The IBM PCjr (pronounced "PC junior") was a home computer produced and marketed by IBM from March 1984 to May 1985, intended as a lower-cost variant of the IBM PC with hardware capabilities better suited for video games, in order to compete more directly with other home computers such as the Apple II and Commodore 64.
It retained the IBM PC's 8088CPU and BIOS interface, but provided enhanced graphics and sound, ROM cartridge slots, built-in joystick ports, and an infrared wireless keyboard. The PCjr supported expansion via "sidecar" modules, which could be attached to the side of the unit.
Despite widespread anticipation, the PCjr was ultimately unsuccessful in the market. It was only partially IBM PC compatible, limiting support for IBM's software library, its chiclet keyboard was widely criticized for its poor quality, expandability was limited, and it was initially offered with a maximum of 128KB of RAM, insufficient for many PC programs.
Models
The PCjr came in two models:
4860-004 - 64KB of memory, priced at US$669 (equivalent to $2,050in 2023)
4860-067 - 128KB of memory and a 360KB, 5.25-inch floppy disk drive, priced at US$1,269 (equivalent to $3,880in 2023)
A related machine, the IBM JX, was sold in the Japan, Australia and New Zealand markets.
Hardware
The PCjr chassis is made entirely of plastic, unlike the all-steel chassis of the IBM PC. A 5.25" front bay allows the installation of a 180/360K floppy disk drive. The internal floppy drive was a half-height Qume 5.25" unit; IBM also used these drives in the PC Portable, but the PCjr units were specially equipped with a small fan to prevent overheating since the computer did not have a case fan.
IBM PCjr BASIC cartridge
Cartridges
The front of the PCjr exposes a pair of cartridge slots in which the user can insert software on ROM cartridges, as was common with other home computers. Each cartridge can contain up to 64 KB of ROM.[1] When a ROM cartridge is inserted, the machine can automatically restart and boot off of the ROM, without requiring the user to manually reboot. This auto-restart function is an optional feature of each cartridge: a cartidge can either restart the machine or not when it is inserted, depending on the construction of the cartridge.[1] PCjr catridges are strictly read-only, unlike the software cartridges of some other contemporary computers and game consoles which can also be equipped with read/write memory (RAM) or I/O hardware in a straightforward way.[2]
Cartridges can also replace the system BIOS and other firmware.[3] A number of patches from various vendors are included on a single "combo-cartridge", licensed and sold by PC Enterprises, to support add-on hardware, bypass certain limitations of design, and keep up with changing OS requirements.
Processor
Like the IBM PC, the PCjr uses an Intel 8088 clocked at 4.77MHz.
Despite using the same CPU and clock speed, performance is often inferior to the PC, because access to system RAM is delayed by wait states added by the Video Gate Array to synchronize shared access to RAM between the CPU and the video hardware. IBM claimed that an average of two wait states are added, but the designers of the Tandy 1000, a clone of the PCjr, claimed that six was a more accurate figure.[4]
This delay only applies to software resident in the first 64 KB or 128 KB of RAM inside the system unit itself, and not to programs or data located in ROM - including software on ROM cartridges plugged into the front of the PCjr - or in additional RAM in a sidecar attachment. Under these circumstances the PCjr should run at full speed. The most common instances in which this maximum speed would be achieved are when running games or productivity applications from ROM cartridges. In fact, because the PCjr video subsystem continuously refreshes the system internal DRAM transparently, without disturbing the CPU, programs running from ROM on the PCjr may actually run slightly faster on the PCjr than on an IBM PC or XT.
Unlike the IBM PC, which required a separate video card, the PCjr display hardware was built in to the system board. At the time, the only cards available from IBM for the PC were the monochrome MDA and color CGA boards. PCjr graphics were similar to CGA, with several new video modes:
160×200 at 16 colors
320×200 at 16 colors
640×200 at 04 colors
PCjr video modes
Simulated image as displayed using PCjr 160 × 200 mode with 16 colors
Simulated image as displayed using PCjr 320 × 200 mode with 16 colors
Simulated image as displayed using PCjr 640 × 200 mode with 4 colors
Simulation of PCjr graphics (top) compared to CGA PC graphics of the time (bottom).
The primary improvement over CGA is the greater color depth. CGA could only display 4 colors in its medium-resolution mode, and 2 colors in high-resolution. The PCjr increases these to 16 and 4 colors.
Video modes on the PCjr use varying amounts of system memory: 40x25 text mode uses 1 KB, for instance, while 320x200x16 and 640x200x4 use 32 KB. These latter two modes, as well as 80x25 text mode, are referred to in documentation as "high bandwidth modes" and are unsupported on base models with only 64 KB of memory.
Multiple text or graphics pages can be used for page-flipping as long as there is enough memory, a feature missing from the CGA. The CGA also did not provide a VBLANK interrupt, making it hard to detect when the screen was beginning to be drawn, but the PCjr provides this on IRQ 5, an important feature for smooth page-flipping.
The video system also has a "blink" feature which toggles the palette between the first and second groups of eight palette registers at the same rate used for the PCs blinking text attribute, and a palette bit-masking feature that can be used to switch between palette subsets without reprogramming palette registers.
Unlike CGA, PCjr has palette registers which allow the colors in all modes to be chosen from the full 16-color RGBI palette. When the BIOS is used to set a video mode, it sets up the palette table to emulate the CGA color palette for that mode. Programs specifically written to use PCjr graphics can subsequently reprogram the palette table to use any colors desired. Palette changes must be made during horizontal or vertical blanking periods of a video frame in order to avoid disrupting the display (transiently during the palette change).
The monitor included with the PCjr is a 12" TTL RGBI display like those supported by the CGA, but including an internal amplified speaker. Also like CGA, the PCjr supported composite video out for use with a TV or composite monitor.
A Motorola 6845 CRTC like the one used in the MDA and CGA adapters, and a custom IBM chip called the Video Gate Array (VGA) constitute the bulk of the PCjr video hardware.[5][6] Several discrete standard logic devices complete the video subsystem.[7] The 6845 is responsible for the basic raster timing and video data address sequencing, and the Video Gate Array contains all the additional timing logic, video data demultiplexing logic, color processing logic, and programmable palette table logic, as well as the logic for multiplexing RAM access between the 8088 CPU and the video generation circuitry. For programming, the CRTC is generally compatible with the CGA at the hardware register level. Some other CGA programming details, in particular the Mode Control Register and the Color Select Register (at I/O addresses 3D8h and 3D9h respectively), are not compatible, as the PCjr provides the equivalent functionality through different registers inside the Video Gate Array which are accessed in a completely different manner through a single I/O address (3DAh).
The 6845 CRTC and the VGA together are responsible for refreshing the internal DRAM of the PCjr, which complicates the process of switching video modes on the PCjr. Resetting the VGA, which must be done during certain video mode switches, must be done by code not running from the system RAM controlled by the VGA, and if the CRTC or the VGA is disabled for too long, the contents of the internal RAM can be lost. Additional external DRAM (in sidecar expansion modules) is refreshed independently and never affected by a video mode switch.
Of the three new modes, 160x200x16 mode has the same layout as CGA graphics modes; the odd and even scanlines are stored in the first and second half of the video buffer, each half being 8k in size, and every four bits represents one pixel. The 320x200x16 and 640x200x4 modes have four blocks of scanlines; every four or two bits respectively represents a pixel.
Since the PCjr uses the main system RAM for the video buffer, less memory is available for software than on a standard PC, which has separate dedicated video memory in the A000h-BFFFh segments, above conventional memory.[8]
Sound
IBM PCjr internals
The PCjr's sound is provided by a Texas InstrumentsSN76496 which can produce three square waves of varying amplitude and frequency along with a noise channel powered by a shift register.[9] It is similar to the programmable sound generator chips used in game consoles such as the Master System. The PCjr design also allows for an analog sound source in an expansion-bus "sidecar" module, and a software-controlled internal analog switch can select the source for the sound output from among the PC speaker, the SN76489, the cassette port, or the expansion-bus sound source. Only one sound source can be selected at a time; the sources cannot be mixed.
Keyboard / Lightpen
The wireless PCjr keyboard
The original keyboard included with the PCjr was a wireless design using infrared line-of-sight communication, which IBM initially marketed as the "Freeboard."[10] This is a chiclet keyboard with small, flat, calculator style plastic keycaps. The keycaps are blank, with the labels printed between keys so that overlays can be used.[11] The PCjr keyboard has 62 keys rather than the 83 of the PC keyboard, and the remaining keys must be entered by holding a modifier key.[11][12]
For infrared wireless operation, the keyboard is powered by four AA cells. Certain types of room lighting can cause interference with the infrared keyboard sensor,[13] and multiple keyboards cannot be used wirelessly in the same room without problems.[14]
IBM sold a cable which could be plugged in between the keyboard and computer if the user wanted a more reliable connection, which also eliminated the need for batteries, since the keyboard IR receiver is automatically disabled when the cord is attached to the computer.
The chiclet design was not well received, and in 1984 IBM began shipping a new design, still wireless, but using more conventionally shaped keycaps.[15]
The PCjr also has a light pen port. Besides being used for a light pen (a rarely purchased option), this port can be used in combination with the serial port to supply voltage to a Mouse Systems optical mouse of the same design as those for Sun workstations.
Expansion
A PCjr featuring most upgrades available from PC Enterprises, including combo cartridge, dual floppies, twin ST-225 HDDs (bootable via Future Domain firmware hidden under cover on right). Replacement keyboard sits on top of the Taxan RGB monitor. System is showing "Battlechess".
The back of the machine does not have any expansion slots. Instead, several permanently mounted, proprietary connectors provide attachment to many built-in hardware capabilities, which replaced many of the features that PC expansion cards provided, including:
Graphics hardware
Multichannel sound
Joystick ports
Lightpen interface
Serial port
Cassette interface
Internally the PCjr did have expansion slots to support specific upgrades: a RAM upgrade, a modem, and a floppy drive.
On the right side of the machine, the system bus was exposed for use with "sidecars," upgrade modules which attached to the side of the machine. Third-party manufacturers produced a number of expansion units for the PCjr.[16]
Software
The primary OS for the PCjr was PC DOS, like the IBM PC, and it supported a large amount of PC software, with some incompatibilities.
PC DOS 2.10 is the minimum version of DOS required for the PCjr. IBM's OEM versions of MS-DOS supported the machine up to DOS 3.30, but memory expansion was required for DOS 3.20 and 3.30.
Like the original PC, the PCjr has BASIC in ROM, but includes Cartridge BASIC instead of Cassette BASIC. In addition to cartridge support, it extended the standard IBM BASIC with commands to support the new video and audio functionality.[6][9] The system will boot into Cartridge BASIC if no cartridge or boot disk is present.[17]
Compatibility
The register mapping of the PCjr's video hardware is different from the IBM CGA card, so software that tries to modify or read registers directly will not work. The PCjr has a "gate" register to which software writes the number of the video register to be accessed, followed by the value to be written into it. Alteration of other CRTC registers cannot be assumed to produce the same results from the PCjr video system as from the CGA.
Programs for the CGA that manipulate the CRTC start address, and that rely on address wrap-around above address 0xBC000, may not work correctly on the PCjr because it always has a 32KB contiguous block of RAM in the video area from address 0xB8000 through 0xBFFFF. The PCjr's video memory cannot be moved above 128k if expansion memory is added, so some PC software that ran off of self-booting disks would not work on a PCjr if the software required more than 128k of RAM.[18][3]
The floppy controller on the PCjr also had its I/O registers mapped into different ports than on the PC, and since the PCjr did not have DMA, the BIOS routines for handling floppy access were different and more complex than those on the PC. Software that tried to perform direct, low-level disk access (mainly utilities, but also the occasional game such as Dunzhin: Warrior of Ras) would not work unless it was rewritten for the PCjr.
History
IBM's first home computer was the PC, released in 1981. Within two years the PC had created a large new ecosystem of hardware and software, nearly leading the home computer market[19][20][21][22] with 26% of all microcomputers sold in 1983, second only to the much less expensive Commodore 64.[23]
For a year before the PCjr's announcement, the computer industry discussed rumors of a new IBM product, code named "Peanut", that would repeat the PC's success. The rumors described Peanut as a home computer with 64kB of memory that would be IBM PC compatible, benefit from IBM's service network and, at US$600 to US$1,000, be less expensive than the Apple IIe. IBM repeatedly denied these rumors,[24][22][25][26] but customers visited stores attempting to buy the product and rivals' revenue, product plans, and share prices reacted to the officially nonexistent computer in what the press called "Peanut Panic" or "The Great Peanut Roast".[19][27][28]
By September 1983, books and magazine articles on Peanut were ready for publishing, with only a few changes needed once the still officially nonexistent computer appeared. Software companies prepared to market products as "Peanut compatible" with the computer of which, rumors said, IBM would produce 500,000 units in the first year. Adweek estimated that IBM would spend $75 million on marketing, including an alleged license of Charles Schulz's Peanuts characters. Smalltalk magazine in August published a detailed article on the computer, stating that it would cost $600 plus $400 for a disk drive, use a color TV as a display, and have a standard typewriter keyboard.[29]
Announcement
IBM announced the PCjr on November 1, 1983, at its New York City headquarters with an enormous amount of advance publicity, including live news coverage of the event.[30][11]
Experts predicted, according to The Washington Post, that the PCjr would "quickly become the standard by which all other home computers are measured"[31] and estimated sales of one million or more in 1984,[12] expecting the PCjr to change the home-computer market in a similar way to how the IBM PC had changed the business-microcomputer market.[30][32][11] They predicted that the PCjr would extend IBM's dominance, with customers able to use the company's computers in the home and in the office.[33][21][31]Texas Instruments left the market four days before IBM's announcement, after losing US$223 million in nine months against Commodore[20][22][34] by selling its 99/4A for as low as $99.[35]
Developers began creating PCjr software in 1982.[36]Sierra On-Line, SPC, and The Learning Company were among those that produced games, productivity, and educational software as launch titles,[12][37] using detailed IBM production outlines[38][39] under a policy of strictly enforced security.[38]
The PCjr's graphics and sound features were superior to the PC's,[9][40][12] and PC Magazine speculated that "the PCjr might be the best game machine ever designed".[37] Prominent among launch titles was Sierra's graphical adventureKing's Quest I, much of whose $850,000 budget was paid by IBM.[36]
Release and reception
The PCjr's chiclet keyboard was unpopular.
The PCjr was released in March 1984, missing the 1983 Christmas sales season due to production delays.[21][42][43][26]
Even prior to release, anticipation of the machine was mixed. Ziff Davis, publisher of the successful PC Magazine, printed the first issue of PCjr Magazine before the first units shipped, and competing computer magazines included Peanut, PCjr World,[44]jr, and Compute! for the PC and PCjr.[45] However, as new information became available about the machine, retailers became deeply concerned about its marketability.[46]
When the PCjr became widely available in March 1984[47] sales were below expectations. Consumer interest was reportedly high until demonstration machines were available, at which point interest dropped steeply.[42] Dealers reported that consumers disliked the price, keyboard, and limited memory,[48] and retailers that sold primarily to business customers did not know how to market it.[49]
The press soon reported that the PCjr could embarrass IBM, with executives reportedly worrying about demand. Stores began discounts while vendors slowed plans to release products.[50][51][52] IBM admitted that demand for the PCjr was not growing as rapidly as expected.[48] By May 1984 it had only sold 10,000 units, while other companies were reported to be slow in developing software for the system.[53]
In response to the surprising lack of interest, IBM began early discounts of up to US$370[54] in June, lowering the two models' prices to $599 and $999,[55] but many of its dealers could not sell their initial shipments of 25 computers each.[42][55] IBM allowed them to postpone paying for inventory for 180 days,[56] but inventory continued to pile up.[43] By August the PCjr was being described as a flop.[57][32]
Issues
One of the most significant complaints about the PCjr was its chiclet keyboard,[12][39] which was described as unsuitable for serious typing[12] and "nearly useless."[58] The lack of direct function keys was a pain point for word processing.[59]
Cost
The PCjr's cost was its biggest disadvantage, even more so than the keyboard.[43] The price point was perceived as too high for a home computer, but not powerful enough for a business machine.[42] IBM's lack of clear messaging on their target market (home, schools, or executives working at home) made it difficult for software developers, consumers,[60][61] and dealers[49] to prepare for the product. The price point was perceived as targeting a market that did not exist.[52] IBM was surprised to learn that many of the initial customers for the PCjr were not home users as they assumed, but instead businesses who wanted a cheaper PC that took less space on a desk.
IBM failed to recognize that many consumers wanted a computer more sophisticated than those that cost less than $500, but did not want to spend more than $1,000.[61] The PCjr offered no compelling reason to spend that much.[62] The PCjr cost more than twice as much as the C64 and the Atari 8-bit computers, while inferior to both for videogames.[12][63] Spinnaker, a game developer, stated that they discontinued development for the PCjr when they learned of the actual price.[61]
Consumers were reportedly much more excited about the also-new Macintosh 128K, which was more sophisticated but only cost US$300 more, with accessories and software.[43][42] The Macintosh reportedly outsold the IBM product during their first two months on the market.[50] The PCjr's price was close to that of the Coleco Adam, but the Adam also included a tape drive, a printer, and software.[22] A realistic cost including peripherals was $2,000[64][17] and other configurations cost $3,000 or more.[30][65][17]
The IIe was the PCjr's most direct competition.[50][51][66] Although the PC outsold it[25] Apple sold almost 110,000 units in December 1983, in part to customers who had waited until details of the PCjr became available.[67] Apple estimated that 80% of its dealers sold IBM and Apple computers, and many visitors who were disappointed by the PCjr, or curious about the Macintosh, reportedly left with a IIe instead. The latter was so popular that a shortage occurred in early 1984.[25]
The US$669 PCjr model compared favorably to a $1,400 IIe also with 64kB and no floppy drive,[12][60] but Apple lowered their computer's price[43] as part of a "Starter System" package, with monitor and floppy drive, to a price as low as $1,300,[25] plus a 30% discount for the important education market.[68] In April 1984 Apple introduced the Apple IIc, a portable version with a more compact form factor, 128kB of RAM, and a floppy drive. Although the PCjr's CPU was superior, the IIc—which Apple did not describe as a home computer, to avoid the "game machine" connotation—had an excellent keyboard and was compatible with the Apple II's enormous software library.[69][52][70][71][72]
Compatibility
By early 1984, PC compatibility was vital for any new, non-Apple computer's success.[73] IBM had expected that most customers in the market would be new to computers, but 75% of the market were familiar with computers and wanted to run business software on the PCjr.[74] An important market was executives who took data home to work on applications such as Lotus 1-2-3 and Peanut had been rumored to be fully PC compatible,[28] so many customers visited stores believing that the PCjr could run most PC software.[42][43][52][21][75]
IBM's intent was for the PCjr to be perceived as a unique platform, like most other home computers, and their documentation stated it was "a different computer than the PC", but with "a high level of programming compatibility."[76] Nonetheless, potential customers perceived it as a variant of the PC, not a unique platform.[77] While many PC applications would run, specific compatibility issues existed with software that used more than 128K of RAM or required more than one floppy disk drive.[78]
Thousands of PC applications did require more than 128K of memory[79] and two disk drives,[64][17] making the PCjr incompatible with about 60% of software by some measures, including the popular word-processing program WordStar and Lotus 1-2-3,[43][32] common applications used to test PC compatibility.[80][40][81] IBM's own DisplayWrite was released as a unique PCjr version.[59] These compatibility limitations made the computer unsuitable for taking work home,[17] although a PCjr variant of 1-2-3 was eventually released.[81]
Ultimately, the PCjr was perceived as not having a killer app to make up for these limitations.[17] Software incompatibility made it inadequate as a business machine,[72] but poor performance with arcade-style games made it inadequate as a games machine.[63]
Limited hardware expansion
Computer dealers quickly identified the PCjr's limited hardware expansion capability as another major disadvantage.[51][43] ROM cartridges had small storage capacity,[35] requiring, for instance, two cartridges and a floppy disk for the PCjr version of Lotus 1-2-3, which also had difficulty fitting complex spreadsheets into 128K of RAM.[81] IBM published technical details for the PCjr as it had done for the IBM PC to encourage third parties to develop accessories, but did not offer a second floppy drive, hard drive,[31][30] or memory beyond 128KB.[82][15]
While multiple sidecar expansion units could be attached, they took up a lot of space, and the computer required additional power supplies to support a second floppy drive or more than one sidecar. IBM advised against adding more than four sidecars.[30][32][17] The PCjr also lacks a DMA controller, so the 8088 CPU has to service floppy disk transfers directly, causing the system to momentarily freeze while accessing a disk. The PCjr also cannot use modems faster than 2400 baud.[82][17][65]
Response to poor sales
By mid-1984, the PCjr had experienced months of bad publicity, and dealers were panicking.[32] Sales were poor and falling each month before rising slightly with the June discounts, and each dealer sold an average of 15 units total in the first half of the year.[55] Apple sold almost as many IIc computers on its first day as PCjr since introduction.[17]
IBM downplayed complaints about the keyboard,[39][17] but in July announced that it would replace the chiclet keyboards, for free, with a new model with conventional typewriter-style keys.[17] This was perceived as unusually generous even for IBM, especially within the computer industry.[15][32][63] By replacing the keyboards IBM was acknowledging the original models were a mistake.[15][13]
In August 1984, IBM began a massive advertising campaign which ran through the end of the year.[55] They reduced the PCjr's list price, offering a US$999 package meant to be superior to the comparably priced Apple IIe and IIc, and they introduced new IBM-made memory expansion options to bring the machine to 512KB.[15] As part of $32.5 million in advertising for the computer during 1984,[83] it began what the company described as the most extensive marketing campaign in IBM history, in which 98% of Americans would see at least 30 PCjr advertisements in the last four months of the year. Three simultaneous bundled software promotions, a sweepstakes with Procter & Gamble, and direct mail to more than 10 million people marketed the redesigned computer,[84][85] while deemphasizing the PCjr's role as a home computer and emphasizing PC compatibility.[15][17] Advertisements listed the new price, "new typewriter-style keyboard", standard 128KB of memory and expansion options, the PCjr version of 1-2-3, and the ability to "run over a thousand of the most popular programs written for the IBM PC".[86] A $500 rebate to dealers let them include a free color monitor with the discounted PCjr.[87][54]
Despite widespread skepticism,[88] what became known as the "Save-the-Junior campaign"[85] succeeded in the short term. Sales rose every month from June (1.9 units sold per store) to September (4.2)[55] and many dealers reported selling more in the weeks following the changes than in the previous seven months.[32][89][85] The more expensive model now cost the $800 to 900 that had originally been expected prior to release.[61] With the new hardware options and lower prices consumers could buy a PCjr for $1,000 less than a comparable PC.[79][15]
The PCjr reportedly became the best-selling computer,[90] outselling the Apple IIe and IIc by four to one in some stores[87][91] and even the C64.[32] As sales reached an estimated 50 per store in December[92] dealers increased inventories,[61] and Tecmar resumed production of PCjr peripherals after retailers suddenly began ordering its products again.[85]
Discontinuation
By January 1985, IBM had sold an estimated 240,000-275,000 PCjrs, 200,000 of which were sold in the fourth quarter of 1984. When the discounts ended, however, sales decreased abruptly[90][92][26] and inventories began to stack up again.[61] By this time, three PCjr-specific magazines had ended their publications[45] with significant losses.[93] IBM was unable to meet the demand for its new PC AT business microcomputer, but the home-computer market was in decline[77][26] and the company was likely unable to make a sufficient profit when selling the PCjr at a discount.[56][92][61][26]
IBM discontinued the PCjr on March 19, 1985, stating that "The home market didn't expand to the degree I.B.M. and many observers thought it would". The surprise decision[92][26] by IBM's CEO John Akers[74] astounded software developers, some of which only made PCjr products.[90] Rumored to have 100,000 to 400,000 unsold PCjrs[90][94][95] despite not having ordered new microprocessors from Intel since summer 1984,[96] the company offered large discounts to its employees[97] and consumers. Inventory remained through Christmas 1985, and IBM used discounts as well as radio and full-page print ads to try to sell off remaining stocks.[95]
Legacy
The press widely covered the failure of the PCjr.[74] Although the machine's failure had little effect on IBM's revenue ($46 billion in 1984) discontinuing such a prominent product embarrassed IBM.[61] The failure was so great that it was compared to the Edsel and New Coke,[98] and IBM reportedly created a Chiclet rule, requiring human factors testing for future products.[99]
Some analysts speculated that IBM's bureaucratic culture, so different from that of the less-rigid Boca Raton division that created the PC, had resulted in the failure, while others thought that the absence of IBM's cautious and thorough bureaucrats had caused it. Don Estridge said their mistake had been to expect that first-time computer users would buy a PCjr.[74] It was perceived by developers that IBM had entered the market without doing any research.[61]
Tandy Corporation released a clone, the Tandy 1000, in November 1984,[100] describing it as "what the PCjr should have been".[101] After the PCjr's discontinuation, Tandy quickly removed any mention of it in advertising, while emphasizing the 1000's PC compatibility. The machine and its many successors sold well, unlike the PCjr, partly because the Tandy 1000 was sold in ubiquitous Radio Shack stores and partly because it was less costly, easier to expand, and almost entirely compatible with the IBM PC. The PCjr's enhanced graphics and sound standards became known as "Tandy-compatible", and many PC games advertised their Tandy support. One company developed a PCjr modification that made it compatible with Tandy software.[102]
Ultimately, the PCjrs failure was attributed to its lack of PC compatibility.[103] As PC clones became widely available at prices as low as $600, less than the price of the Apple IIc, consumers began purchasing DOS computers for the home in large numbers, and these inexpensive clones succeeded with consumers where the PCjr had failed, by being as fast as, or faster than the IBM PC while still being highly compatible.[104]
Several upgrades for the PCjr were designed by IBM/Teledyne but never reached store shelves before the PCjr was canceled. These included a wireless joystick and various memory and drive upgrades. PC Enterprises became the last of the major third-party vendors to supply full service, parts, and add-ons, extending the functional life of the PCjr to about 10 years, often buying out inventory and rights for PCjr support.[105]
Other manufacturers provided support items for PCjr fans, such as hard drive attachments and specialized sidecars that the user could use to enhance the system. The PCjr was able to run other software designed for the PC, such as word processor, database and spreadsheet programs ran well on the PCjr with 128K of memory. When fully expanded to over 600K memory, the PCjr would run most IBM PC software.[106]
IBM returned to the home market in 1990 with the PS/1. Unlike the PCjr, the PS/1 offered full PC compatibility, a low price, and a conventional keyboard.[98]
Asterisk (*) denotes a model released in Japan only
Related Research Articles
The Apple II series of microcomputers was initially designed by Steve Wozniak, manufactured by Apple Computer, and launched in 1977 with the Apple II model that gave the series its name. It was followed by the Apple II Plus, Apple IIe, Apple IIc, and Apple IIc Plus, with the 1983 IIe being the most popular. The name is trademarked with square brackets as Apple ][, then, beginning with the IIe, as Apple //. In terms of ease of use, features, and expandability, the Apple II was a major advancement over its predecessor, the Apple I, a limited-production bare circuit board computer for electronics hobbyists.
The IBM Personal Computer is the first microcomputer released in the IBM PC model line and the basis for the IBM PC compatible de facto standard. Released on August 12, 1981, it was created by a team of engineers and designers at International Business Machines (IBM), directed by William C. Lowe and Philip Don Estridge in Boca Raton, Florida.
The Tandy 1000 was the first in a series of IBM PC compatible home computers produced by the Tandy Corporation, sold through its Radio Shack and Radio Shack Computer Center stores. Introduced in 1984, the Tandy 1000 line was designed to offer affordable yet capable systems for home computing and education. Tandy-specific features, such as enhanced graphics, sound, and a built-in joystick port, made the computers particularly attractive for home use.
The Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) is an IBM PC graphics adapter and de facto computer display standard from 1984 that superseded the CGA standard introduced with the original IBM PC, and was itself superseded by the VGA standard in 1987. In addition to the original EGA card manufactured by IBM, many compatible third-party cards were manufactured, and EGA graphics modes continued to be supported by VGA and later standards.
The Apple IIc is a personal computer introduced by Apple Inc. shortly after the launch of the original Macintosh in 1984. It is essentially a compact and portable version of the Apple IIe. The IIc has a built-in floppy disk drive and a keyboard, and was often sold with its matching monitor. The c in the name stands for compact, referring to the fact it is a complete Apple II setup in a smaller notebook-sized housing. It is compatible with a wide range of Apple II software and peripherals.
The TI-99/4 and TI-99/4A are home computers released by Texas Instruments in 1979 and 1981, respectively. Based on Texas Instruments's own TMS9900 microprocessor originally used in minicomputers, the TI-99/4 was the first 16-bit home computer. The associated TMS9918 video display controller provides color graphics and sprite support which were only comparable with those of the Atari 400 and 800 released a month after the TI-99/4. The TI-99 series also initially competed with the Apple II and TRS-80.
The Tandy 2000 is a personal computer introduced by Radio Shack in September 1983 based on the 8 MHz Intel 80186 microprocessor running MS-DOS. By comparison, the IBM PC XT used the older 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 processor, and the IBM PC/AT would later use the newer 6 MHz Intel 80286. Due to the 16-bit data bus and more efficient instruction decoding of the 80186, the Tandy 2000 ran significantly faster than other PC compatibles, and slightly faster than the PC AT. The Tandy 2000 was the company's first computer built around an Intel x86 series microprocessor; previous models used the Zilog Z80 and Motorola 6809 CPUs.
The Color Graphics Adapter (CGA), originally also called the Color/Graphics Adapter or IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter, introduced in 1981, was IBM's first color graphics card for the IBM PC and established a de facto computer display standard.
The Mindset is an Intel 80186-based MS-DOS personal computer. It was developed by the Mindset Corporation and released in spring 1984. Unlike other IBM PC compatibles of the time, it has custom graphics hardware supporting a 320×200 resolution with 16 simultaneous colors and hardware-accelerated drawing capabilities, including a blitter, allowing it to update the screen 50 times as fast as an IBM standard color graphics adapter. The basic unit was priced at US$1,798. It is conceptually similar to the more successful Amiga released over a year later. Key engineers of both the Amiga and Mindset were ex-Atari, Inc. employees.
The Compaq Portable is an early portable computer which was one of the first IBM PC compatible systems. It was Compaq Computer Corporation's first product, to be followed by others in the Compaq Portable series and later Compaq Deskpro series. It was not simply an 8088-CPU computer that ran a Microsoft DOS as a PC "work-alike", but contained a reverse-engineered BIOS, and a version of MS-DOS that was so similar to IBM's PC DOS that it ran nearly all its application software. The computer was also an early variation on the idea of an "all-in-one".
The Data General/One (DG-1) was a laptop introduced in 1984 by Data General.
The IBM 3270 PC, is a personal computer developed by IBM and released in October 1983. Although its hardware is mostly identical to the IBM PC XT, the 3270 contains additional components that, in combination with software, can emulate the behavior of an IBM 3270 terminal. Therefore, it can be used both as a standalone computer, and as a terminal to a mainframe.
The IBM JX was a personal computer released in 1984 into the Japanese, Australian and New Zealand markets. Designed in Japan, it was based on the technology of the IBM PCjr and was designated the IBM 5511. It was targeted in the Australasian market towards the public education sector rather than at consumers, and was sold in three levels: JX (64 KiB), JX2 (128 KiB) and JX3 (256 KiB). Upgrades were available to both 384 KiB and 512 KiB. The JX was the first IBM PC to use 3.5" floppy drives.
The Olivetti M24 is a computer that was sold by Olivetti in 1983 using the Intel 8086 CPU.
Home computers were a class of microcomputers that entered the market in 1977 and became common during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that, for the first time, were intended for the use of a single, non-technical user. These computers were a distinct market segment that typically cost much less than business, scientific, or engineering-oriented computers of the time, such as those running CP/M or the IBM PC, and were generally less powerful in terms of memory and expandability. However, a home computer often had better graphics and sound than contemporary business computers. Their most common uses were word processing, playing video games, and programming.
The IBM Personal Computer Basic, commonly shortened to IBM BASIC, is a programming language first released by IBM with the IBM Personal Computer, Model 5150 in 1981. IBM released four different versions of the Microsoft BASIC interpreter, licensed from Microsoft for the PC and PCjr. They are known as Cassette BASIC, Disk BASIC, Advanced BASIC (BASICA), and Cartridge BASIC. Versions of Disk BASIC and Advanced BASIC were included with IBM PC DOS up to PC DOS 4. In addition to the features of an ANSI standard BASIC, the IBM versions offered support for the graphics and sound hardware of the IBM PC line. Source code could be entered with a full-screen editor, and limited facilities were provided for rudimentary program debugging. IBM also released a version of the Microsoft BASIC compiler for the PC concurrently with the release of PC DOS 1.10 in 1982.
Tandy Graphics Adapter is a computer display standard for the Tandy 1000 series of IBM PC compatibles, which has compatibility with the video subsystem of the IBM PCjr but became a standard in its own right.
The Olivetti M20 is a Zilog Z8000 based computer designed and released by Olivetti in 1982. Although it offered good performance, it suffered from a lack of software due to its use of the Z8000 processor and custom operating system, PCOS. The company introduced the IBM PC compatible Olivetti M24 in 1983 and the M20 line was phased out.
The Dimension 68000 is a microcomputer introduced by the Micro Craft Corporation in 1983 that sought to emulate the Apple II, the IBM PC, and various CP/M-centric computers through a family of coprocessor expansion cards and emulation software. The Dimension 68000 can also run as a standalone computer based on the Motorola 68000 from which it gets its namesake. The computer is mostly the brainchild of Mike Carpenter, a former executive of a scientific instrument manufacturer who incorporated Micro Craft in Dallas, Texas, to develop the Dimension 68000. It had a market lifespan of three years and received mixed, mostly positive, reception from the technology press. Criticism was leveled at the $6,250 price tag for the computer with the full deck of coprocessor cards, as well as the extent of the emulation power of those cards.
↑ In comparison, the circuitry of the IBM CGA consists of an MC6845 and dozens of standard logic devices; the VGA replaces most of those and a good number more that would have been required to implement the enhanced features, so that the PCjr video subsystem could not have fit on a single-board IBM PC adapter card.
↑ In other words, an IBM PC XT system with 128 KB of main RAM and a CGA installed actually has a total of 128 + 16 = 144 KB of RAM overall, while a PCjr with 128 KB RAM actually has exactly 128 KB of RAM overall, some part of which must be used for the video (in normal use, where the video is not turned off). The CGA standard graphics modes and 160x200 16-color graphics mode each need (almost) 16 KB of RAM, while the text modes need only 2000 (for 40x25) or 4000 (for 80x25) bytes of RAM, but the two enhanced graphics modes each use (nearly) 32 KB of RAM. This means that a 128 KB PCjr in an enhanced graphics mode is like a PC XT with 96 KB of main RAM and an enhanced CGA card (such as the Plantronics card, which also has 32 KB of RAM). If the PCjr video is double-buffered for page-flipping (not a possibility on the CGA in normal modes, except text modes), then both 32 KB video buffers are subtracted from the available system RAM, making the 128 KB PCjr like a PC XT with only 64 KB of main RAM.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
