M26 grenade

Last updated
M26 grenade
M-61Grenade.jpg
M61 grenade, a M26A1 fitted with a safety clip
Type Fragmentation hand grenade
Place of origin United States
Service history
In service1953−1988 (US)
Used bySee users
Wars
Production history
Produced1952−1968 (US)
VariantsSee variants
Specifications (M61)
Mass16 oz (450 g)
Length3.9 in (99 mm)
Diameter2.25 in (57 mm)

Filling Composition B with tetryl booster
Filling weight
  • 5.5 oz (160 g) (Comp B)
  • 0.3 oz (8.5 g) (Tetryl)
Detonation
mechanism
M204A1 or M204A2, 4−5 second pyrotechnic delay fuse
References [1]

The M26 (designated during development as the T38) is a fragmentation hand grenade developed by the United States military. It entered service in 1952 and was first used in combat during the Korean War, replacing the Mk 2 of World War II. The M26 series was the primary fragmentation grenade used by American forces in the Vietnam War. It was replaced by the M33 series grenade. Its distinct lemon shape led it to being nicknamed the "lemon grenade" (compare the Russian F1 and American Mk 2 "pineapple" grenades).

Contents

Background

During World War II the flaws of the then standard issue Mk 2 grenade were already known: it suffered from poor and irregular fragmentation, while the blast and fragmentation effect on both ends were uneven, negatively affecting the casualty radius. The US Army conducted some field tests with the T12 and T13 "Beano" fragmentation grenades, but after some accidents, they were ultimately rejected by the troops. [2]

In May 1946, the War Department placed the specifications for a replacement: it needed to have a selective combination of an impact and time-delay fuse, capable of being used in both offensive and defensive roles and it also could be adapted for use as a rifle grende. In 1948, an interim design was chosen for further development and in January 1949 work began on what would become the M26. [3] The resulting T38 experimental grenade used a notched metal coil with an additional fragmentation layer on the base plug to provide a more even casualty radius. It was formally adopted by the United States Army in 1952 as the M26. [2]

Description

The M26 uses a oval-shaped sheet steel body (giving it the nickname "lemon grenade") lined with a 0.13 in (3.3 mm) diameter metal coil notched every 0.20 in (5.1 mm) to ensure even fragmentation. It also features a fragmentation sleeve at the bottom of the filler cavity. According to Rottman, upon detonation the M26 releases 1,150 fragments that can inflict serious wounds in a radius of 15 m (16 yd), while the kill zone is 5 m (5.5 yd), [2] though US Army manuals note that the dispersal radius can reach up to 250 yd (230 m). [4] The fragments generated by the M26 and L2 series can penetrate thick clothing and damage internal organs. [5]

Fuses used include the pyrotechnic delay M204A1 and M204A2, which have a 4−5 second delay and the M217, which detonates on impact. Grenades fitted with the M217 are also fitted with a secondary pyrotechnic delay mechanism to detonate the grenade after 4 seconds if it fails to do so upon impact. [6] In the mid-1960s a safety wire clip (commonly known as the "jungle clip") was added to newly produced grenades to better suit the jungle warfare in Vietnam. [7]

The M26 series uses a 5.5 oz (160 g) Composition B filler. [2] All grenades, with the exception of the impact-fused variants have a 0.3 oz (8.5 g) Tetryl booster charge. [8] The M61 grenade (a M26A1 fitted with a safety clip) can be thrown at a range up to 40 m (44 yd) by an average soldier. [9] The M26 series (with exception of the M57) can be launched from a rifle using an adapter and a blank cartridge up to 170 yd (160 m). [10]

The grenades are individually stored inside fiberboard containers and packed 25 or 30 to a crate. [11] [12]

Variants

Live variants

West German DM41 fragmentation grenade filled with Composition B. This example has been dissected to reveal the fragmentation sleeve and explosive charge DM41 hand grenade cutaway.png
West German DM41 fragmentation grenade filled with Composition B. This example has been dissected to reveal the fragmentation sleeve and explosive charge
A British L2-A2 fragmentation grenade L2A2.JPG
A British L2-A2 fragmentation grenade

Practice variants

History

Distributed to troops during the spring of 1953, the M26 saw limited use during the Korean War. [7] In 1954, tests were conducted under arctic conditions: the grenade performed well under temperatures below 0°, and no duds were reported, [23] though it was also reported that the detonation was ineffective under snow and soldiers had some difficult pulling the pin while wearing winter gloves. [24]

M61 showing the additional safety clip M61 cropped.jpg
M61 showing the additional safety clip

The M26A1 and M61 were widely used in Vietnam. The M26A2 and M57 impact fuzes were impopular with soldiers: after armed they caused friendly casualties after being accidentally dropped or if they struck vegetation. [25]

During the conflict, new grenades were fitted with safety clips during the mid-1960s. The pins often got snagged in the thick vegetation resulting in accidents and there were also occasional cases of prisoners of war suicidally lunging at their captors to pull the pin. According to Rottman, several soldiers who previously trained with unclipped grenades often failed to remove the clips before throwing, which posed the danger of an enemy finding and throwing the grenade back. The M26A1 and M61 were also often employed as booby traps. [26]

The M26 series (M26/M61) began to be replaced by the M33 series grenade (M33/M67) in 1969. While the M26 proved to be effective, it also had an inconsistent casualty radius and was heavy, at 1 lb (0.45 kg). Though production ceased in the United States in 1968, remaining stockpiles remained in US service during the 1970s. [7] The M61 remained listed as a standard issue grenade as late as 1988 in US Army technical manuals. [9]

Users

Ethiopian Soldiers from the Kagnew Battalion, 7th Inf. Div., in Korea, 1953 Ethiopian Soldiers Korean War.jpg
Ethiopian Soldiers from the Kagnew Battalion, 7th Inf. Div., in Korea, 1953

References

  1. Department of the Army 1988a, p. 2-13.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rottman 2015, p. 26.
  3. Harding 1954, p. 2.
  4. Department of the Army 1988, p. D-4.
  5. Rottman 2015, p. 64.
  6. Department of the Army 1988a, p. 2-9.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rottman 2015, p. 28.
  8. Department of the Army 1988a, pp. 2-4−2-10.
  9. 1 2 3 Department of the Army 1988, p. 1-8.
  10. Owen 1975, pp. 227−228.
  11. 1 2 Hogg 1983, p. 455.
  12. 1 2 Logistics Command 1970, p. 106.
  13. Rottman 2015, p. 70.
  14. Department of the Army 1988, pp. D-3−D-4.
  15. 1 2 Owen 1975, p. 227.
  16. 1 2 Owen 1975, p. 228.
  17. Rottman 2015, p. 17.
  18. 1 2 3 Hogg 1983, p. 452.
  19. Hogg 1983, pp. 452−453.
  20. 1 2 Rottman 2015, p. 22.
  21. Department of the Army 1988a, pp. 4-7−4-8.
  22. Department of the Army 1988a, pp. 4-9−4-10.
  23. Harding 1954, pp. A.1, A.8.
  24. Harding 1954, pp. 3, A.5.
  25. Rottman 2015, pp. 26, 28, 57.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rottman 2015, p. 57.
  27. Rottman 2015, pp. 27, 57.
  28. "Granada IMC MG M26 HE – Indumil".
  29. LEXPEV. "M-26". Lexpev.nl. Retrieved 2014-05-03.
  30. http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/154626#.UaPin5zi6F1 Learning from Tragedy, IDF Develops Safer Hand Grenade (4/9/2012), Israel National News
  31. "북괴군 특작부대, 무장공비 사용화기, 장비". Archived from the original on 2015-05-24. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
  32. Hogg 1983, p. 870.
  33. Hogg 1983, p. 871.
  34. Rottman 2015, p. 137.
  35. Jowett, Philip (22 September 2016). Modern African Wars (5): The Nigerian-Biafran War 1967–70. Osprey Publishing. ISBN   9781472816092.
  36. LEXPEV. "Portuguese grenades". Lexpev.nl. Retrieved 2014-05-03.
  37. Smyth, Frank (January 1994). "Arming Rwanda - The Arms Trade and Human Rights Abuses in the Rwandan War" (PDF). hrw.org. Human Rights Watch Arms Project . Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  38. LEXPEV. "South African grenades". Lexpev.nl. Retrieved 2014-05-03.
  39. A/3/O8/PL GREN Training with Grenades. SA Army Headquarters. February 1980.
  40. Denel Land Systems. "Grenade Datasheets" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  41. "Fact File: M26 fragmentation hand grenade". DefenceWeb. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  42. "SAP Special Task Force". www.sapstf.org. Archived from the original on 2014-12-16. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
  43. LEXPEV. "L2 serie". Lexpev.nl. Retrieved 2014-05-03.
  44. McNab, Chris (2002). 20th Century Military Uniforms (2nd ed.). Kent: Grange Books. p. 308. ISBN   1-84013-476-3.

Bibliography