List of monochrome and RGB color formats

For a full listing of computer's color palettes, see List of color palettes.

This list of monochrome and RGB palettes includes generic repertoires of colors (color palettes) to produce black-and-white and RGB color pictures by a computer's display hardware. RGB is the most common method to produce colors for displays; so these complete RGB color repertoires have every possible combination of R-G-B triplets within any given maximum number of levels per component.

Each palette is represented by a series of color patches. When the number of colors is low, a 1-pixel-size version of the palette appears below it, for easily comparing relative palette sizes. Huge palettes are given directly in one-color-per-pixel color patches.

For each unique palette, an image color test chart and sample image (truecolor original follows) rendered with that palette (without dithering) are given. The test chart shows the full 256 levels of the red, green, and blue (RGB) primary colors and cyan, magenta, and yellow complementary colors, along with a full 256-level grayscale. Gradients of RGB intermediate colors (orange, lime green, sea green, sky blue, violet, and fuchsia), and a full hue spectrum are also present. Color charts are not gamma corrected.

These elements illustrate the color depth and distribution of the colors of any given palette, and the sample image indicates how the color selection of such palettes could represent real-life images. These images are not necessarily representative of how the image would be displayed on the original graphics hardware, as the hardware may have additional limitations regarding the maximum display resolution, pixel aspect ratio and color placement.

Implementation of these formats is specific to each machine. Therefore, the number of colors that can be simultaneously displayed in a given text or graphic mode might be different. Also, the actual displayed colors are subject to the output format used - PAL or NTSC, composite or component video, etc. - and might be slightly different. For simulated images and specific hardware and alternate methods to produce colors other than RGB (ex: composite), see the List of 8-bit computer hardware palettes, the List of 16-bit computer hardware palettes and the List of video game console palettes. For various software arrangements and sorts of colors, including other possible full RGB arrangements within 8-bit color depth displays, see the List of software palettes.

Monochrome palettes

These palettes only have some shades of gray, from black to white (considered the darkest and lightest "grays", respectively). The general rule is that those palettes have 2ⁿ different shades of gray, where n is the number of bits needed to represent a single pixel.

Monochrome (1-bit grayscale)

Monochrome graphics displays typically have a black background with a white or light gray image, though green and amber monochrome monitors were also common. Such a palette requires only one bit per pixel.

Where photo-realism was desired, these early computer systems had a heavy reliance on dithering to make up for the limits of the technology.

In some systems, as Hercules and CGA graphic cards for the IBM PC, a bit value of 1 represents white pixels (light on) and a value of 0 the black ones (light off); others, like the Atari ST and Apple Macintosh with monochrome monitors, a bit value of 0 means a white pixel (no ink) and a value of 1 means a black pixel (dot of ink), which it approximates to the printing logic.

2-bit Grayscale

In a 2-bit color palette each pixel's value is represented by 2 bits resulting in a 4-value palette (2² = 4).

2-bit dithering:

It has black, white and two intermediate levels of gray as follows:

A monochrome 2-bit palette is used on:

• The Monochrome Display Adapter for the IBM PC
• NeXT Computer, NeXTcube and NeXTstation monochrome graphic displays.
• Original Game Boy system portable video game console.
• Macintosh PowerBook 150 monochrome LC displays.
• Amiga with A2024 monochrome monitor in high-resolution mode. ^[1]
• The original Amazon Kindle
• The original Wonderswan
• The Tiger Electronics Game.com portable video game console
• The original Neo Geo Pocket.

4-bit Grayscale

In a 4-bit color palette each pixel's value is represented by 4 bits resulting in a 16-value palette (2⁴ = 16):

4-bit grayscale dithering does a fairly good job of reducing visible banding of the level changes:

A monochrome 4-bit palette is used on:

• MOS Technology VDC (on the Commodore 128 with monochrome monitor)
• Amstrad CPC series with a GT64/GT65 Green Monitor (16 unique green shades)
• Amstrad CPC Plus series with the MM12 Monochrome monitor (16 shades of grey)
• Some Apple PowerBooks equipped with monochrome displays like the PowerBook 5300

8-bit Grayscale

In an 8-bit color palette each pixel's value is represented by 8 bits resulting in a 256-value palette (2⁸ = 256). This is usually the maximum number of grays in ordinary monochrome systems; each image pixel occupies a single memory byte.

Most scanners can capture images in 8-bit grayscale, and image file formats like TIFF and JPEG natively support this monochrome palette size.

Alpha channels employed for video overlay also use (conceptually) this palette. The gray level indicates the opacity of the blended image pixel over the background image pixel.

Dichrome palettes

16-bit RG palette

Main article: RG color space

The RG or red–green color space is a color space that uses only two primary colors: red and green. It was used on early color processes for films. ^{[2] [3]}

It was used as an additive format, similar to the RGB color model but without a blue channel, on processes such as Kinemacolor, ^[4] Prizma, Technicolor I, ^{[5] [6] [7] [8]} Raycol, ^[9] etc., producing shades of black, red, green and yellow. Alternatively, it was used as a subtractive format on Brewster Color I, ^{[10] [11] [12] [13]} Kodachrome I, ^{[14] [15] [16]} Prizma II, ^[17] Technicolor II, ^{[18] [19] [20]} etc., producing shades of transparent, red, green and black.

Until recently, its primary use was in low-cost light-emitting diode displays in which red and green tended to be far more common than the still nascent blue LED technology, but full-color LEDs with blue have become more common in recent years.

ColorCode 3-D, ^{[21] [22]} a anaglyph stereoscopic color scheme, uses the RG color space to simulate a broad spectrum of color in one eye, while the blue portion of the spectrum transmits a black-and-white (black-and-blue) image to the other eye to give depth perception.

Additive RG	Additive RG color palette

16-bit RB palette

Additive RB	Additive RB color palette

16-bit GB palette

Additive GB	Additive GB color palette

Regular RGB palettes

Here are grouped those full RGB hardware palettes that have the same number of binary levels (i.e., the same number of bits) for every red, green and blue components using the full RGB color model. Thus, the total number of colors are always the number of possible levels by component, n, raised to a power of 3: n×n×n = n³.

3-bit RGB

3-bit RGB dithering:

Systems with a 3-bit RGB palette use 1 bit for each of the red, green and blue color components. That is, each component is either "on" or "off" with no intermediate states. This results in an 8-color palette ((2¹)³ = 2³ = 8) that has black, white, the three RGB primary colors red, green and blue and their correspondent complementary colors cyan, magenta and yellow as follows:

The color indices vary between implementations; therefore, index numbers are not given.

The 3-bit RGB palette is used by:

• Text terminals following the ECMA-48 standard (sometimes known as the "ANSI standard", although ANSI X3.128 does not define colors)
• World System Teletext Level 1/1.5
• Videotex
• Oric computers
• BBC Micro
• PC-8801 (up to the MkII)
• PC-9801 (with original 8086 CPU, before the VM/VX models)
• Sharp X1 (models before the X1 Turbo Z)
• Sharp MZ 700
• FM-7, FM New 7, FM 77 (before the FM77AV)
• Sinclair QL
• Space Invaders Part II (arcade hardware)
• Macintosh SE (with a color printer or external monitor)
• Atari 2600 (SECAM version)
• Color Maximite (PIC32 based microcomputer)
• Arcadia 2001
• PV-1000
• Monkey Magic (arcade hardware)
• VIC-20 (high-res mode)
• Mouse Trap (arcade hardware)

6-bit RGB

Systems with a 6-bit RGB palette use 2 bits for each of the red, green, and blue color components. This results in a (2²)³ = 4³ = 64-color palette as follows:

6-bit RGB systems include the following:

• Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) for IBM PC/AT (16 colors at once)
• Sega Master System video game console (32 colors at once)
• GIME for TRS-80 Color Computer 3 (16 colors at once)
• Pebble Time smartwatch which has a 6-bit (64 color) e-paper display
• Parallax Propeller using the reference VGA circuit ^[23]

9-bit RGB

Systems with a 9-bit RGB palette use 3 bits for each of the red, green, and blue color components. This results in a (2³)³ = 8³ = 512-color palette as follows:

9-bit RGB systems include the following:

• Atari ST (Normally 4 to 16 at once without tricks)
• MSX2 computers (up to 16 at once)
• Sega Genesis video game console, (64 colors at once)
• Sega Nomad
• TurboGrafx-16 (NEC PC-Engine)
• ZX Spectrum Next
• The NEC PC-8801 Mk II SR and later models (8 colors at once)
• The Mindset computer (16 colors at once)
• The Sega Pico (61 colors at once)

12-bit RGB

Systems with a 12-bit RGB palette use 4 bits for each of the red, green, and blue color components. This results in a (2⁴)³ = 16³ = 4096-color palette. 12-bit color can be represented with three hexadecimal digits, also known as shorthand hexadecimal form, which is commonly used in web design. The palette is as follows:

12-bit RGB systems include the following:

• Amiga OCS/ECS (32, 64, or 4,096 colors)
• Apple IIGS Video Graphics Chip (3,200 colors)
• Atari STe (16 colors)
• Acorn Archimedes
• Sega Game Gear (32 colors)
• Hi-Text Level 2.5+ Teletext
• Neo Geo Pocket Color (147 colors)
• Atari Lynx (16 colors)
• NEC PC-9801 VM/VX models typically equipped with a NEC V30 or better, but before the PC9821 Series.
• The Sharp X1 Turbo Z Series
• Fujitsu FM-77AV
• The Amstrad CPC 664Plus, 6128Plus and GX4000 (32 colors)
• NeXTstation Color and NeXTstation Turbo Color
• WonderSwan Color
• Thomson TO8
• IBM PCs with Professional Graphics Controller

The Allegro library supported in the (legacy) version 4, an emulated 12-bit color mode example code ("ex12bit.c"), using 8-bit indexed color in VGA/SVGA. It used two pixels for each emulated pixel, paired horizontally, and a specifically adapted 256-color palette. One range of the palette was many brightnesses of one primary color (say green), and another range of the other two primaries mixed together at different amounts and brightnesses (red and blue). It effectively reduced the horizontal resolution by half, but allowed a 12-bit "true color" in DOS and other 8-bit VGA/SVGA modes. The effect also somewhat reduced the total brightness of the screen. ^[24]

15-bit RGB

Systems with a 15-bit RGB palette use 5 bits for each of the red, green, and blue color components. This results in a (2⁵)³ = 32³ = 32,768-color palette (commonly known as Highcolor) as follows:

15-bit systems include:

• Super Nintendo Entertainment System (256 colors)
• Truevision TARGA and AT-Vista graphic cards for IBM PC/AT and compatibles, and NU-Vista for Macintosh
• Later models of Super VGA (SVGA) IBM PC compatible graphic cards
• Nintendo Game Boy Color/Advance/SP/Micro pocket video game consoles (Color: 56 colors, Advance/SP/Micro: 512 colors)
• Nintendo DS (2D output)
• Neo Geo AES/Neo Geo CD video game consoles (4096 colors)
• The Sega 32X Addon for the Mega Drive/Genesis
• While the PlayStation utilized a 24-bit color depth for calculations and video, textures applied to 3D objects had a maximum color depth of 15-bit.

18-bit RGB

Systems with an 18-bit RGB palette use 6 bits for each of the red, green, and blue color components. This results in a (2⁶)³ = 64³ = 262,144-color palette as follows:

18-bit RGB systems include the following:

• IBM 8514, MCGA, VGA for IBM PC compatibles (256 colors out of 262,144)
• Atari Falcon (256 colors)
• Nintendo DS (3D output and 2D blended output)
• Used internally by many LCD monitors

24-bit RGB

Often known as truecolor and millions of colors, 24-bit color is the highest color depth normally used, and is available on most modern display systems and software. Its color palette contains (2⁸)³ = 256³ = 16,777,216 colors. 24-bit color can be represented with six hexadecimal digits.

All 16,777,216 colors (downscaled, click or tap image for full resolution).

The complete palette (shown above) needs a squared image of 4,096 pixels wide (50.33 MB uncompressed), and there is not enough room in this page to show it at full.

This can be imagined as 256 stacked squares like the following, every one of them having the same given value for the red component, from 0 to 255.

The color transitions in these patches must be seen as continuous. If color stepping (banding) inside is visible, then probably the display is set to a Highcolor (15- or 16- bits RGB, 32,768 or 65,536 colors) mode or lesser.

Red = 0	Red = 85 (1/3 of 255)
Red = 170 (2/3 of 255)	Red = 255

All 16,777,216 colors in the same pattern as the other RGB palettes above (downscaled, click image for full resolution).

This is also the number of colors used in true color image files, like Truevision TGA, TIFF, JPEG (the last internally encoded as YCbCr) and Windows Bitmap, captured with scanners and digital cameras, as well as those created with 3D computer graphics software.

24-bit RGB systems include:

• Amiga Advanced Graphics Architecture (256 or 262,144 colors)
• Nintendo 3DS
• Original PlayStation
• PlayStation Portable and Vita
• Later models of Super VGA (SVGA) IBM PC compatible graphic cards
• Truevision AT-Vista graphic cards for IBM PC/AT and compatibles, and NU-Vista for Macintosh.
• The Philips CD-i
• Nintendo Switch

30-bit RGB

Some newer graphics cards support 30-bit RGB and more. Its color palette contains (2¹⁰)³ = 1024³ = 1,073,741,824 colors. However, there are few operating systems or applications that support this mode yet. For some people, it may be hard to distinguish between higher color palettes than 24-bit color offers. However, the range of luminance, or gray scale, offered in a 30-bit color system would have 1,024 levels of luminance rather than the 256 of the common standard 24-bit, to which the human eye is more sensitive than to hue. This reduces the banding effect for gradients across large areas. ^[25]

Bad-regular RGB palettes

These also are full RGB palette repertories, but either they do not have the same number of levels for every red, green and blue components, or they are bit levels based. Nevertheless, all of them are used in very popular personal computers. (In this context, the word "bad" is a contraction of "bright-add"; it is not an explicit description of poor image quality.)

For further details on color palettes for these systems, see the article List of 8-bit computer hardware palettes.

4-bit RGBI

See also: Color Graphics Adapter and ZX Spectrum graphic modes

The 4-bit RGBI palette is similar to the 3-bit RGB palette but adds one bit for intensity. This allows each of the colors of the 3-bit palette to have a dark and bright variant, potentially giving a total of 2³×2 = 16 colors. However, some implementations had only 15 effective colors due to the "dark" and "bright" variations of black being displayed identically.

This 4-bit RGBI schema is used in several platforms with variations, so the table given below is a simple reference for the palette richness, and not an actual implemented palette. For this reason, no numbers are assigned to each color, and color order is arbitrary.

Note that "dark white" is a lighter gray than "bright black" in this example.

IBM PC graphics

A common use of 4-bit RGBI was on IBM PCs and compatible computers that used a 9-pin DE-9 connector for color output. These computers used a modified "dark yellow" color that appeared to be brown. On displays designed for the IBM PC, setting a color "bright" added ⅓ of the maximum to all three channels' brightness, so the "bright" colors were whiter shades of their 3-bit counterparts. Each of the other bits increased a channel by ⅔, except that dark yellow had only ⅓ green and was therefore brown instead of ochre. ^[26]

PC graphics standards using this RGBI mode include:

• IBM's original Color Graphics Adapter.
• IBM's Enhanced Graphics Adapter, in CGA modes
• "Tandy graphics" on IBM's PCjr and Tandy 1000-series computers.
• Plantronics Colorplus on a limited number of PC-compatible computers.

The CGA palette is also used by default by IBM's later EGA, MCGA, and VGA graphics standards for backward compatibility, but these standards allow the palette to be changed, since they either provide extra video signal lines or use analog RGB output.

The MOS Technology 8563 and 8568 Video Display Controller chips used on the Commodore 128 series for its 80-column mode (and the unreleased Commodore 900 workstation) also used the same palette used on the IBM PC, since these chips were designed to work with existing CGA PC monitors.

Other uses

Other systems using a variation of the 4-bit RGBI mode include:

• The ZX Spectrum series of computers, which lack distinct "dark" and "light" black colors, resulting in an effective 15-color palette. ^[27]
• The Sharp MZ-800 series computers. ^[28]
• The Thomson MO5 and TO7 where the intensity bit created a variation of saturation ("saturated" or "pastel"). ^{[29] [30]}
• The Mattel Aquarius and AlphaTantel (using the TEA1002 video encoder chip ^{[31] [32] [33]} ) where the intensity bit created a variations of brightness and saturation. ^[31] There are three bits for the RGB components (generating 8 primary colors at full saturation but 75% luminance - similar to the EBU colour bars) and an intensity bit that controls a variation of the base color (a 75% luminance decrease for white, creating gray; a 50% chroma saturation decrease for the RGB primary colors).
• The Magnavox Odyssey 2 is equipped with an Intel 8244 (NTSC) or 8245 (PAL) custom IC, and uses a 4-bit RGBI color palette. ^{[34] [35]} Bits 0 to 2 define Grid color, bits 3 to 5 define Background color, bit 6 defines Grid luminance (0=dim/1=bright) and bit 7 is unused. ^[35]

• 
  Sample image rendered using the ZX Spectrum 4-bit RGBI color palette
• 
  Color chart rendered using the ZX Spectrum 4-bit RGBI color palette
• 
  Sample image rendered using the Thomson MO5/TO7 4-bit RGBI palette
• 
  Color chart rendered using the Thomson MO5/TO7 4-bit RGBI palette
• 
  Sample image rendered using the Mattel Aquarius 4-bit RGBI palette
• 
  Color chart rendered using the Mattel Aquarius 4-bit RGBI palette
• 
  Sample image rendered using the Magnavox Odyssey 2 4-bit RGBI palette
• 
  Color chart rendered using the Magnavox Odyssey 2 4-bit RGBI palette

3-level RGB

3-level RGB dithering:

The 3-level, or 1-trit (not 3 bits) RGB uses three levels for every red, green and blue color component, resulting in a 3³ = 27 colors palette as follows:

This palette is used by:

• The Amstrad CPC series of personal computers excluding the Plus models (up to 16 colors simultaneously)
• The Toshiba Pasopia 7 (uses hardware dithering to simulate intermediate color intensities, based on a mix of the full intensity RGB primaries. ^[36] )

8-bit RGB

3-3-2 bit RGB or 8-8-4 levels RGB

The 3-3-2 bit RGB use 3 bits for each of the red and green color components, and 2 bits for the blue component, due to the human eyes having lesser sensitivity to blue. This results in an 8×8×4 = 256-color palette as follows:

This palette is used by:

• The MSX2 series of personal computers
• Palette 4 of the IBM PGC
• Extended Graphics Array (XGA)
• Enterprise Computer
• Vector-06C, a home computer from the USSR
• VGA built-in output of the Digilent Inc. NEXYS 2, NEXYS 3 and BASYS2 FPGA boards
• The Uzebox gaming console
• SGI Indy 8-bit XL graphics
• The Tiki 100 personal computer (only 16 colors can be displayed simultaneously)
• Wear OS smartwatches with ambient display mode (only 16 colors can be displayed simultaneously)

3-2-3 bit RGB or 8-4-8 levels RGB

The 3-2-3 bit RGB palette uses 3 bits for the red color component, 2 bits for the green, and 3 bits for the blue. This results in an 8×4×8 = 256-color palette.

This palette is used by:

• Palette 3 of the IBM PGC

2-3-3 bit RGB or 4-8-8 levels RGB

The 2-3-3 bit RGB palette uses 2 bits for the red color component, and 3 bits for the green and blue components. This results in an 4×8×8 = 256-color palette.

This palette is used by:

• Palette 2 of the IBM PGC

16-bit RGB (also known as RGB565)

Most modern systems support 16-bit color. It is sometimes referred to as High color (along with the 15-bit RGB), medium color or thousands of colors. It utilizes a color palette of 32×64×32 = 65,536 colors. Usually, there are 5 bits allocated for the red and blue color components (32 levels each) and 6 bits for the green component (64 levels), due to the greater sensitivity of the common human eye to this color. This doubles the 15-bit RGB palette.

The 16-bit RGB palette using 6 bits for the green component:

The Atari Falcon and the Extended Graphics Array (XGA) for IBM PS/2 use the 16-bit RGB palette.

It must be noticed that not all systems using 16-bit color depth employ the 16-bit, 32-64-32 level RGB palette. Platforms like the Sharp X68000 home computer or the Neo Geo video game console employs the 15-bit RGB palette (5 bits are used for red, green, and blue), but the last bit specifies a less significant intensity or luminance. The 16-bit mode of the Truevision TARGA/AT-Vista/NU-Vista graphic cards and its associated TGA file format also uses 15-bit RGB, but it devotes its remaining bit as a simple alpha channel for video overlay. The Atari Falcon can also be switched into a matching mode by setting of an "overlay" bit in the graphics processor mode register when in 16-bit mode, meaning it can actually display in either 15- or 16-bit color depth depending on application.

Color palette comparison side-by-side

Basic color palettes

4-bit grayscale

0x0

0x1

0x2

0x3

0x4

0x5

0x6

0x7

0x8

0x9

0xA

0xB

0xC

0xD

0xE

0xF

3-bit RGB

0x0

0x1

0x2

0x3

0x4

0x5

0x6

0x7

Notes

• Color values in bold exist in 2-bit (four color) grayscale palette. Color values in very bold exist in 1-bit, monochrome palette.
• In 4-bit RGBI, dark colors have 2⁄3rds intensity of the bright colors, not 1⁄2.

Advanced color palettes

8-bit RGB (VGA)

^[37]

0x00

0x01

0x02

0x03

0x04

0x05

0x06

0x07

0x08

0x09

0x0A

0x0B

0x0C

0x0D

0x0E

0x0F

0x10

0x11

0x12

0x13

0x14

0x15

0x16

0x17

0x18

0x19

0x1A

0x1B

0x1C

0x1D

0x1E

0x1F

0x20

0x21

0x22

0x23

0x24

0x25

0x26

0x27

0x28

0x29

0x2A

0x2B

0x2C

0x2D

0x2E

0x2F

0x30

0x31

0x32

0x33

0x34

0x35

0x36

0x37

0x38

0x39

0x3A

0x3B

0x3C

0x3D

0x3E

0x3F

0x40

0x41

0x42

0x43

0x44

0x45

0x46

0x47

0x48

0x49

0x4A

0x4B

0x4C

0x4D

0x4E

0x4F

0x50

0x51

0x52

0x53

0x54

0x55

0x56

0x57

0x58

0x59

0x5A

0x5B

0x5C

0x5D

0x5E

0x5F

0x60

0x61

0x62

0x63

0x64

0x65

0x66

0x67

0x68

0x69

0x6A

0x6B

0x6C

0x6D

0x6E

0x6F

0x70

0x71

0x72

0x73

0x74

0x75

0x76

0x77

0x78

0x79

0x7A

0x7B

0x7C

0x7D

0x7E

0x7F

0x80

0x81

0x82

0x83

0x84

0x85

0x86

0x87

0x88

0x89

0x8A

0x8B

0x8C

0x8D

0x8E

0x8F

0x90

0x91

0x92

0x93

0x94

0x95

0x96

0x97

0x98

0x99

0x9A

0x9B

0x9C

0x9D

0x9E

0x9F

0xA0

0xA1

0xA2

0xA3

0xA4

0xA5

0xA6

0xA7

0xA8

0xA9

0xAA

0xAB

0xAC

0xAD

0xAE

0xAF

0xB0

0xB1

0xB2

0xB3

0xB4

0xB5

0xB6

0xB7

0xB8

0xB9

0xBA

0xBB

0xBC

0xBD

0xBE

0xBF

0xC0

0xC1

0xC2

0xC3

0xC4

0xC5

0xC6

0xC7

0xC8

0xC9

0xCA

0xCB

0xCC

0xCD

0xCE

0xCF

0xD0

0xD1

0xD2

0xD3

0xD4

0xD5

0xD6

0xD7

0xD8

0xD9

0xDA

0xDB

0xDC

0xDD

0xDE

0xDF

0xE0

0xE1

0xE2

0xE3

0xE4

0xE5

0xE6

0xE7

0xE8

0xE9

0xEA

0xEB

0xEC

0xED

0xEE

0xEF

0xF0

0xF1

0xF2

0xF3

0xF4

0xF5

0xF6

0xF7

0xF8

0xF9

0xFA

0xFB

0xFC

0xFD

0xFE

0xFF

See also

• Bitmap
• Palette (computing)
• Grayscale
• Indexed color
• List of home computers by video hardware
• List of 8-bit computer hardware graphics
• List of 16-bit computer color palettes
• List of video game console palettes
• List of software palettes
• Computer display

References

1. "Commodore: A2024". Archived from the original on 2012-03-02.
2. Corporation, Bonnier (February 13, 1923). "Popular Science". Bonnier Corporation – via Google Books.
3. Thomas, Elway (1923). "First Successful Color Movie". Popular Science (Feb 1923): 59.
4. "Kinemacolor".
5. Trenholm, Richard. "The first Technicolor film was a total disaster a century ago". CNET.
6. Cinematographic Multiplex Projection, &c. U.S. Patent No. 1,391,029, filed February 20, 1917.
7. "Moving Pictures in Color", The New York Times, February 22, 1917, p. 9.
8. "The first Technicolor film was a total disaster a century ago". CNET. September 9, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
9. "Raycol".
10. Cherchi Usai, Paolo (2000). Silent Cinema. British Film Institute. p. 35.
11. Nowotny, Robert Allen (January 1, 1983). The Way of All Flesh Tones: A History of Color Motion Picture Processes, 1895-1929. pp. 127–129. ISBN   9780824051099 . Retrieved May 29, 2015.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
12. "Patent 1,145,968 - Photographic Film" (PDF). United States Patent Office. July 13, 1915. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
13. "Brewster".
14. Capstaff, a former portrait photographer and physics and engineering student had already worked on colour photography before he joined C.K. Mees and other former Wratten and Wainright employees in their move to Rochester in 1912–1913 after Eastman had bought that company to persuade Mees to come and work for him.
15. "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
16. "2012 National Film Registry Picks in A League of Their Own". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-05-13.
17. "Prizma II".
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