WonderSwan

Last updated

WonderSwan
WonderSwan logo.svg
WonderSwan-Black-Left.jpg
WonderSwan-Color-Blue-Left.jpg
SwanCrystal-Wine-Left.jpg
Top: WonderSwan
Middle: WonderSwan Color
Bottom: SwanCrystal
Manufacturer Bandai
Type Handheld game console
Generation Sixth
Release dateWonderSwan:
  • JP: March 4, 1999
WonderSwan Color:
  • JP: December 9, 2000
SwanCrystal:
  • JP: July 12, 2002
Lifespan1999–2003
Introductory price ¥4,800 (WonderSwan)
¥6,800 (WonderSwan Color)
¥7,800 (SwanCrystal)
Discontinued2003
Units sold3.5 million (combined)
1.55 million (WonderSwan)
1.1 million (WonderSwan Color)
Media ROM cartridge
CPU NEC V30 MZ
Memory512 kbit (64 KB) RAM
Display FSTN (WonderSwan, WonderSwan Color)
TFT LCD (SwanCrystal)
224 × 144
Sound4 PCM channels
Power1 × AA battery
40 hours (WonderSwan)
20 hours (WonderSwan Color)
15 hours (SwanCrystal)
Predecessor Design Master Senshi Mangajukuu
Related Tamagotchi
Digimon virtual pet

The WonderSwan [lower-alpha 1] is a handheld game console released in Japan by Bandai. It was developed by Gunpei Yokoi's company Koto Laboratory and Bandai, and was the last piece of hardware Yokoi developed before his death in 1997. Released in 1999 in the sixth generation of video game consoles, the WonderSwan and its two later models, the WonderSwan Color and SwanCrystal were officially supported until being discontinued by Bandai in 2003. During its lifespan, no variation of the WonderSwan was released outside of Japan.

Contents

Powered by a 16-bit processor, the WonderSwan took advantage of a low price point and long battery life in comparison to its competition, Nintendo's Game Boy Color and SNK's Neo Geo Pocket Color. Later improvements took advantage of quality upgrades to the handheld's screen and added color. The WonderSwan is playable both vertically and horizontally, and features a unique library of games, including numerous first-party titles based on licensed anime properties, as well as significant third-party support from developers such as Squaresoft, Namco, Capcom and Banpresto.

Overall, the WonderSwan in all its variations combined to sell an estimated 3.5 million units and managed to obtain as much as 8% of the Japanese handheld video game console market before being marginalized by Nintendo's Game Boy Advance. Retrospective feedback praises the potential of the WonderSwan despite its low sales and briefly holding its own against Nintendo in the marketplace.

History

Founded in 1950 by Naoharu Yamashina, Bandai was originally a manufacturer of toy cars and plastic models, but became a major player in the toy industry through the licensing of popular anime characters beginning with Tetsuwan Atomu in 1963. In the 1970s, Bandai manufactured both LCD games based on television programs and dedicated consoles. In 1982, the company released the Intellivision in Japan, and in 1985 it became one of the first third-party licensees on the Family Computer. However, the company's greatest success in electronic games, was the Tamagotchi virtual pet first released in 1996. [1] Despite plans for Bandai to merge with Sega to form Sega Bandai Ltd. in 1997, the merger was called off suddenly. Bandai's board of directors decided to oppose the merger less than a week after approving it, and Sega in turn decided to accept Bandai's actions at an emergency board meeting later that day. Bandai president Makoto Yamashina took responsibility for failing to gain the support of his company for the merger. [2] As a result, Bandai entered the market without outside support. [3]

Engineer Gunpei Yokoi is known for creating the Game Boy handheld system at Nintendo. After the failure of the Virtual Boy, however, he left the company in 1996 in order to create his own engineering firm, Koto Laboratory. It was then that Bandai approached Yokoi to create the WonderSwan to compete with the Game Boy. [3] Yokoi was involved in development of the new handheld, but died in 1997 in a car accident before it was released. [4]

The WonderSwan was officially unveiled in Tokyo on October 8, 1998. [5] Bandai chose the name of the system to highlight its aesthetics and technical capabilities because the swan is recognized as an elegant bird with powerful legs that aid its graceful swimming. [6] The company promised a 30-hour battery life, a low retail price, and a launch lineup of roughly fifty games. [5]

The WonderWave accessory is an infrared communicator that could transfer data between two WonderSwans. It is also compatible with the PocketStation (right) for select Bandai games. WonderSwan-WonderWave-PocketStation.jpg
The WonderWave accessory is an infrared communicator that could transfer data between two WonderSwans. It is also compatible with the PocketStation (right) for select Bandai games.

The WonderSwan launched on March 4, 1999 [4] and was available in nine casing colors: pearl white, skeleton green, silver metallic, skeleton pink, blue metallic, skeleton blue, skeleton black, camouflage, and gold. Three limited edition two-tone models were also released in frozen mint, sherbet melon and soda blue. These colors were chosen through an online poll at Bandai’s website, with the metallic and pearl white models being discontinued on July 22 to make room for the special two-tone editions. [3] Despite Nintendo's release of the Game Boy Color five months before, Bandai remained confident that the WonderSwan and its monochromatic screen would perform well because the original black-and-white Game Boy had previously been more successful than its color-screen competitors, the Game Gear and Atari Lynx, on the basis of its battery life and the quality of its game library. With a retail price ¥4,800, the WonderSwan was also cheaper than its competition. [7] In 2000, Bandai signed an agreement with Mattel to bring the handheld to North America, but ultimately decided against a Western release. [3] The exact reason for this is unknown, but the crowded handheld video game console market has been suggested as a factor. [7]

Later that year, Bandai announced the WonderSwan Color [lower-alpha 2] which would incorporate a color screen while retaining backward compatibility with the original WonderSwan. [3] It was released on December 9 in Japan and was available in pearl blue, pearl pink, crystal black, crystal blue, and crystal orange. [8] [9] The launch was a moderate success, with the system selling 270,632 units in under a month after its release. [10] Before the WonderSwan Color could be released, however, Nintendo announced the Game Boy Advance, which featured superior hardware. The WonderSwan Color still retailed at a lower price point at ¥6,800 compared to the Advance at ¥9,800, but despite peaking at 8% of the handheld market share in Japan, the WonderSwan's sales never recovered after the Game Boy Advance reached store shelves in March 2001. [3]

A redesign of the WonderSwan Color, titled SwanCrystal [lower-alpha 3] , was released in Japan on July 12, 2002 for ¥7,800, [11] [12] ¥1,000 less than the Game Boy Advance. [13] Once again, Bandai held a poll on its website to determine casing colors and released the system in blue violet, wine red, crystal blue, and crystal black. [3] [14] Despite its low price and an improved LCD screen, the SwanCrystal was unable to compete, so Bandai discontinued the WonderSwan line in 2003 due to low demand and backed out of producing video game hardware altogether. [3] In all, the handheld sold 3.5 million units, [6] [15] of which 1.55 million were of the original WonderSwan and at least 1.1 million were of the WonderSwan Color. [3] [6]

Technical specifications

All WonderSwan models are powered by a single AA battery. WonderSwan-Color-Back-wBattery.jpg
All WonderSwan models are powered by a single AA battery.

The main CPU of the WonderSwan is a 16-bit NEC V30 MZ, a variant of the Intel 8086. [16] [17] The original model's screen is capable of displaying up to eight shades of gray, in contrast to the four displayed by the WonderSwan's main competitor, the Game Boy. Similar to the Atari Lynx, the handheld has an extra set of buttons allowing the console to be played at different angles; for the WonderSwan, these buttons were used to allow gamers to play games in both the portrait and landscape orientations. The WonderSwan series are all powered by a single AA battery, with the original monochrome version having a battery life of 40 hours. [7] It also allows players to record their personal information, such as their name, birth date, and blood type, which can then be accessed and used by the game. [18] Its LCD screen is 2.49 inches (6.3 cm) and displays at a resolution of 224 × 144. [6] Its sound capabilities consist of four PCM channels, each of which can play 32-sample, 4-bit sounds at selectable volume and pitch levels. [19]

The physical measurements of the WonderSwan Color are 12.8 by 7.43 by 2.43 centimetres (5.04 in × 2.93 in × 0.96 in), slightly larger than the original WonderSwan, and it weighs 96 grams (3.4 oz). Its CPU is a 3.072 MHz NEC V30 MZ, and it includes 512 kbit of RAM, which is shared between the video RAM and the work RAM. The screen on the WonderSwan Color can display up to 241 colors out of a palette of 4096, and up to 28 sprites per line. It offers backward compatibility with all previous WonderSwan titles. [9] Its LCD screen is also larger than that of the original WonderSwan, [8] measuring 2.9 inches (7.4 cm). [3] The WonderSwan Color has an approximate battery life of 20 hours. [9] The SwanCrystal improves upon the design of the WonderSwan Color through the use of a TFT LCD monitor, which has a superior response time to the FSTN monitor used in the former system. This helped to reduce motion blur in the handheld's graphics. The unit's case was also redesigned to be more durable. Its approximate battery life is 15 hours. [3] The original WonderSwan's cartridges were solid black, while the WonderSwan Color's cartridges were clear. Games for the original WonderSwan would not display additional coloring on a WonderSwan Color and retain its original grayscale. [20]

Several features and accessories were developed for the WonderSwan. The WonderWitch is an official software development kit aimed at amateur programmers that was released by Qute Corporation. [21] It sold at a cost of ¥11,800 and allows for games to be developed in the C programming language. [3] An adapter was created to connect headphones to the handheld, as the WonderSwan lacks a headphone port. A remote-controlled robot known as the WonderBorg can be operated through the unit. [3] [22] In addition, the handheld can be connected to a PocketStation, a memory card peripheral for the PlayStation console, through a device known as the WonderWave. [22] The WonderSwan and its later models were also capable of connecting to the internet via a mobile phone network. [3]

Game library

A screenshot of Gunpey for the original WonderSwan. Gunpey was named for Gunpei Yokoi, developer of the system. Gunpey WS screenshot.jpg
A screenshot of Gunpey for the original WonderSwan. Gunpey was named for Gunpei Yokoi, developer of the system.

Koto Laboratories claims that the WonderSwan sold 10 million game cartridges in all. [15] In developing games for the WonderSwan, Bandai leveraged the assistance of several developers. Banpresto—part-owned by Bandai at the time—added support by way of anime licenses and licensed titles, while Namco and Capcom also developed titles for the handheld. [7] Squaresoft contributed remakes of Final Fantasy , Final Fantasy II , and Final Fantasy IV , which later also came to the Game Boy Advance. [7] [9] Taito contributed well-received ports such as Space Invaders and Densha de Go! . Bandai augmented these releases with games of its own, including exclusive titles in the Digimon and Gundam franchises. [3] To compete with Tetris , Gunpei Yokoi developed a puzzle game for the system ultimately named Gunpey in his honor. [6] A sequel known as Gunpey EX was a launch title for the WonderSwan Color. [3] Certain games produced through the WonderWitch kit, such as Judgement Silversword, have also been noted as excellent titles. [3] [7] [22]

Support for the WonderSwan has been considered underwhelming. Although some well known third-party developers supported the console, most publishers continued to exclusively support Nintendo's handhelds. The departure of Squaresoft as a developer and its return to Nintendo has been cited as a factor in the WonderSwan's diminishing sales in later years. [3] After the discontinuation of the WonderSwan in 2003, several developers ported WonderSwan games to the Game Boy Advance. [7]

Reception

Selling 3.5 million units, [6] [15] the WonderSwan only picked up 8% of the marketshare in Japan and was ultimately outperformed by Nintendo's Game Boy Advance. [3] Due to its brightly colored screen and deep game library, the Game Boy Advance ensured Nintendo would have a near-monopoly on the handheld console market in Japan until the release of the PlayStation Portable by Sony in 2004. [4]

Retrospective feedback to the handheld praises its accomplishments but defines it as a "niche" device that appeals to only certain gamers. Writing for USgamer, Jeremy Parish considers the WonderSwan the ultimate expression of Gunpei Yokoi's design philosophy and notes its modest impact on the market, but blames Bandai for its lack of success: "While WonderSwan ultimately will be remembered as a highly localized blip in the history of handheld games, as a platform it genuinely held its own... the system's obscurity resulted more from poor timing and Bandai's strangely meek strategy, not from any inherent flaws in the design of the machine itself". Parish also goes on to hypothesize on the lack of a WonderSwan release in North America, stating, "given how hard it was to find Neo Geo Pocket systems and games at U.S. retail, it's hard to imagine they were clamoring for yet another niche portable from Japan". [7] Luke Plunkett from Kotaku praised the WonderSwan's challenge to Nintendo, saying that "it tried some pretty unique and interesting things, and put up a much sterner fight than most other handhelds ever managed". [4] Retro Gamer's Kim Wild criticizes some aspects of the handheld, including its lack of a headphone and AC port, as well as its poor control scheme for left-handed individuals and inability to play multiplayer link games with the headphone adapter connected. Wild offers some praise for the handheld, however, stating "what [Bandai] managed with the WonderSwan was impressive given the competition. The low price even today makes it more than worthy of consideration". [3]

Notes

  1. ↑ Japanese: ワンダースワン, Hepburn: WandāSuwan
  2. ↑ ワンダースワンカラー, WandāSuwan Karā
  3. ↑ スワンクリスタル, SuwanKurisutaru

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Game Boy Advance</span> Handheld game console by Nintendo

The Game Boy Advance (GBA) is a 32-bit handheld game console developed, manufactured, and marketed by Nintendo as the successor to the Game Boy Color. It was released in Japan on March 21, 2001, in North America on June 11, 2001, in the PAL region on June 22, 2001, and in mainland China as iQue Game Boy Advance on June 8, 2004.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Game Boy Color</span> Handheld game console by Nintendo

The Game Boy Color is an 8-bit handheld game console, manufactured by Nintendo, which was released in Japan on October 21, 1998, and to international markets that November. It is the successor to the Game Boy and part of its product line. Compared to the original, the Game Boy Color features a color TFT screen rather than monochrome, a processor that operates twice as fast, and four times as much memory. It retains backward compatibility with games initially developed for its predecessor. However, reviewers considered these improvements insufficient to justify Nintendo releasing it as a separate product.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Handheld game console</span> Portable self-contained video game console

A handheld game console, or simply handheld console, is a small, portable self-contained video game console with a built-in screen, game controls and speakers. Handheld game consoles are smaller than home video game consoles and contain the console, screen, speakers, and controls in one unit, allowing players to carry them and play them at any time or place.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Virtual Boy</span> Video game console by Nintendo

The Virtual Boy is a 32-bit tabletop portable video game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo. Released in 1995, it was marketed as the first console capable of displaying stereoscopic 3D graphics. The player uses the console like a head-mounted display, placing the head against the eyepiece to see a red monochrome display. The games use a parallax effect to create the illusion of depth. Sales failed to meet targets, and Nintendo ceased distribution and game development in 1996, having released only 22 games for the system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neo Geo Pocket</span> Handheld game console released in 1998

The Neo Geo Pocket (NGP) is a monochrome handheld game console released by SNK. It was the company's first handheld system and is part of the Neo Geo family. It debuted in Japan in late 1998 and was primarily sold in Japan and Hong Kong. The system and all five English games saw limited distribution in the West, where it could be ordered directly from SNK USA.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gunpei Yokoi</span> Japanese video game designer (1941–1997)

Gunpei Yokoi, sometimes transliterated as Gumpei Yokoi, was a Japanese toy maker and video game designer. As a long-time Nintendo employee, he was best known as creator of the Game & Watch handheld system, inventor of the cross-shaped Control Pad, the original designer of the Game Boy, and producer of a few long-running and critically acclaimed video game franchises such as Metroid and Kid Icarus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neo Geo Pocket Color</span> Handheld video game console

The Neo Geo Pocket Color (NGPC) is a 16-bit handheld game console developed and manufactured by SNK, released on March 19, 1999 in Japan with international markets following in August that year. It is the successor to the Neo Geo Pocket, which was released in 1998 only in Japan; the Color features a color display instead of a monochrome one, and is fully backward compatible.

Satoru Okada is the former general manager of Nintendo Research & Engineering, the division designing and developing Nintendo handheld game consoles. He is best known for creating the original Game Boy and its successors. He was also assistant producer and director of and contributor to several Nintendo games, notably Metroid, released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1986.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Handheld electronic game</span> Device for playing interactive electronic games

Handheld electronic games are interactive electronic games, often miniaturized versions of video games, that are played on portable handheld devices, known as handheld game consoles, whose controls, display and speakers are all part of a single unit. Rather than a general-purpose screen made up of a grid of small pixels, they usually have custom displays designed to play one game. This simplicity means they can be made as small as a smartwatch, and sometimes are. The visual output of these games can range from a few small light bulbs or LED lights to calculator-like alphanumerical screens; later these were mostly displaced by liquid crystal and vacuum fluorescent display screens with detailed images and in the case of VFD games, color. Handhelds' popularity was at its peak from the late 1970s into the early 1990s before declining. They are the precursors to the handheld game console.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nintendo Research & Development 1</span> Japanese video game developer

Nintendo Research & Development No. 1 Department was a division of Nintendo, and is its oldest development team. Its creation coincided with Nintendo's entry into the video game industry, and the original R&D1 was headed by Gunpei Yokoi. The developer has created several notable Nintendo series such as Donkey Kong, Mario, and Metroid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Game Boy</span> Handheld game console by Nintendo

The Game Boy is a handheld game console developed by Nintendo, launched in the Japanese home market on April 21, 1989, followed by North America later that year and other territories from 1990 onwards. Following the success of the Game & Watch single-game handhelds, Nintendo developed the Game Boy to be more like a portable console, with interchangeable cartridges. The concept proved highly successful and the Game Boy became a cultural icon of the 1990s and early 2000s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Nintendo</span>

The history of Nintendo is from 1889 to the present, starting as a playing-card company to eventually becoming a multinational video game conglomerate. It has always remained headquartered in Kyoto, Japan.

<i>Gunpey</i> Series of puzzle video games

Gunpey, often written as Gun Pey or GunPey, is a series of handheld puzzle games released by Bandai. It was originally released for the WonderSwan, and has been ported to WonderSwan Color, PlayStation, Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable. The game was named as a tribute to the developer of the game, Gunpei Yokoi. He is known for developing several handheld consoles such as Nintendo's Game Boy, Virtual Boy, and Bandai's Wonderswan system. In the series, players move line fragments vertically in a grid in order to make a single branching line connect horizontally from one end to the other. The objective of the game depends on the selected game mode.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nintendo video game consoles</span>

The Japanese multinational consumer electronics company Nintendo has developed seven home video game consoles and multiple portable consoles for use with external media, as well as dedicated consoles and other hardware for their consoles. As of September 30, 2021, in addition to Nintendo Switch, Nintendo has sold over 863.07 million hardware units.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nintendo Research & Engineering</span> Former hardware development department by Nintendo

Nintendo Research & Engineering Department, commonly abbreviated as Nintendo RED, was a Japanese hardware development department responsible for developing all of Nintendo's major handheld game consoles, and its associated peripherals, from its inception in 1996 all the way to 2012, when it was disbanded. The department was under Nintendo's manufacturing division, and was led by Satoru Okada. The department was created in 1996 following Nintendo Research & Development 1's (R&D1) general manager and Game & Watch and Game Boy creator, Gunpei Yokoi's departure from Nintendo. Most of the department's team originate from R&D1's hardware engineers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Game & Watch</span> Series of handheld electronic games by Nintendo

The Game & Watch is a line of handheld electronic games created by Nintendo. Released from 1980 to 1991, these devices were the brainchild of designer Gunpei Yokoi. Their name reflects their dual functionality: a single game paired with a digital clock on an LCD screen. Starting in 1981, models also included an alarm. In North America, the games were originally released through Mego Corporation as the Time-Out series; this line, consisting of Ball, Flagman, Vermin, and Fire, was discontinued later that year, with Nintendo of America subsequently distributing the series themselves under their original titles.

<i>Ball</i> (Game & Watch) 1980 LCD game

Ball is a Game & Watch game released as a part of the Silver series on April 28, 1980. It was the first Game & Watch game released, and has been released a number of times over the years in a number of ways. Multiple games and accessories feature Ball as an Easter egg, including the Game Boy Camera and Kanji Sonomama DS Rakubiki Jiten. It also frequently appeared in the Game & Watch Gallery series, which both compiles Game & Watch games and remakes them with Mario characters. It was also released for the DSi on the DSi Shop as an individual game along with several other Game & Watch games.

<i>Judgement Silversword</i> 2001 video game

Judgement Silversword is a vertical-scrolling shooter video game developed and published for the WonderSwan Color by Qute.

References

  1. ↑ DeMaria, Rusel; Wilson, Johnny (2003). High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games. New York: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. pp. 366–367. ISBN   0-072-23172-6.
  2. ↑ Sugawara, Sandra (May 28, 1997). "Sega-Bandai Merger Plan Called Off". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Wild, Kim (2007). "Retroinspection: WonderSwan". Retro Gamer (36): 68–71. ISSN   1742-3155.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Plunkett, Luke (April 8, 2011). "The Game Boy Creator's Last Handheld Was a Wonderful Thing". Kotaku . Retrieved April 17, 2014.
  5. 1 2 "Fun in the Palm of Your Hand". The Orlando Sentinel . Associated Press. October 9, 1998. Retrieved May 24, 2014– via Newsbank (subscription required).
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brunskill, Kerry (2010). "Swan Song: A WonderSwan Retrospective". Retro Gamer (126): 45–47.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Parish, Jeremy (May 8, 2014). "Exploring Game Boy's True Successor, Bandai WonderSwan". USGamer. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  8. 1 2 "Bandai announces release of WonderSwan color". Bandai. August 30, 2000. Archived from the original on November 4, 2004. Retrieved April 28, 2011– via PromoDuck.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Harris, Craig (August 30, 2000). "WonderSwan Color Revealed". IGN. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
  10. ↑ 2000年のハード推定販売台数 (in Japanese). Famitsu . Retrieved March 21, 2014.
  11. ↑ "Japan Hardware Sales". GamePro . July 14, 2002. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014.
  12. ↑ "バンダイ、ワンダースワンにTFT液晶搭載モデルが登場!「スワンクリスタル」" (in Japanese). Watch Impress. July 14, 2002. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
  13. ↑ "Bandai debuts SwanCrystal game machine". Japan Toy and Game Software Journal. July 25, 2002. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
  14. ↑ スワンクリスタルの新色は人気投票で決まる!! (in Japanese). Famitsu. September 19, 2002. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 "Koto Laboratory: Products". Koto Laboratories. Archived from the original on February 16, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  16. ↑ McFerran, Damien (June 18, 2008). "Handheld Classics: Bandai WonderSwan". Pocket Gamer . Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  17. ↑ Marshall, Alex (2014–2016). "WSMan rev.7" . Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  18. ↑ "WonderSwan SPECIFICATIONS". Koto Laboratory. Archived from the original on February 26, 2004. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  19. ↑ ワンダースワンプログラミング入門 サウンドを鳴らす [Wonderswan Programming Introduction - Sound] (in Japanese). Qute. Archived from the original on July 19, 2004. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
  20. ↑ IGN Staff (December 15, 2000). "Hands On With the WonderSwan Color". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  21. ↑ "Qute Corporation Works". Qute. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
  22. 1 2 3 McFerran, Damien (March 11, 2014). "Hardware Classics: Bandai WonderSwan". Nintendo Life . Gamer Network. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.