Martin A. Samuels, MD, DSc (hon), FAAN, MACP, FRCP, FANA, was an American physician, neurologist and medical educator whose unique teaching style and contributions, accessible to a wide audience, were widely known and celebrated.[1] He wrote and spoke on the relationships between neurology and the rest of medicine, and linked the nervous system with cardiac function, highlighting the mechanisms and prevention of neurogeniccardiac disease.
Born in Cleveland, Ohio, on June 24, 1945, Samuels attended Cleveland Heights High School, where he was an honors graduate and president of the 3,300 student body. He delivered the graduation address, elected by his class, and was later elected to the Cleveland Heights High School Hall of Fame.
Samuels credited his own childhood pediatrician in Cleveland, Dr. J.W. Epstein, with providing early inspiration for his future career path in medicine. He was also exposed to medicine, and specifically the brain-heart connection, before medical school through his cousin, Matthew Levy, a cardiovascular physiologist at Mount Sinai Hospital and Case Western Reserve Medical School.
Samuels received his Bachelor of Arts degree in biology from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, in 1967, where, as elected class speaker, he delivered an address titled "Lumberjackets and Dogs." In 1971 he received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, where he was elected to the Pi Kappa Epsilon Honor Society and was selected as class speaker to deliver an Honors Day Address titled "Mark Hopkins on One End and I on the Other." The University of Cincinnati later awarded him an honorary Doctor of Science degree (2005). In 2011, Samuels was asked to deliver the Honors Day Address, titled "Invaders from Mars with Commentary by Robbie Burns," to mark the 40th anniversary of his 1971 graduation address. Samuels also received an honorary Master of Arts degree from Harvard University in 1993.
During medical school, Samuels was influenced by a number of mentors, including Benjamin Felson, Richard Vilter, Edward Gall, Roger Crafts, Evelyn Hess, Gustav Eckstein and Charles Aring, the latter of whom drew him into the field of neurology. He spent a period of time in hepatology and immunology research with the late Dame Professor Sheila Sherlock at the Royal Free Hospital in London. The work resulted in his first scientific publication in Gut showing that a serum factor present in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis was responsible for the autoimmune nature of the disease.[2]
Following medical school, Samuels trained first by completing a full residency in internal medicine at the Boston City Hospital, serving as the medical chief resident in 1974–5, and then as a junior resident in neurology (1973-4), as a fellow in neuropathology (1975–76) and senior resident in neurology (1976–77) at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Samuels is board certified in both Internal Medicine and Neurology.
Clinical career
Samuels was the only neurologist cited in all editions of Castle & Connolly Best Doctors in America. He was able to consult on complex problems, particularly in the interface between general medicine and neurology.
Following his formal training, Samuels created a new neurology service, of which he served as chief until 1988, at the West Roxbury (MA) Veterans Administration Medical Center, a Harvard Medical School-affiliated hospital. There he was instrumental in the merger of two VA hospitals to create the Brockton-West Roxbury VA Medical Center, a model that has since been replicated throughout the VA system.
In 1988, Samuels was recruited to the Brigham and Women's Hospital to create a Department of Neurology from a small division in the department of medicine. In 1994, the department was formally instituted, with Samuels as its founding chair. Since its launch, the relatively new department has grown to include over 250 academic appointments, including 20 full professors, six with endowed chairs, at the Harvard Medical School; one of the largest programs in basic, translational and clinical research with over $40,000,000 in annual research support; 15 divisions; an inpatient neurology service; an epilepsy monitoring unit; a 20-bed neurological-neurosurgicalintensive care unit; and ambulatory programs in all major areas of neurological medicine. Basic and clinical research from the department comprises work on Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, autoimmunity, Parkinson's disease, neuromuscular diseases, epilepsy, stroke, and cancer neurology.
In addition to having served as chairman of the department, Samuels maintained an active clinical practice at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, seeing patients with complex neurological problems. He served regularly as the attending neurologist for inpatient and consultation services (named the Martin A. Samuels Neurology Consultation Service in 2010) at the Brigham, and regularly provided guidance to neurology residents and students on treating the most complex problems.
In 2018, after serving for 30 years as Founding Chair of Neurology at the Brigham, Samuels stepped down from the chair to become the emeritus Founding Chair of Neurology at the Brigham and Distinguished Miriam Sydney Joseph Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School. He continued to be a full-time member of the Department of Neurology where he saw patients and taught residents and students.
Samuels has studied and written extensively on the interface between neurology and the rest of medicine, including neurocardiology, neurohematology, neurohepatology, neuronephrology, neurorheumatology, and the neurological aspects of organ transplantation and acid-base and electrolyte disturbances. His most well-known contributions relate to the mechanisms and prevention of neurogenic cardiac disease.[4]
Samuels studied "voodoo death", or death caused by fright or intense emotion, which triggers a series of neuro-physiological changes through high levels of catecholamines. He articulated a unifying hypothesis that explains the mechanisms whereby the nervous system can produce cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial necrosis in a number of clinical contexts including subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, brain tumor, epilepsy and psychological stress. This research, the subject of Samuels' lecture "Voodoo Death Revisited: The Modern Lessons of Neurocardiology",[5] earned Samuels the H. Houston Merritt Award, granted every two years by the American Academy of Neurology for clinically relevant research.[6] Samuels has spoken on his research at the Cleveland Clinic Heart-Brain Summit (2006)[7] and the International Academy of Cardiology's World Congress on Heart Disease, where he delivered the H. Jeremy C. Swan Memorial Lecture in 2010.[8]
Samuels wrote and edited several books in the field of neurology. He was neurological editor for Stein's Internal Medicine.[9] He is co-author, with Allan H. Ropper, Joshua P. Klein and Sashank Prasad, of the neurology textbook Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology, 11th edition;[10] co-author, with Steven K. Feske, of Office Practice of Neurology;[11] and medical section editor of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience.[12] He also wrote for and edited several academic medical journals. He was the founding editor of Journal Watch Neurology, a monthly newsletter of important advances in neurology published by the New England Journal of Medicine's publisher, the Massachusetts Medical Society; a member of the editorial boards of The Neurologist and European Neurology; and a regular peer reviewer for Neurology, the New England Journal of Medicine, the Annals of Internal Medicine, Circulation and World Neurology. He was an associate editor of the Annals of Neurology, as of January 1, 2014.
Samuels was interested in expanding the audience and practice of neurologic therapeutics, developing the Manual of Neurologic Therapeutics, which became the most widely used reference on neurological treatment. The ninth edition of the manual, named Samuels’s Manual of Neurologic Therapeutics, was published in 2017.[13] He was also the first proponent of the hospitalist system on neurological services; he edited the textbook Hospitalist Neurology,[14]
Samuels also made several tours in England, delivering lectures on neurology to general practitioners, which provided the basis for his book Shared Care in Neurology, which he co-developed with Dr. Bernard Shevlin, a general practitioner in England, and the American neurologist Dr. Karl Misulis.[15] Samuels also made several trips to South Africa under the auspices of the Neurological Association of South Africa. He was the 2009 recipient of the L.P. Muller Award from the Erlangen Society for Autonomic Research at the University of Nuremberg, Germany, and was the special lecturer at the Japanese Society of Neurological Therapeutics in 1992.
Teaching
Samuels served on the faculty of the Harvard Medical School since 1977 where he was promoted to full professor in 1993. In addition to his own courses at Harvard, Samuels teaches other postgraduate courses, in which he speaks on all topics in neurology. He was also the founder and ongoing director of Harvard Medical School postgraduate courses titled “Neurology for the Non-Neurologist” and “Intensive Review of Neurology,” each of which has been presented annually for over thirty years. He was the longstanding director of the Harvard Longwood Neurology Residency and was the co-founder of the Harvard Partners Neurology Residency.[16] Samuels was the first recipient of the Harvard Medical School Faculty Prize for Excellence in Teaching, was asked to serve as faculty speaker at class day during Harvard Medical School graduation ceremonies a record three times, and was awarded the Partners Neurology Teacher of the Year award in 2004.
In July 2013, a Harvard Medical School endowed chair was established in Dr. Samuels' name. The Martin A. Samuels Professorship in Neurology will be occupied by the future chairs of the Department of Neurology at the Brigham and Women's Hospital. It is traditional at Harvard to not occupy a chair in one's own name, so the incumbent is permitted to create a temporary name as long as he is active. Dr. Samuels chose the name Miriam Sydney Joseph Professor of Neurology to honor his parents, Miriam Joseph and Sydney Samuels. As of July 1, 2013, Dr. Samuels became the Miriam Sydney Joseph Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School and served as the Chair of The Department of Neurology and Neurologist-in-Chief, Brigham and Women's Hospital. When Dr. Samuels stepped down from the departmental chairmanship, he became the Miriam Sydney Joseph Professor of Neurology, emeritus and the Martin A. Samuels Professorship will be awarded to his successor and passed down to future chairs in perpetuity.
In addition to his teaching role at Harvard, Samuels was a frequent teacher and speaker in venues around the world, and served as a visiting professor in many medical schools and hospitals. He was honored several times by his alma mater, the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, delivering honorary lectures such as the Charles D. Aring lecture and the Distinguished Alumni Lecture; in 2005, he received the school's highest award, the Daniel Drake Medal. In 2007, he served as the Robert B. Aird Visiting professor of neurology at the University of California, San Francisco. He delivered the J. Norman Allen Lectureship at the Ohio State University Department of Neurology in 2008 and the Dewey Ziegler Lectureship at the University of Kansas in 2010. In 2012, he served as the Stephens Lecturer and visiting professor at the University of Colorado and as the Charles Rammelkamp Visiting professor at Metropolitan General Hospital - Case Western Reserve School of Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio. In 2013, he served as the Donald Baxter Lecturer and visiting professor at the Montreal Neurological Institute of McGill University, as the Seymour Jotkowitz Visiting Professor and Lecturer at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey in Newark, and as the William Chambers Visiting Professor and Lecturer at Dartmouth Medical School in Hanover, New Hampshire. In 2014 he served as the Frank and Joan Rothman Visiting professor at Brown University Alpert Medical School in Providence, Rhode Island and in 2016 and 2017 he served as the Dr. M. Howard Triedman ’52 Visiting Professor and Lecturer in Brain Science. In 2016 he served as Visiting Professor at the Dr. Stanley Robbins Memorial Lectureship at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, as Visiting Professor at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Bridgetown, Barbados and as Visiting Professor at Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Salpetrière Hospital, Paris, France. Samuels served as president Association of University Professors of Neurology (AUPN), the organization of the department chairs of neurology, from 2004-2007.
Samuels also delivered lectures and continuing medical education courses at medical society meetings and medical conferences. At the national meetings of the American Academy of Neurology, Dr. Samuels created and on several occasions presented "The Borderlands of Neurology and Internal Medicine," the only one-person, full-day course ever presented; he was asked to convene a similar course at the World Congress of Neurology in 2005 in Sydney, Australia. He delivered a major plenary session lecture on neurocardiology at the 2009 World Federation of Neurological Surgery. In 2006, he received the A.B. Baker Award for Lifetime Achievement in Neurological Education[17] from the American Academy of Neurology, and in 2011, he was awarded the American Neurological Association Distinguished Teacher Award.
He frequently delivered the update in neurology at the annual meeting of the American College of Physicians, a presentation often published in the society journal, The Annals of Internal Medicine,[18] and annually delivers a, one-day ACP course titled "Neurology for the Internist." He was a major neurological contributor to the national meetings of the emergency physicians (The American College of Emergency Physicians), the family physicians (The American Academy of Family Physicians) and the American College of Rheumatology. He delivered the Keynote Address at the first Pri-Med[19] conference in Houston, Texas, cosponsored by Harvard and Baylor Medical Schools, and has participated in many of Pri-Med's national conferences, lecturing on topics including movement disorders, stroke and the neurological examination.
Samuels also provided education through multimedia outlets, including textbooks, audiotapes and a unique Video Textbook of Neurology for the Practicing Physician, featuring ten 90-minute video presentations spanning the field of clinical neurology. His books, The Manual of Neurological Therapeutics (nine editions),[13]Office Practice of Neurology (two editions),[20]Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology,[10]Shared Care in Neurology,[15] and Hospitalist Neurology[21] are standard reading for students, residents and postgraduate physicians. Samuels recorded a seven-part complete neurological examination, which appears in the electronic version of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine.
Personal
Samuels lived in Boston with his wife, Susan F. Pioli, a longtime medical publisher. He had two children, Charles L. Samuels, a mathematician specializing in number theory who is assistant professor of mathematics at Christopher Newport University, and Marilyn L. Sommers, a human resources specialist at Genesis HR Solutions who lives in the Boston area with her husband, Dr. Samuel Sommers, Professor of Psychology at Tufts University, and their two children.
Neurology is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the nervous system, which comprises the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves. Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neuroscience, the scientific study of the nervous system.
The Tufts University School of Medicine is the medical school of Tufts University, a private research university in Massachusetts. It was established in 1893 and is located on the university's health sciences campus in downtown Boston. It has clinical affiliations with numerous doctors and researchers in the United States and around the world, as well as with its affiliated hospitals in both Massachusetts, and Maine.
Kenneth M. Heilman was an American behavioral neurologist. He is considered one of the fathers of modern-day behavioral neurology.
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Richard T. Johnson was a physician and scientist at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Johnson was a faculty member in the Department of Neurology since its inception in 1969 and was the former head of the department. His research into the effects of viruses on the central nervous system has been published in over 300 scientific articles, and Johnson was both a journal and book editor and the author of an influential textbook, Viral Infections of the Nervous System.
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Samuels, MA; Kleinman, GA (1979). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. A 51 year old man with neck pain (foramen magnum meningioma)". New England Journal of Medicine. 301: 147–54.
Samuels, MA; Schiller, AL; Richardson, EP Jr (1981). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. A 68 year old man with gait disorder (Paget's disease with extra-medullary hematopoiesis)". New England Journal of Medicine. 304: 1411–21.
Samuels, MA; Shahani, BT (1984). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. A 29 year old woman with myalgia and muscle weakness (porphyria)". New England Journal of Medicine. 311: 839–847.
Samuels, MA; Hedley-Whyte, ET; Shahani, BT (1986). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. A 62 year old man with progressive polyneuropathy (amyloidosis)". New England Journal of Medicine. 315: 45–55.
Samuels, MA; Southern, JF (1988). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. A 26 year old woman with dilated cardiomyopathy and a stroke (pheochromocytoma)". New England Journal of Medicine. 318: 970–81.
Samuels, MA; Sobel, RA (1991). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathologic exercises. A 35 year old man with changed mental status and multiple intercerebral lesions (Neurosyphilis)". New England Journal of Medicine. 325: 414–22.
Samuels MA, DeLaMonte S. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathologic exercises. A 49 year old man admitted to the hospital because of the finding of an intracranial mass. (Primary CNS Lymphoma). New England Journal of Medicine. 1994; 331: 861-68.
Samuels, MA; Newell, KL (1997). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathologic exercises. A 43 year old woman admitted to the hospital because of a question of adult respiratory distress syndrome (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever)". New England Journal of Medicine. 337 (16): 1149–57. doi:10.1056/NEJM199710163371608. PMID9329937.
Samuels, MA; King, ME; Balis, U (2002). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathologic exercises. Case 31-2002. A 61 year old man with headache and multiple infarcts (Trousseau Syndrome)". New England Journal of Medicine. 347 (15): 1187–1194. doi:10.1056/nejmcpc020117. PMID12374880.
Mushlin, SB; Drazen, JM; Samuels, MA; Mark, EJ (2002). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathologic exercises. Case 33-2002. A 28 year old woman with ocular inflammation, fever, and headache (neurosarcoidosis)". New England Journal of Medicine. 347 (17): 1350–57. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc020018. PMID12397194.
Samuels, MA; Gonzalez, RG; Stemmer-Rachamimov, A (2007). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital weekly clinicopathologic exercises (The Cabot cases). A 77 year old man admitted with ear pain, difficulty speaking, and altered mental status (otitic bacterial leptomeningitis)". New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (19): 1957–65. doi:10.1056/nejmcpc079028. PMID17989389.
Samuels, MA; Pomerantz, BJ; Sadow, PM (2010). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital weekly clinicopathologic exercises. Case 14-2010. A 54 year old woman with Dizziness and Falls (pheochromocytoma)". New England Journal of Medicine. 362 (19): 1815–1823. doi:10.1056/nejmcpc0910070. PMID20463342.
These have been published in a single volume: Samuels MA, Ropper AH. Samuels and Ropper's Neurological CPC's from the New England Journal of Medicine. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2013.
↑ Samuels MA. "The brain-heart connection. Circulation 2007; 116; 77-84
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