Loon War

Loon War
	; William's troops besiege Ada in the Fortress of Leiden. Reinier Vinkeles (1785).
Date	1203 – 1206
Location	Holland and Zeeland
Result	Military victory for William; Treaty of Bruges (diplomatic victory for Louis); Long-term political victory for William
Territorial; changes	Counties of Holland and Zeeland temporarily divided between William and Louis
Belligerents
Loon ; Supported by:; France ; Staufen ; Flanders ; Limburg ; Brabant ; Utrecht ; Liège	Holland ; Supported by:; England ; House of Welf
Commanders and leaders
Louis II of Loon ; Ada of Holland ; Dirk van Are ; Philip of Swabia	William of Frisia ; Walter of Egmont; John Lackland ; Otto IV

Last updated October 09, 2022

The Loon War (Dutch: Loonse Oorlog) was a war of succession over the County of Holland (and its dependency Zeeland) from 1203 until 1206, brought on by the death of count Dirk VII. The war was waged between Dirk's brother William of Frisia, and Dirk's daughter Ada who had quickly married count Louis II of Loon.

Course

Succession crisis

Count Dirk VII of Holland died on 4 November 1203, having fathered only daughters, with only Ada surviving him. On his deathbed, he declared that he wanted to discuss his succession with his brother, William of Frisia. However, his wife, countess Adelaide of Cleves, who had already fought a battle near Alkmaar against the rebellious William in 1195, wanted Ada to receive the inheritance instead.^[3] Because Holland and Zeeland were so-called "sword fiefs" and not "spindle fiefs", Ada, as a woman, had no right to inherit the counties, but Adelaide tried to accomplish this anyway by quickly finding a husband for Ada.^[4] Even before her father was buried, the 15-year-old Ada wed count Louis II of Loon, as arranged by her mother.^[1] On the way to her father's funeral, she ran into her uncle William's henchmen, after which she entrenched herself in the Fortress of Leiden.

War

The war of succession took on an international scope: Ada and Louis allied themselves with France and the German house of Hohenstaufen, William joined up with England and the German house of Welf.^[1] In the background, a struggle for the throne of the Holy Roman Empire was taking place between the Welf Otto IV of Brunswick and the Stauf Philip of Swabia.^[3] This meant that the emperor or overlord was unable to determine the fate of the events in his Dutch provinces. Well-known noblemen from Holland who joined forces with the Loon camp were Gisbert II of Amstel, Floris Herbaren van der Lede, Folpert II van der Lede, Hugo of Voorne, Rogier van der Meere and Otto of Voorn; William was supported by Walter of Egmont, Albert II Banjaert,^[5] Philip of Wassenaar, James of Leiden, Simon of Haarlem, William of Teylingen, Jan of Rijswijk and Otto of Bentheim.^[6]

Early on in the conflict, Wiliam's troops besieged the Fortress of Leiden, conquered it, took Ada prisoner and sent her via Texel to England.^[1] Diplomatically, Louis' position was stronger, with numerous foreign allies, but in Holland he was seen as a stranger, and the native William was more popular amongst the nobility and citizenry.^[3] Louis initially also rallied the support of the Count of Flanders, the prince-bishops of Liège and Utrecht, the dukes of Limburg and later Brabant as well. In 1204, he invaded Holland with a massive army, and managed to expel William to Zeeland.^[2]

In the winter of 1203–04, the Kennemers (North Hollanders) used the war tactic of opening up the dykes of the rivers Amstel and IJ and flooding the area between Muiden and Breukelen.^[3]

From 1205 onwards, the tide of battle shifted in William's favour. He was now supported by the inhabitants of Zeeland, Kennemerland (coastal North Holland) and Rhineland (South Holland), and his army was stronger. Louis retreated from Holland in early 1206, but was chased by William and defeated in a battle on the banks of the river Zijl.^[3]

Aftermath

Louis opted for negotiations, and requested the duke of Brabant to mediate. On 14 October 1206, peace was signed with the Treaty of Bruges.^[3] Formally, Holland was partitioned between Louis and William: William received Zeeland and the region around the city of Geertruidenberg, Louis would keep the rest Holland. However, several sources show that William soon became the de facto ruler of Holland; for example, William called himself simply comes Hollandiae ("count of Holland") in a 1210 deed.^[3] Halfway 1207, Louis managed to liberate his wife Ada after corresponding with the English king, John Lackland, but he had to send his brother Arnold as a replacement hostage to England.^[3]

Literature

DR. H.P.H Jansen, Middeleeuwse geschiedenis der Nederlanden, Prisma-Compendia, 6th edition (1979), p. 115/6.

Related Research Articles

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Floris V reigned as Count of Holland and Zeeland from 1256 until 1296. His life was documented in detail in the Rijmkroniek by Melis Stoke, his chronicler. He is credited with a mostly peaceful reign, modernizing administration, policies beneficial to trade, generally acting in the interests of his peasants at the expense of nobility, and reclaiming land from the sea. His dramatic murder, engineered by King Edward I of England and Guy, Count of Flanders, made him a hero in Holland.

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The County of Holland was a State of the Holy Roman Empire and from 1433 part of the Burgundian Netherlands, from 1482 part of the Habsburg Netherlands and from 1581 onward the leading province of the Dutch Republic, of which it remained a part until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. The territory of the County of Holland corresponds roughly with the current provinces of North Holland and South Holland in the Netherlands.

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William I was count of Holland from 1203 to 1222. He was the younger son of Floris III and Ada of Huntingdon.

Dirk VII was the count of Holland from 1190 to 1203. He was the elder son of Floris III and Ada of Huntingdon.

Ada was Countess of Holland between 1203 and 1207, ruling jointly with her husband Louis II of Loon. She was deposed and exiled by her paternal uncle, William I.

Louis II was count of Loon between the end of the 12th century to 1218. He was the son of Gerard, Count of Looz, and Adelaide of Gelderland, daughter of Henry I, Count of Guelders, and Agnes of Arnstein, daughter of Louis III of Arnstein. He also claimed to be the legitimate Count of Holland during the Loon War (1203–1206).

John of Nassau, German: Johann von Nassau, Dutch: Jan van Nassau was a clergyman from the House of Nassau. From 1267 to 1290 he was Bishop-Elect of the Bishopric of Utrecht as John I. He did not care much for his spiritual functions, and his government also failed due to his weak political and poor financial management. During his reign, the influence of the County of Holland in the Bishopric greatly increased. John's government was one of the worst the Bishopric had to endure; without talent and energy, slavishly surrendering to all sensual pleasures, it was never possible for him to maintain the inner peace, under which the Nedersticht in particular suffered greatly.

Ada of Scotland, also known as Ada of Huntingdon, was a member of the Scottish royal house who became Countess of Holland by marriage to Floris III, Count of Holland.

John V, Lord of Arkel was Lord of Arkel, Haastrecht and Hagestein and stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and West Frisia. He was a son of Lord Otto of Arkel and his wife, Elisabeth of Bar-Pierrepont.

John III, Lord of Arkel was Lord of Arkel from 1297 until his death in 1324.

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Adelaide of Cleves, also known as Aleid and Adelheid was, by her marriage to Dirk VII, Countess of Holland. She played an important role in the administration during the reign of her husband, during which she served as regent in 1195, and facilitated the marriage and accession of their daughter Ada amid dynastic disputes in 1203.

References

1 2 3 4 5 Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Ada". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
1 2 J. Roefstra,Op zoek naar Albert Banjaert en zijn huis te Beverwijk (Amsterdam/Beverwijk 1997) p. 282–3.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 de Graaf, Ronald P. (2004). Oorlog om Holland, 1000-1375. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. pp. 312–313, 320–321. ISBN 9789065508072 . Retrieved 8 January 2017.
↑ Nuyens, Willem Jan Frans (1873). Algemeene geschiedenis des Nederlandschen volks: van de vroegste tijden tot op onze dagen, Volumes 5-8. Amsterdam: C.L. van Langenhuysen. pp. 80–81. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
↑ Kastelen in Beverwijk en Heemskerk: Kasteel Banjaert
↑ Joan a Leydis, lib, XX, cap 1.2

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[Enc-1] 1 2 3 4 5 Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Ada". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

[Roefstra-2] 1 2 J. Roefstra,Op zoek naar Albert Banjaert en zijn huis te Beverwijk (Amsterdam/Beverwijk 1997) p. 282–3.

[RGraaf-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 de Graaf, Ronald P. (2004). Oorlog om Holland, 1000-1375. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. pp. 312–313, 320–321. ISBN 9789065508072 . Retrieved 8 January 2017.

[4] Nuyens, Willem Jan Frans (1873). Algemeene geschiedenis des Nederlandschen volks: van de vroegste tijden tot op onze dagen, Volumes 5-8. Amsterdam: C.L. van Langenhuysen. pp. 80–81. Retrieved 7 January 2017.

[5] Kastelen in Beverwijk en Heemskerk: Kasteel Banjaert

[6] Joan a Leydis, lib, XX, cap 1.2

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