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Gusuku often refers to castles or fortresses in the Ryukyu Islands that feature stone walls. However, the origin and essence of gusuku remain controversial. In the archaeology of Okinawa Prefecture, the Gusuku period refers to an archaeological epoch of the Okinawa Islands that follows the shell-mound period and precedes the Sanzan period, when most gusuku are thought to have been built. Many gusuku and related cultural remains on Okinawa Island have been listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites under the title Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu.
This article is about the history of the Ryukyu Islands southwest of the main islands of Japan.
The Ryukyu Kingdom was a kingdom in the Ryukyu Islands from 1429 to 1879. It was ruled as a tributary state of imperial Ming China by the Ryukyuan monarchy, who unified Okinawa Island to end the Sanzan period, and extended the kingdom to the Amami Islands and Sakishima Islands. The Ryukyu Kingdom played a central role in the maritime trade networks of medieval East Asia and Southeast Asia despite its small size. The Ryukyu Kingdom became a vassal state of the Satsuma Domain of Japan after the invasion of Ryukyu in 1609 but retained de jure independence until it was transformed into the Ryukyu Domain by the Empire of Japan in 1872. The Ryukyu Kingdom was formally annexed and dissolved by Japan in 1879 to form Okinawa Prefecture, and the Ryukyuan monarchy was integrated into the new Japanese nobility.
Eisa is a form of folk dance originating from the Okinawa Islands, Japan. In origin, it is a Bon dance that is performed by young people of each community during the Bon festival to honor the spirits of their ancestors. It underwent drastic changes in the 20th century and is today seen as a vital part of Okinawan culture.
The Sanzan period is a period in the history of the Okinawa Islands when three lines of kings, namely Sanhoku, Chūzan and Sannan, are said to have co-existed on Okinawa Island. It is said to have started during King Tamagusuku's reign and, according to Sai On's edition of the Chūzan Seifu (1725), ended in 1429 when Shō Hashi unified the island. Historical records of the period are fragmentary and mutually conflicting. Some even question the co-existence of the three polities.
The Ryukyu Islands, also known as the Nansei Islands or the Ryukyu Arc, are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ryukyu Islands are divided into the Satsunan Islands and Okinawa Prefecture. The larger are mostly volcanic islands and the smaller mostly coral. The largest is Okinawa Island.
Bunei was King of Chūzan. He was the second and last ruler of the Satto dynasty.
Okinawan names today have only two components, the family names first and the given names last. Okinawan family names represent the distinct historical and cultural background of the islands which now comprise Okinawa Prefecture in Japan. Expatriates originally from Okinawa also have these names.
Eiso was a semi-legendary ruler of Okinawa Island. He was the founding monarch of the Eiso dynasty.
Zenchū Nakahara was a Japanese scholar, known particularly for his work on the Omoro sōshi, a written collection of songs and poems which constitutes an oral history of Okinawa and the Ryūkyū Kingdom.
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The Second Shō dynasty was the last dynasty of the Ryukyu Kingdom from 1469 to 1879, ruled by the Second Shō family under the title of King of Chūzan. This family took the family name from the earlier rulers of the kingdom, the first Shō family, even though the new royal family has no blood relation to the previous one. Until the abolition of Japanese peerage in 1947, the head of the family was given the rank of marquess while several cadet branches held the title of baron.
The First Shō dynasty was a dynasty of the Ryukyu Kingdom on Okinawa Island in the 15th century, ruled by the First Shō family under the title of King of Chūzan. According to the official history books compiled during the second Shō Dynasty, it lasted from 1406 to 1469. However, the official account is considered unreliable by modern historians because it contradicts contemporary sources.
Okinawa (沖縄) is a name with multiple referents. The endonym refers to Okinawa Island in southwestern Japan. Today it can cover some surrounding islands and, more importantly, can refer to Okinawa Prefecture, a much larger administrative division of Japan, although the people from the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands still feel a strong sense of otherness to Okinawa.
The Ryukyu Kingdom (1372–1879) on Okinawa Island used various writing conventions, all of which were markedly different from spoken registers. A unique feature of Ryūkyū's writing conventions is that in the Old Ryūkyū period (?–1609), it developed a predominantly kana writing convention that was based on sōrō-style Written Japanese but exhibited heavy Okinawan influence. After the conquest by Satsuma Domain in 1609, however, this style of writing was replaced by standard sōrō-style Japanese that was written predominantly with kanji. Other than that, Okinawan features were confined to the recordings of songs to sing, poems to read aloud, and plays to perform verbally, and did not have an autonomous status as literary writing. Instead, the samurai class of the kingdom was aligned with the literary tradition of mainland Japan that was established during the Heian period.
The Hyōtō Ryūkyū-koku ki (漂到流球国記) was a book written by Japanese Buddhist monk Keisei in 1244. He interviewed travelers who, during a sea voyage to Song China, drifted to what they believed to be Ryūkyū. It reflects the long-lasting Japanese perception of Ryūkyū as the land of man-eating demons.
King of Sannan was a title given to a line of local rulers on Okinawa Island from the late 14th century to the early 15th century. Contemporary sources on the kings of Sannan are scarce and mutually conflicting. The narratives on the kings have gradually been expanded over time. In historiography, the term Sannan conventionally refers to a realm supposedly under their control. Sannan is also known as Nanzan (南山). The new term was coined in the 18th century by Sai On by flipping the two-character title.
King of Sanhoku was a title given to a line of local rulers on Okinawa Island from the late 14th century to the early 15th century. Contemporary sources on the Kings of Sanhoku are extremely scarce, and narratives on them have gradually been expanded over time. In historiography, the term Sanhoku conveniently refers to a realm supposedly under their control. Sanhoku is also known as Hokuzan (北山). The new term was coined in the 18th century by Sai On by flipping the two-character title.
Ryukyuan tea ceremony is a tea ceremony popular in the Ryukyu Islands. Ryukyuan tea ceremony is influenced by both Chinese tea ceremony and Japanese tea ceremony. Based on the unique taste of tea drinking, the unique tea culture of the Ryukyu Islands has been formed. Although there are imports from Japan and China, Ryukyu also produces tea and tea sets locally, providing conditions for the consumption of tea by the Ryukyu people. This tea-drinking preference of drinking both Japanese and Chinese teas is believed to be the foundation of Ryukyu's unique tea culture.
The earliest confirmed descriptions of visits by Han Chinese people to Taiwan occurred during the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) and Chinese objects such as pottery were found there, suggesting trade between Taiwanese indigenous peoples and the Han Chinese in prior periods. Trade between Han and Taiwanese indigenous peoples increased during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Pirates and fishermen also started visiting Taiwan. By the early 17th century, there were 1,500–2,000 Han people inhabiting one or two villages in southwestern Taiwan. Most of them were engaged in seasonal fishing and left afterwards but some stayed and planted crops.
References
- ↑ Beillevaire, Patrick (2000). 西洋の出会った大琉球 (Ryukyu Studies to 1854: Western Encounter Part 1). Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. p. 120. ISBN 0-7007-1356-5.
- ↑ Wei Zheng (636). "流求國". Book of Sui (in Chinese). Vol. 81.
- 1 2 3 4 Kodama Masatō 小玉正任 (2007). Ryūkyū to Okinawa no meishō no hensen琉球と沖縄の名称の変遷 (in Japanese). Ryūkyū Shimpōsha 琉球新報社.
- ↑ Chang, Bi-yu (2015). Place, Identity, and National Imagination in Post-war Taiwan. Abingdon & New York: Routledge. p. 64, n. 19.
- ↑ "Ancient Ryukyu - Contents". ryukyu-okinawa.net. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
- ↑ Thompson, Lawrence G. (1964). "The earliest eyewitness accounts of the Formosan aborigines". Monumenta Serica. 23: 163–204. doi:10.1080/02549948.1964.11731044. JSTOR 40726116.
- ↑ Ikeya Machiko 池谷望子 (2009). "Ryūkyū to min" 琉球と明. Ajia no umi no Ko-Ryūkyū: Higashi Ajia, Chōsen, Chūgoku東アジアの海の古琉球: 東アジア・朝鮮・中国 (in Japanese). Yōju Shorin 榕樹書林. pp. 203–300.
- ↑ Harada Nobuo 原田禹雄 (2009). Ryūkyū to Chūgoku: Wasurerareta sakuhōshi琉球と中国: 忘れられた冊封使 (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kōbunkan 吉川弘文館.
- ↑ "語彙詳細 ― 首里・那覇方言". University of the Ryukyus. Archived from the original on 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
- ↑ "語彙詳細 ― 今帰仁方言". University of the Ryukyus. Archived from the original on 2012-11-30. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
- ↑ Geoff Wade (2007). Ryukyu in the Ming Reign Annals 1380s-1580s (PDF) (Working Paper Series No. 93 ed.). Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series. pp. 45–46.
- ↑ Kerr, George (1958), Okinawa: History of an Island People, Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, p. 90, ISBN 978-0-8048-2087-5
- ↑ Nolan, Peter (2015-03-01). Re-balancing China: Essays on the Global Financial Crisis, Industrial Policy and International Relations. London: Anthem Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-78308-126-4.
- ↑ Tanaka Fumio 田中史生 (2008). "Kodai no Amami Okinawa shotō to kokusai shakai" 古代の奄美・沖縄諸島と国際社会. In Ikeda Yoshifumi (ed.). Kodai chūsei no kyōkai ryōiki古代中世の境界領域. pp. 49–70.
- 1 2 Tadayoshi, Murata (2016-06-17). Origins Of Japanese-chinese Territorial Dispute, The: Using Historical Records To Study The Diaoyu/senkaku Islands Issue. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific. pp. 58, 59. ISBN 978-981-4749-10-7.
- ↑ Nakahara Zenchū 仲原善忠; Hokama Shuen 外間守善 (1978). Omoro Sōshi jiten sō sakuinおもろさうし 辞典・総索引 (in Japanese). Kadokawa Shoten 角川書店.
- ↑ Tai, Michael (2019-09-15). China and Her Neighbours: Asian Diplomacy from Ancient History to the Present. Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78699-779-1.