Manga Kanuri is a variety of the Kanuri language a Nilo-Saharan language of the Saharan branch. Manga Kanuri is spoken mainly in Niger in the regions of Zinder and Diffa along the Nigerian and Chadian borders. It also spoken by a significant number of speakers in Nigeria. Manga Kanuri is the second largest variety of the Kanuri language and is used as a trade language in Niger. [1] It has two main dialects, Manga, and Dagara. [2]
Manga Kanuri | |
---|---|
Native to | Nigeria, Niger |
Region | Lake Chad |
Ethnicity | Kanuri |
Native speakers | (920,000 cited 1993–2021) [3] |
Dialects |
|
Latin Arabic (Ajami) [4] | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | kby |
Glottolog | mang1399 |
It exhibits a subject-object-verb (SOV) word order. Semantically, Manga Kanuri employs a system of noun class distinctions, influencing both nominal and verbal morphology. Phonologically, the language includes a diverse set of consonants and vowels, with tones playing a crucial role in distinguishing lexical meanings. Morphologically, it features agglutinative elements, where affixes are added to a root to convey various grammatical nuances. Word formation often involves the use of prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. [5]
Manga Kanuri's morphology is notably complex, incorporating intricate verbal inflections that convey tense, aspect, mood, and subject concord. The language employs postpositions to indicate spatial and temporal relationships, offering a distinct set of locative markers. Adjectives in Manga Kanuri usually follow the noun they modify, contributing to the language's syntactic structure. Additionally, the use of classifiers is prevalent, enhancing precision in describing nouns within specific semantic categories. [5]
Hausa is a Chadic language that is spoken by the Hausa people in the northern parts of Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Benin and Togo, and the southern parts of Niger, and Chad, with significant minorities in Ivory Coast. A small number of speakers also exist in Sudan.
Niger–Congo is a hypothetical language family spoken over the majority of sub-Saharan Africa. It unites the Mande languages, the Atlantic–Congo languages, and possibly several smaller groups of languages that are difficult to classify. If valid, Niger–Congo would be the world's largest in terms of member languages, the third-largest in terms of speakers, and Africa's largest in terms of geographical area. Austronesian has almost as many member languages, although this is complicated by the ambiguity about what constitutes a distinct language; the number of named Niger–Congo languages listed by Ethnologue is 1,540.
Kanuri is a Saharan dialect continuum of the Nilo–Saharan language family spoken by the Kanuri and Kanembu peoples in Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon, as well as by a diaspora community residing in Sudan.
The Songhay, Songhai or Ayneha languages are a group of closely related languages/dialects centred on the middle stretches of the Niger River in the West African countries of Mali, Niger, Benin, Burkina Faso and Nigeria. In particular, they are spoken in the cities of Timbuktu, Djenné, Niamey, Gao, Tillaberi, Dosso, Parakou, Kandi, Natitingou, Djougou, Malanville, Gorom-Gorom, In-Gall and Tabelbala. They have been widely used as a lingua franca in that region ever since the era of the Songhai Empire. In Mali, the government has officially adopted the dialect of Gao as the dialect to be used as a medium of primary education.
The Kanuri people are an African ethnic group living largely in the lands of the former Kanem and Bornu Empires in Niger, Nigeria, Chad, and Cameroon, as well as a diaspora community residing in Sudan. Those generally termed Kanuri include several subgroups and dialect groups, some of whom identify as distinct from the Kanuri. Most trace their origins to ruling lineages of the medieval Kanem–Bornu Empire, and its client states or provinces. In contrast to the neighboring Toubou or Zaghawa pastoralists, Kanuri groups have traditionally been sedentary, engaging in farming, fishing the Chad Basin, trade, and salt processing.
Fula, also known as Fulani or Fulah, is a Senegambian language spoken by around 36.8 million people as a set of various dialects in a continuum that stretches across some 18 countries in West and Central Africa. Along with other related languages such as Serer and Wolof, it belongs to the Atlantic geographic group within Niger–Congo, and more specifically to the Senegambian branch. Unlike most Niger-Congo languages, Fula does not have tones.
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The Miskito language, the language of the Miskito people of the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua and Honduras, is a member of the Misumalpan language family and also a strongly Germanic-influenced language. Miskito is as widely spoken in Honduras and Nicaragua as Spanish, it is also an official language in the Atlantic region of these countries. With more than 8 million speakers, Miskito has positioned in the second place in both countries after Spanish. Miskito is not only spoken in Central America, but in Europe, the USA, Canada and in many other Latin American countries. Miskito used to be a royal state language in the 16th to 19th dynasties of the Miskito Kingdom.
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Laro, also Laru, Aaleira, Ngwullaro, Yillaro, is a Niger–Congo language in the Heiban family spoken in the Nuba Mountains in Kordofan, Sudan.
Tyefo, also spelled Cɛfɔ, Tiéfo, Kiefo, Tyeforo, is a pair of languages of Burkina Faso. It may be a peripheral member of the Gur languages, but it is of uncertain affiliation.
Izon, also known as (Central–Western) Ijo, Ijaw, Izo and Uzo, is the dominant Ijaw language, spoken by a majority of the Ijaw people of Nigeria.
Polci is an Afro-Asiatic language of Bauchi State, Nigeria. It is part of the Barawa cluster, which is in turn part of the West Chadic language family.
Wandala, also known as Mandara or Mura', is a language in the Chadic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, spoken in Cameroon and Nigeria.
Yerwa Kanuri or Central Kanuri is a variety of the Kanuri language spoken mainly in adjacent parts of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, and Chad as well as by a diaspora community residing in Sudan. It is spoken by the Yerwa Kanuri who are the largest subgroup of Kanuri people in West and Central Africa today. Yerwa Kanuri is the largest of the Kanuri varieties, it is also used for both oral and written communication in Cameroon and is classified within the Saharan branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. The Yerwa Kanuri variety of the Kanuri language in Nigeria is written using the Ajami script of the Arabic alphabet.
Tumari Kanuri, also known as Kanembu in Niger, is a variety of the Kanuri language, a Nilo-Saharan language of the Saharan branch. It is spoken in Niger by approximately 103,000 speakers in the Diffa Region of southeast Niger, near the border with Chad and Nigeria. Tumari Kanuri is closely related to the Movar dialect of Yerwa Kanuri.
Bilma Kanuri is a variety of the Kanuri language which is a Nilo-Saharan language belonging to the Saharan branch of the language family. It is spoken in Niger mainly in the Agadez Region by the Bilma Kanuri subgroup, and is named after the town of Bilma. The variety is one of the smaller varieties of Kanuri in terms of the number of speakers.
Western Niger Fulfulde, also known as Gorgal Niiser Fulfulde is a variety of the Fula language, spoken mainly in Niger, and Burkina Faso, as well as by a small number of speakers in Benin by 3 million people. It has SOV word order and is closely related to other varieties of Fula spoken in Niger.
Borgu Fulfulde, also known as Borgu Fulani, Benin-Togo Fulfulde, Fulbe-Borgu, or Peul is a variety of the Fula language a West Atlantic language part of the Niger-Congo language family, it is spoken primarily in the Borgou Department of Benin, spanning Nigeria, other parts of Benin, as well as Togo and parts of Burkina Faso.
Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde, also known as Lettugal Niiser Fulfulde is a variety of the Fula language, a Niger–Congo language predominantly spoken in the Central and Eastern regions of Niger, particularly among the Fulani people. The linguistic structure of this language exhibits distinct features, including a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) word order. Prepositions and postpositions are utilized in the language to convey spatial relationships. Genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals, and relatives follow noun heads, contributing to the overall complexity of sentence structures. The language employs a question-word-final pattern, placing question words at the end of interrogative sentences. Additionally, there is a specific set of affixes, comprising one prefix and nine suffixes, which play a crucial role in marking number and subject in verbs.
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