sophisticated encoding algorithm allows arbitrary images to be displayed using all the colours available on the console, with some limitations related to colour changes. The encoder dithers and optimises colour usage to minimise errors in image reproduction.

Note that the original Atari 2600 hardware is still being used to display these images; the 6507 microprocessor is retrieving colours from memory, and the TIA chip is still producing the video data.

The following images are screen grabs using the Gopher2600 emulator, but increased in brightness to match what the human eye actually sees when viewing on hardware.

PAL

Resolution: 80 x 242 (128 colours)

PAL, dithered 3PAL dithered.png
PAL, dithered
PAL, no dithering Pal no dither-2.png
PAL, no dithering

NTSC

Resolution: 80 x 192 (128 colours)

NTSC, dithered 3NTSC dithered.png
NTSC, dithered
NTSC, no dithering Ntsc no dither.png
NTSC, no dithering

SECAM

Resolution: 80 x 242 (8 colours)

SECAM, dithered 3SECAM dithered.png
SECAM, dithered
SECAM, no dithering Secam no dither 3.png
SECAM, no dithering

Lynx

The Atari Lynx used a 4096-color palette. The video hardware was custom built and designed by Jay Miner and Dave Morse [3] It used two chips, named Mikey and Suzy. [4] Resolution was 160×102 pixels and it was possible to use 16 simultaneous colors per scanline.

RGB 12bits palette sample image.png RGB 12bits palette color test chart.png

Nintendo

Nintendo Entertainment System

The Picture Processing Unit (PPU) used in the Nintendo Entertainment System generates color based on a composite video palette. [5]

The 54-colors can be created based on four luma values, twelve combinations of I and Q chroma signals and two series of I = Q = 0 for several pure grays. There are two identical whites, one of the blacks has less-than-zero brightness, and one of the lighter grays is within 2% of another, so sometimes the palette has been reported to have 52 to 55 colors.

In addition to this, it had 3 color emphasis bits which can be used to dim the entire palette by any combination of red, green and blue. This extends the total available colors to 448, but inconveniently divided into 8 variations of the base 56. Because it affects the whole palette at once it may be considered more of a filter effect applied to the image, rather than an increased palette range.

The PPU produces colors outside of the TV color gamut, resulting in some colors being presented differently on different TV systems.

Parrot NES example.png Color map NES example.png NES palette.png
Hex Value
0123456789ABCDEF
0x00
0x10
0x20
0x30

The NES PPU uses a background palette with up to 13 of these colors at a time, consisting of one common backdrop color and four subpalettes of three colors, chosen from the above set. The PPU's video memory layout allows choosing one subpalette for each 16×16 pixel area of the background. (A special video mode of the MMC5 mapper overrides this, assigning a subpalette to each 8×8-pixel tile.) Sprites have an additional set of four 3-color subpalettes (with color 0 being transparent in each) and every 8x8 or 8x16 pixels can have their own subpalette, allowing for a total of 12 different colors to use for sprites at any given time, or a total of 25 on-screen colors.

Because of the constraints mentioned above, converting a photograph often results in attribute clash at 16×16-pixel boundaries. Conversions with and without dithering follow, using the hex palette 0F160608 0F162720 0F090010 0F0A1910 (the repeated 0F represents black as the common backdrop color).

Without ditheringWith dithering
Parrot NES realistic example.png Parrot NES realistic example dithered.png

Game Boy

The original Game Boy uses a monochrome 4-shade palette. Because the non-backlit LCD display background is greenish, this results in a "greenscale" graphic display, as it is shown in the simulated image (at Game Boy display resolution), below. The Game Boy Pocket uses a monochrome 4-shade palette using actual gray, while the Game Boy Light gives the screen more of a bright blueish tint while its backlight is turned on. However, if its backlight were not on, it would look the same as the Game Boy Pocket.

Original Game BoyGame Boy Pocket/LightGame Boy Light (Backlit)
Parrot GB example.png Parrot GB Pocket example.png Parrot GB Light example.png
Original Game Boy Hex / Binary0x0 000x1 010x2 100x3 11
Game Boy Pocket Hex / Binary0x0 000x1 010x2 100x3 11
Game Boy Light Hex / Binary0x0 000x1 010x2 100x3 11

Super Nintendo Entertainment System

The Picture Processing Unit (PPU) used in the Super Nintendo Entertainment System has a 15-bit RGB (32,768 color) palette, with up to 256 simultaneous colors.

However, while the hardware palette can only contain 256 entries, in most display modes the graphics are arranged into between 2 and 4 layers, and these layers can be combined using additive or subtractive color blending. Because these blended colors are calculated by the hardware itself, and do not have to be represented by any of the existing palette entries, the actual number of visible colors onscreen at any one time can be much higher.

The exact number depends on the number of layers, and the combination of colors used by these layers, as well as what blending mode and graphical effects are in use. In theory it can show the entire 32,768 colors, but in practice this is rarely the case for reasons such as memory use. Most games use 256-color mode, with 15-color palettes assigned to 8x8 pixel areas of the background.

Theoretical 32768-colorPractical 256-color
RGB 15bits palette sample image.png Parrot 256 of 32768.png

Game Boy Color

The Game Boy Color systems use a 15-bit RGB (32,768 colors) palette.

The specific Game Boy Color (Type 3) game cartridges presents up to 56 colors without the use of special programming techniques from the full 32,768. From these, 32 are for a background palette, plus 8 hardware sprite palettes, with 3 colors plus transparent each. Typically sprite palettes share some colors (black, white or others), so the total colors displayed may be less than 56.

Though there is a 56 color limit, this in of itself is a palette storage limit and not an actual hardware limitation. As such, the programmer can swap out the palettes on a per-scanline basis. Because of this ability to swap out the palettes each scanline, over eight thousand colors can actually appear on screen per frame when programmed on a per-scanline basis.

Simulated
Screen color test GameboyColor 32colors.png

When an older monochrome original Game Boy game cartridge (Type 1) is plugged-in, if certain combinations of the controls are held during startup (or if the game is recognized from a hard-coded list in the device's ROM), the games are colorized with one of the factory 12 false color palettes. In this mode, games can have from 4 to 10 colors, four are for the background plane palette and there are two more hardware sprite plane palettes, with three colors plus transparent each. If the system does not have a palette stored for a game, it defaults to the "Dark green" palette.

The following shows these startup palettes (background plus both sprite planes) and the combination of controls used (the names are taken from the Game Boy Color user's manual; the colors are simulated):

ComboUpDownLeftRight
Gbcpalette-up-highcon.png
Brown		 Gbcpalette-dw-highcon.png
Pale yellow		 Gbcpalette-lf-highcon.png
Blue		 Gbcpalette-rg-highcon.png
Green
A Gbcpalette-up+a-highcon.png
Red		 Gbcpalette-dw+a-highcon.png
Orange		 Gbcpalette-lf+a-highcon.png
Dark blue		 Gbcpalette-rg+a-highcon.png
Dark green
B Gbcpalette-up+b-highcon.png
Dark brown		 Gbcpalette-dw+b-highcon.png
Yellow		 Gbcpalette-lf+b-highcon.png
Gray		 Gbcpalette-rg+b-highcon.png
Reverse
Game Boy color palette mapping
GBC keypad palettes.png

Game Boy Advance

The Game Boy Advance/Advance SP/Micro systems also uses a 15-bit RGB palette, and along with the original and Color modes, they have also a specific Highcolor 32,768 colors mode. The LCD displays of the Micro and some models of the SP are backlit, giving brighter images.

Compatible mode32,768-color
Screen color test GameboyAdvance 32colors.png Screen color test GameboyAdvance 32Kcolors.png

Nintendo DS

The Nintendo DS has a display capable of using 18-bit RGB color palette, making a total of 262,144 possible colors; of these, 32,767 simultaneous colors can be displayed at once. The 18-bit color palette is only available in 3D video mode or in 2D modes when blending effects are used. The other video modes are similar to the GBA, but feature some enhancements. For example, the DS provides a number of 16 extended 256 color palettes for backgrounds as well as sprites on each of the two screens, allowing for a total of 8192 colors per frame (the practical number may be less due to some of the colors being considered transparent). The handheld's successor, Nintendo DS Lite, has brighter screens which makes some old GBA and NDS titles look different. [6]

RGB 18bits palette sample image.png RGB 18bits palette color test chart.png

Nintendo 3DS

The Nintendo 3DS has a 24-bit RGB palette. [7]

Sega

Master System

The Master System had a 6-bit RGB palette (64 colors), with 31 colors on-screen at once. It is possible to display all 64 colors at once using raster effects (line interrupts). The console used a proprietary chip called Video Display Processor (VDP) with the same internal design as the Texas Instruments TMS9918 (used in the SG-1000), although with enhanced features such as extra colors. [8]

There are only 512 different 8x8 tile patterns to cover the screen though, when 768 would be required for a complete 256x192 screen. This means that at least 1/3 of the tiles will have to be repeated. To help maximize tile reuse, they can be flipped either vertically or horizontally. The 64 sprites of 8x16 pixels can also be used to help to cover the screen (max 8 per scanline).

Because of the constraints mentioned above, there are no current accurate simulated screen images available for the Sega Master System.

Screen color test SEGAMasterSystem.png Ega palette color test chart.png RGB 6bits palette.png
0x000x010x020x030x040x050x060x070x080x090x0A0x0B0x0C0x0D0x0E0x0F
0x100x110x120x130x140x150x160x170x180x190x1A0x1B0x1C0x1D0x1E0x1F
0x200x210x220x230x240x250x260x270x280x290x2A0x2B0x2C0x2D0x2E0x2F
0x300x310x320x330x340x350x360x370x380x390x3A0x3B0x3C0x3D0x3E0x3F

Mega Drive/Genesis and Pico

The Mega Drive/Genesis and Pico used the Sega 315-5313 (Yamaha YM7101) Video Display Processor, providing a 9-bit RGB palette (512 colors, up to approximately 1500 including shadow and highlight mode) with up to 61 colors on-screen at once without raster effects (4 palette lines of 16 colors each, palette indices $x0 are definable but considered as transparent, and can only be used as the background color).

RGB 24bits palette sample image 9bpp MD.png RGB 9bits palette color test chart.png

Game Gear

The Game Gear had a 12-bit RGB palette (4096 colors), with 32 colors on-screen at once.

Screen color test Amiga 32colors.png RGB 12bits palette color test chart.png

32X

The Sega 32X had a 15-bit RGB palette (32768 colors). The 32X offered 3 display modes. Packed pixel and run length modes allowed for 256 colors at a given time, 317 including the Genesis' palette as the 32X video is overlaid on top of it. And direct color mode allowing for all 32768 colors to display at once with the caveat of reducing the console's vertical resolution to 204 pixels.

RGB 15bits palette sample image.png RGB 15bits palette color test chart.png

NEC

TurboGrafx-16

The TurboGrafx-16 used a 9-bit RGB palette consisting of 512 colors with 482 colors on-screen at once (16 background palettes of 16 colors each, with at least 1 common color among all background palettes, and 16 sprite palettes of 15 colors each, plus transparent which is visible as the overscan area).

RGB 24bits palette sample image 9bpp PCE.png RGB 9bits palette color test chart.png

Fairchild

Channel F

The Fairchild Channel F is able to use one plane of graphics and one of four background colors per line, with three plot colors to choose from (red, green, and blue) that turned into white if the background is set to black, at a resolution of 128 × 64, with approximately 102 × 58 pixels visible. [9] In total there are 8 possible colors. [10]

Channel f palette 150x200.png Fairchild Channel F palette color test chart.png Fairchild Channel F test picture.png

Mattel Electronics

Intellivision

The Intellivision graphics are powered by the Standard Television Interface Chip (STIC), generating a 16-color palette.

Intellivision test image.png Intellivision palette color test chart.png Intellivision Palette.png
Black (0)Blue (1)Red (2)Tan (3)
Grass Green (4)Green (5)Yellow (6)White (7)
Gray (8)Cyan (9)Orange (A)Brown (B)
Magenta (C)Light Blue (D)Yellow Green (E)Purple (F)

Epoch

Super Cassette Vision

The Super Cassette Vision, equipped with an EPOCH TV-1 video processor, uses a 16-color palette.

#000000 (Black)#ff0000 (Red)#ffa100 (Orange)#ffa09f (Light Red)
#ffff00 (Yellow)#a3a000 (Dark Yellow)#00a100 (Green)#00ff00 (Lime)
#a0ff9d (Light Green)#00009b (Dark Blue)#0000ff (Blue)#a200ff (Purple)
#ff00ff (Pink/Magenta)#00ffff (Cyan)#a2a19f (Gray)#ffffff (White)

Magnavox

Odyssey 2

The Magnavox Odyssey 2 is equipped with an Intel 8244 (NTSC) or 8245 (PAL) custom IC, and uses a 4-bit RGBI color palette. [11] [12] Bits 0 to 2 define Grid color, bits 3 to 5 define Background color, bit 6 defines Grid luminance (0=dim/1=bright) and bit 7 is unused. [12]

Magnavox test image.png Magnavox palette color test chart.png

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">PC Engine SuperGrafx</span> 1989 home video game console

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References

  1. ↑ "I. Theory of Operation". Atari Video Computer System Field Service Manual - Model 2600/2600A Domestic (PDF). Rev. 02. Atari, Inc. January 21, 1983. pp. 1–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
  2. ↑ Atari 2600 "TIA color chart". Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ "Nintendo's island state of a stand at the Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago couldn't stop Atari stealing the limelight with their amazing hand-held video game machine". ACE Magazine. August 1989. p. 26. Retrieved 11 August 2018– via archive.org.
  4. ↑ "atarihistory.de".
  5. ↑ "PPU palettes - Nesdev wiki".
  6. ↑ https://problemkaputt.de/gbatek.htm#dsvideo
  7. ↑ "Nintendo 3DS Official Site - Features". October 7, 2012. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  8. ↑ "Sega Master System Architecture | A Practical Analysis". 12 October 2020.
  9. ↑ "FVE100_schematic_sheet_1of3.jpg". classicdev.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  10. ↑ "Home Page".
  11. ↑ "Magnavox palette".
  12. 1 2 Boris, Daniel (1998). Odyssey 2 Technical Specs V1.1 (PDF). p. 7.
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