Mary Frances Berry | |
---|---|
Chair of the United States Commission on Civil Rights | |
In office 1993–2004 | |
President | Bill Clinton George W. Bush |
Preceded by | Arthur Fletcher |
Succeeded by | Gerald A. Reynolds |
Personal details | |
Born | Mary Frances Berry February 17,1938 Nashville,Tennessee,U.S. |
Citizenship | American |
Parent(s) | George Ford Frances Berry |
Residence(s) | Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,U.S. |
Alma mater | Howard University University of Michigan |
Website | maryfrancesberry |
Mary Frances Berry (born February 17,1938) is an American historian,writer,lawyer,activist and professor who focuses on U.S. constitutional and legal,African-American history. [1] Berry is the Geraldine R. Segal Professor of American Social Thought where she teaches American legal history at the Department of History,School of Arts &Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania. She is the former chairwoman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights. Previously,Berry was provost of the College of Behavioral and Social Science at University of Maryland,College Park,and was the first African American chancellor of the University of Colorado at Boulder.
Berry was born in Nashville,Tennessee, [2] the second of the three children of George Ford and Frances Berry (née Southall). Because of economic hardship and family circumstances,she and her older brother were placed in an orphanage for a time.
Berry attended Nashville's segregated schools. [3] In 1956,she graduated with honors from Pearl High School. She attended Fisk University in Nashville,where her primary interests were philosophy,history,and chemistry. Berry transferred to Howard University,where in 1961 she received her B.A. In 1962,she received her M.A. from Howard. In 1966,Berry received a Ph.D. in American constitutional history from the University of Michigan. In 1970,she earned a J.D. from the University of Michigan Law School.
Berry spent seven years working at the University of Maryland,eventually becoming interim provost of the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences. In 1976,she became chancellor of the University of Colorado in Boulder,Colorado,the first black woman to head a major research university. [4] [5]
In 1977,Berry took a leave of absence from the University of Colorado when President Jimmy Carter named her assistant secretary for education in the Department of Health,Education,and Welfare. [4]
In 1980,Berry left the Department of Education to return to Howard University as a professor of history and law. Carter appointed her to the U.S. Civil Rights Commission, [4] where during her tenure she became involved in legal battles with Carter's successor,Ronald Reagan. When Reagan attempted to remove her from the board,she successfully went to court to keep her seat. [6] She clashed frequently on the commission with the Reagan-appointed chairman,Clarence M. Pendleton Jr. Pendleton tried to move the commission in line with Reagan's social and civil rights views and aroused the ire of liberals and feminists. He served from 1981 until his sudden death in 1988. [7]
In 1984,Berry co-founded the Free South Africa Movement,dedicated to the abolition of apartheid in South Africa. She was one of three prominent Americans arrested at the South African Embassy in Washington the day before Thanksgiving;the timing was deliberate to ensure maximum news exposure. [4]
In 1987,Berry took a tenured chair at the University of Pennsylvania,while continuing to serve on the Civil Rights Commission.
In 1993,Berry's book The Politics of Parenthood:Child Care,Women's Rights,and the Myth of the Good Mother was published. Reviewing the book in The Christian Science Monitor ,Laura Van Tuyl stated,"Berry presents a dispassionate history of the women's movement,day care,and home life,showing the persistent obstacles to economic and political power that have confronted women as a result of society's definition of them as 'mothers.' Her heavily footnoted chronology attributes the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment,the languishing of the women's movement in the '80s,and years of bickering over federal parental-leave and child care bills to an unwillingness to rethink gender roles." [8] In 1993,Berry was also appointed chair of the Civil Rights Commission by President Bill Clinton,who reappointed her for another term in 1999.
Separately from her work on the Civil Rights Commission,Berry was named chair of the Pacifica Radio Foundation's National Board in June 1997. She drew controversy from listeners,programmers,and station staff,after she and the board attempted to modify programming in order to expand the listeners of the stations and to attract a more diverse audience. "White male hippies over 50,"[ citation needed ] is how Berry described the programmers and audience of KPFA in Berkeley. Rumors of board actions involving the sale of flagship stations such as KPFA were widely circulated by the programmers. (Unlike most public service stations,Pacifica stations hold valuable high wattage licenses at commercial frequencies in major urban markets including New York City.) In 1999 she and Pacifica's Executive Director Lynn Chadwick fired the station's manager and issued a gag order, [9] threatening to fire anyone else who worked at the station who spoke of their actions. Berry thereafter ordered a lockout of all KPFA personnel,in violation of station union agreements. She then proceeded to demand the imposition of racial preferences across the board at KPFA,though she refused to meet with minority staff people at the station,who mostly disagreed with her actions. [10] Berry's actions in connection with Pacifica Radio brought protest from free speech groups such as the ACLU. [11] She subsequently resigned from the Pacifica board.
She continued to serve as chair of the Civil Rights Commission. In 1999,Berry persuaded the Clinton administration to appoint Victoria Wilson,her editor at Alfred A. Knopf,to the commission. [12] In 2001,she and the Democratic board members of the commission barred the seating of Peter Kirsanow, [13] who had been appointed by President George W. Bush to replace Wilson on the commission. Berry and the Democratic bloc argued that Wilson was entitled to serve a full six-year term,but the Bush Administration contended that she had only been appointed to serve out the remainder of a previous member's term. Kirsanow sued,claiming Wilson's tenure had expired and he had been validly appointed. Wilson won in federal district court but ultimately lost on appeal in 2002,and the court ordered the seating of Kirsanow. The dispute determined which political party would have a majority of the board's members. Berry left office expiration of her term in late 2004 and was succeeded by Gerald A. Reynolds.
In 2009,Berry's ninth book was published,a history of the Civil Rights Commission. Reviewing it in The New York Times ,Samuel G. Freedman wrote,"Reviewing a book is not reviewing a life. For her public service on behalf of racial justice,Mary Frances Berry deserves her many accolades. But on the evidence of 'And Justice for All,' she may have been the wrong person to tell a story that obviously matters to her so deeply." [12]
The Montgomery bus boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. It was a foundational event in the civil rights movement in the United States. The campaign lasted from December 5, 1955—the Monday after Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested for her refusal to surrender her seat to a white person—to December 20, 1956, when the federal ruling Browder v. Gayle took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws that segregated buses were unconstitutional.
Pacifica Foundation is an American nonprofit organization that owns five independently operated, non-commercial, listener-supported radio stations known for their progressive/liberal political orientation. Its national headquarters adjoins station KPFK in North Hollywood, California.
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper was an American abolitionist, suffragist, poet, temperance activist, teacher, public speaker, and writer. Beginning in 1845, she was one of the first African American women to be published in the United States.
Ida Bell Wells-Barnett was an American investigative journalist, sociologist, educator, and early leader in the civil rights movement. She was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Wells dedicated her career to combating prejudice and violence, and advocating for African-American equality—especially that of women.
KPFA is a public, listener-funded talk radio and music radio station located in Berkeley, California, broadcasting to the San Francisco Bay Area. KPFA airs public news, public affairs, talk, and music programming. The station signed on the air April 15, 1949, as the first Pacifica Radio station and remains the flagship station of the Pacifica Radio Network.
Mary Edwards Walker, commonly referred to as Dr. Mary Walker, was an American abolitionist, prohibitionist, prisoner of war in the American Civil War, and surgeon. She is the only woman to receive the Medal of Honor.
Fannie Lou Hamer was an American voting and women's rights activist, community organizer, and a leader in the civil rights movement. She was the vice-chair of the Freedom Democratic Party, which she represented at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. Hamer also organized Mississippi's Freedom Summer along with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). She was also a co-founder of the National Women's Political Caucus, an organization created to recruit, train, and support women of all races who wish to seek election to government office.
Dorothy Irene Height was an African-American civil rights and women's rights activist. She focused on the issues of African-American women, including unemployment, illiteracy, and voter awareness. Height is credited as the first leader in the civil rights movement to recognize inequality for women and African Americans as problems that should be considered as a whole. She was the president of the National Council of Negro Women for 40 years. Height's role in the "Big Six" civil rights movement was frequently ignored by the press due to sexism. In 1974, she was named to the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, which published the Belmont Report, a bioethics report in response to the infamous Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (CCR) is a bipartisan, independent commission of the United States federal government, created by the Civil Rights Act of 1957 during the Eisenhower administration, that is charged with the responsibility for investigating, reporting on, and making recommendations concerning civil rights issues in the United States. Specifically, the CCR investigates allegations of discrimination based on race, sex, national origin, disability. In March 2023, Rochelle Mercedes Garza was appointed to serve as Chair of the CCR. She is the youngest person to be appointed to the position.
KPFK is a listener-sponsored radio station based in North Hollywood, California, which serves Southern California. It was the second of five stations in the non-commercial, listener-sponsored Pacifica Radio network.
Barbara Rose Johns Powell was a leader in the American civil rights movement. On April 23, 1951, at the age of 16, Powell led a student strike for equal education opportunities at R.R. Moton High School in Farmville, Prince Edward County, Virginia. After securing NAACP legal support, the Moton students filed Davis v. Prince Edward County, the only student-initiated case consolidated into Brown v. Board of Education, the landmark 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision declaring "separate but equal" public schools unconstitutional.
Clayborne Carson is an American academic who was a professor of history at Stanford University and director of the Martin Luther King Jr., Research and Education Institute. Since 1985, he has directed the Martin Luther King Papers Project, a long-term project to edit and publish the papers of Martin Luther King Jr.
Adi Gevins is a San Francisco Bay Area-based radio documentarian, producer, educator, archivist, and creative consultant who has been referred to as the "fairy godmother of community radio".
Elsa Knight Thompson, née Elsie Eloise Knight, was an American radio documentary maker and broadcaster.
Peter N. Kirsanow is a partner with the law firm of Benesch, Friedlander, Coplan & Aronoff, working within its Labor & Employment Practice Group in Cleveland, Ohio. He is a black civil-rights commissioner and a member of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, serving his fourth consecutive 6-year term, which he was reappointed to by House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer in December 2019. He is the longest-serving member among the current commission. He was previously a member of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) from January 2006 to January 2008.
Nicole Sawaya was a Lebanese-American radio journalist who was the Executive Director of the Pacifica Radio Network.
Victoria "Vicky" Wilson is an American publishing executive and writer who served on the United States Commission on Civil Rights (USCCR) from 2000 through 2001.
Jill Elizabeth Ruckelshaus is a former special White House assistant and head of the White House Office of Women's Programs and a feminist activist. She also served as a commissioner for the United States Commission on Civil Rights in the early 1980s. Currently, she is a director for the Costco Wholesale Corporation.
Mildred Pitts Walter is an American children's book writer, known for her works featuring African-American protagonists. Walter has written over 20 books for young readers, including fiction and nonfiction. Several of her books have won or been named to the honor list of the Coretta Scott King Awards. A native of Louisiana who later moved to Denver, Walter was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame in 1996. She published her autobiography, Something Inside So Strong: Life in Pursuit of Choice, Courage, and Change, in 2019.
Frances Harriet Williams (1898–1992) was an American activist and civil servant. She was born in 1898 in Danville, Kentucky to Frank L. Williams and Fannie (Miller) Williams but grew up in St. Louis, Missouri. She graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1919 and earned a master's degree in political science from the University of Chicago in 1931.