M115 howitzer

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M115 203 mm howitzer
M115 display.jpg
M115 203 mm howitzer on display at Bastrop, Texas, United States.
Type Howitzer
Place of originUnited States
Service history
Wars World War II
Korean War
Vietnam War
Iran–Iraq War
Production history
Designed1939
Produced1942–1945
No. built1,006 [1]
Specifications
Mass14,515 kg (31,780 lbs)
LengthTravel: 10.972 m (36 ft 0 in)
Barrel  length5.1 m (16 ft 9 in) [2] L/25
WidthTravel: 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) [2]
HeightTravel: 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) [2]
Crew14

Shell Separate loading charge and projectile 90.7 kg (200 lb) [2]
Caliber 203 mm (8 in)
Breech Interrupted screw
Recoil Hydro-pneumatic
Carriage Split trail
Elevation −2° to +65°
Traverse +60°
Rate of fire 3 rounds per 2 minutes (maximum for first 3 minutes),
1 round per 2 minutes (sustained) [3]
Muzzle velocity 587 m/s (1,926 ft/s)
Effective firing range16,800 m (18,373 yds)
22,860 m (25,000 yds) maximum

The M115 203 mm howitzer, also known as the M115 8-inch howitzer, and originally the M1 8-inch howitzer was a towed heavy howitzer developed by the United States Army and used during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. Post-WWII it was also adopted by a number of other nations in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.

Contents

History

During World War I, licensed production of the British 8-inch howitzer Mark VI was undertaken by the Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company, located in the Nicetown neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Both American and British-manufactured weapons were used by the American Expeditionary Force in France. [4] In 1940, the United States still had 475 Mark VII and Mark VIII 1/2 howitzers in storage, but there are no reports of the Mark VI or other marks being used during World War II. [5]

The original design of the M1 8-inch howitzer started in 1919, and resulted in the M1920 howitzer, but the program lapsed until resurrected in 1927. The T2 and T3 howitzers were prototypes of a partner piece for a new 155 mm gun. [6] The first publicity photographs of the M1-type 8-inch howitzer on its redesigned carriage appeared in 1931, but development was slowed by the Great Depression. [7] The T3 was standardized as the 8-inch howitzer M1 in 1940.

Like the British 8-inch howitzer of the First World War (and most other large artillery), the M1 uses a Welin screw for its breech. The carriage was the same as used for the US 155 mm gun and was also adopted by the British for their BL 7.2-inch howitzer. It consists of a split trail with equilibrator assemblies, elevating and traversing mechanisms, a two-axle bogie with eight tires, and a single-axle, single-wheel limber for towing. Four spades, carried on the trails, were used to emplace the weapon.

The M1 saw U.S. service in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. During World War II, the M1 was towed by the Mack 7⅓ ton 6×6 truck or the M4 tractor. 59 battalions were raised during the war, of which 39 saw combat service in Northwest Europe or Italy and three in the Pacific.

In the late 1950s, it was adopted in small numbers by several NATO armies, to fire the W33 (M422/M422A1 shell) and later the W79 nuclear artillery shell, under the NATO nuclear sharing concept, a role which ended when the smallest types of tactical nuclear weapons were removed from service and eliminated. It was also adopted as a field weapon by a number of nations in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia and saw service in the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis and the Croatian War of Independence. In 1962, the M1 was redesignated the M115 howitzer.

Operators

Former operators

Self-propelling mounts

8 inch HMC M43 in Korea Self-propelled-gun-Korea-19520813.jpg
8 inch HMC M43 in Korea

Ammunition

The howitzer fired separate loading, bagged charge ammunition, with seven different propelling charges, from 1 (the smallest) to 7 (the largest).

Projectiles [21] [22]
TypeModelWeightFillerMuzzle velocityRange
HE HE M106 Shell (charge M2)90.7 kg (200 lb)594 m/s (1,950 ft/s)16,926 m (11 mi)
HEHE Mk 1A1 Shell (charge M1)90.7 kg (200 lb)408 m/s (1,340 ft/s)10,214 m (6.3 mi)
DummyDummy Mk 1 Projectile
Nuclear M442 (W33) nuclear shell243 lb (110 kg)547.1 m/s (1,795 ft/s) [23] 18,000 m (11 mi)
NuclearXM753 (W79) nuclear shell200 lb (91 kg)601 m/s (1,970 ft/s) [24] 24,000 m (15 mi), 30,000 m (19 mi) with rocket assist. [25]
Propelling charges [26]
ModelWeight, completeComponents
M1 ("green bag")6.3 kg (13 lb 14 oz)Five incremental charges (for charges 1 to 5)
M2 ("white bag")13.56 kg (29 lb 14 oz)Base charge and two incremental charges (for charges 5 to 7)
M4 (dummy)13.04 kg (28 lb 12 oz)Base charge and two incremental charges
Concrete penetration [27]
Ammunition / Distance2,743 m (3,000 yd)4,572 m (5,000 yd)9,144 m (10,000 yd)13,716 m (20,000 yd)
HE M106 Shell (meet angle 0°)1,432 mm (4 ft 8 in)1,219 mm (4 ft)975 mm (3 ft 2 in)945 mm (3 ft 1 in)


Existing examples

Netherlands

See also

Notes

  1. Official Munitions Production of the United States, by Months, 1 July 1940 – 31 August 1945 (War Production Board and Civilian Production Administration, 1 May 1947) p. 137
  2. 1 2 3 4 Foss, Christopher (1977). Jane's pocket book of towed artillery. New York: Collier. p. 141. ISBN   0-02-080600-0. OCLC   911907988.
  3. "M110 8 inch (203 mm) Self-Propelled Howitzer". YouTube. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  4. US Army manual TM 9-2005, December 1942 Archived 2010-07-14 at the Wayback Machine Page 79
  5. Zaloga, Steven (2011). U.S. Field Artillery of World War II. New Vanguard 131. Osprey Publishing. pp. 22–23.
  6. Zaloga, Steven (2011). U.S. Field Artillery of World War II. New Vanguard 131. Osprey Publishing. p. 23.
  7. "First Mile A Minute Army", October 1931, Popular Science photo bottom of page 53
  8. The Military Balance 2016, p. 328.
  9. The Military Balance 2016, p. 336.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wiener, Friedrich (1987). The armies of the NATO nations: Organization, concept of war, weapons and equipment. Truppendienst Handbooks Volume 3. Vienna: Herold Publishers. pp. 499–500.
  11. The Military Balance 2016, p. 280.
  12. The Military Balance 2016, p. 351.
  13. Bak, Dongchan (March 2021). Korean War: Weapons of the United Nations (PDF) (in Korean). Republic of Korea: Ministry of Defense Institute for Military History. pp. 108–110. ISBN   979-11-5598-079-8.
  14. The Military Balance 2016, p. 291.
  15. The Military Balance 2016, p. 148.
  16. Xavier Palson, La guerre de demain : Est/Ouest, Les forces en présence, Taillandier, April 1984, 258 p. ISBN   2235016006, p. 116.
  17. Kenji Jyoshima; Yusuke Tsuge (October 2007). 陸自車両50年史 (50 Years of JGSDF's Vehicles) (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Argonauts Publications. p. 123.
  18. Hunnicutt - Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank, pp. 353–355, 571.
  19. Hunnicutt - Pershing, A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series, p. 158.
  20. Hunnicutt - Pershing, A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series, p. 159.
  21. Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition, pp. 203–205.
  22. "W33". Global Security. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  23. Henry E Hudgins (January 1977). Aerodynamics, Dimensions, Inertial Properties and Performance of Artillery Projectiles (PDF) (Report). Picatinny Arsenal. p. 145. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  24. Aerodynamics, Dimensions, Inertial Properties and Performance of Artillery Projectiles, p. 156.
  25. Sandia Weapon Review: Nuclear Weapon Characteristics Handbook (PDF) (Report). Sandia National Labs. September 1990. p. 75. SAND90-1238. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2022.
  26. Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition, p 301, 311.
  27. Hunnicutt - Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank, p 571.

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References