Mary Louise Defender Wilson

Last updated

Mary Louise Defender Wilson
Wagmuhawin
Marie Louise Defender Wilson.jpg
Defender Wilson in 2016
Born
Mary Louise Defender

(1930-10-14) October 14, 1930 (age 94)
Shields, North Dakota, U.S.
Other namesGourd Woman
Occupation(s)Storyteller, tribal elder, administrator
Years active1980s–present
SpouseWilliam Dean Wilson (married 1969–99)
Awards National Heritage Fellowship, United States Artists fellowship

Mary Louise Defender Wilson (born October 14, 1930), also known by her Dakotah name Wagmuhawin (Gourd Woman), [1] is a storyteller, traditionalist, historian, scholar and educator of the Dakotah/Hidatsa people and a former director working in health care organizations. Her cultural work has been recognized with a National Heritage Fellowship in 1999 and a United States Artists fellowship in 2015, among many other honors.

Contents

Early life

Defender was born on October 14, 1930, near Shields on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation in North Dakota. [1] Her ancestors were forced by the military [2] into the Standing Rock area in the 1890s. [3] Her mother, Helen Margaret See The Bear, was a midwife and her grandfather, Tall Man See The Bear, herded sheep. Her father was George Defender, who died when his daughter was only two years old. [4] She received most of her formal education going to a one-room reservation school. [5]

From a young age, Defender Wilson was surrounded by the storytelling of her Dakotah-speaking family. Her mother, grandmother and great-grandmother were all midwives and storytellers. [6] Her grandfather would share stories about places, plants and animals in the Wicheyena dialect of the Dakotah Sioux language. [7] Wilson began telling stories at age 11, in both English and Dakotah, usually repeating the stories she heard from her elders. [8]

In 1954, Wilson became the second Miss Indian America. [1]

Career

After she moved to New Mexico with her husband, Defender Wilson worked in a variety of administrative jobs with Native American-related government agencies, including family planning and health care, before returning to the reservation in 1976. Much of her early working life was spent helping tribal members with land issues, including efforts to compensate Native Americans who lost land or their homes during the building of Missouri River dams. [5] [9] In the 1980s, she taught tribal culture and language at Standing Rock Community College (now known as Sitting Bull College) in Fort Yates, North Dakota. [1] [5] She retired in 1996 from the directorship of the Native American Culture Center at the North Dakota State Hospital in Jamestown. [8] After retiring, she worked as a consultant for Wisdom of the Elders, a symposium of Indian elders based out of Portland, Oregon. [10]

It was not until the early 1980s that Defender Wilson began actively telling stories of her people and their culture for audiences. [11] She has given talks and performed her stories in many venues, including teaching the Dakotah language to school children, [12] at colleges and universities across the United States, [13] [14] [15] at churches, [16] at women's festivals, [17] and at storytelling festivals such as the 2001 American Indian Storytelling Festival in Madison, Wisconsin [18] and the 20th anniversary of the Minnesota Storytelling Festival in 2005. [19] She once gave a presentation to NASA scientists at a workshop in Albuquerque, New Mexico about climate change on native lands. [10]

Defender Wilson has told her stories throughout the United States as well as in Canada, Iceland, and Germany. [20] Her stories reflect the four main tenets of Dakotah ethics, which are "compassion, being helpful, working hard, and communicating well". [21] She was a Native American Humanities Scholar on an oral history project titled "The Respect and Honor Documentary Project". [22]

North Dakota folklorist Troyd Geist has said of Wilson's storytelling: [7]

The stories she tells speak to the human experience.... Those ancient narratives continue today because they are just as relevant now as they were in centuries past -- love and hatred, joy and sadness, unity and separation, peace and violence, truth and the desire to be better human beings.

Starting in 1984 [2] and continuing for decades, she portrayed her great-grandmother in a program variously titled as "Good Day, Medicine Woman" or "Good Day, a Yanktoni Sioux Woman". Her ancestor lived from about 1850 to 1930, and the performance addressed the values and culture of the Yanktoni Sioux both before and after they were sent to reservations. [5] [23] [24] In the late 1990s, she hosted two radio programs aired on KLND-FM in Little Eagle, South Dakota. The Saturday morning show titled Oape Wanzi featured tribal legend, culture and history presented in the Wichiyena dialect and then in English. She also hosted a Thursday morning call-in show titled Oyate Tawoabdeza ("The Public View") where she and her listeners would discuss local, regional, and national issues important to Native Americans. [10]

In 1999, Defender Wilson released her first spoken word album, The Elders Speak. [25] Her second album, My Relatives Say, was released in 2001. [26] A review of the album in School Library Journal , which helps librarians with purchasing decisions, concluded with "This enhanced CD will add a great deal to any library seeking to increase its collection of quality Native American folk tales". [27] As of December 2020, the album is held in 47 libraries worldwide. [28] Her third album, Un De' Che Cha Pí ("The Way We Are"), was released in 2003. [29] All three of her albums earned a Native American Music Award for Best Spoken Word recording. [7] [30]

She was a presenter at the 2004 opening of the National Museum of the American Indian on the mall in Washington, D.C. [7] [31] Defender Wilson performed along with fellow Native American storyteller Keith Bear at the Library of Congress on August 26, 2006, as part of the Homegrown Concert Series sponsored by the American Folklife Center. [32]

In 2010, Defender Wilson was one of four Native American women invited to present the 16th annual Joseph Harper Cash Memorial Lecture at the University of South Dakota. [33] In 2015, at age 85 she received a United States Artists fellowship of $50,000. She was the first person from North Dakota and the first storyteller to win the award. [7]

As of late 2019, Defender Wilson continues to present her stories and talks in the upper Midwest. [34] [35] She was the featured guest at the Elder-in-Residence program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in November 2019. [36]

In recognition of her work dedicated to the preservation of oral history and in working for the human rights of Native Americans, Defender Wilson has served on several boards and commissions, including Arts Midwest, the North Dakota Council on the Arts, the North Dakota Humanities Council, and the North Dakota Centennial Commission. [5] [37] She was the only Native American on the 18-member Centennial Commission. [38]

In October 2022, Defender Wilson's portrait was unveiled as one of three Native Americans included on the Glass City River Wall, near the Maumee River in Toledo, Ohio. Her image represents the elder or grandmother, who along with a mother and a child, were honored as representatives of the region's first farmers. The three images were painted on grain silos over 100 feet tall. Along with 25 other painted silos, measuring approximately 170,000 square feet and requiring almost 3,000 gallons of paint, the mural is the largest in the United States. The then-92 year old Defender Wilson attended the dedication ceremony. [39] [40]

Defender Wilson was one of several Native American storytellers featured in a 2023–2024 exhibit titled "On the Edge of the Wind: Native Storytellers & the Land" at the North Dakota Heritage Center & State Museum in Bismarck. [41]

Personal life

Defender met her future husband William Dean Wilson (previously known as William Diné Yazzie) in 1949 at Haskell Indian Nations University in Lawrence, Kansas, [12] where Wilson was sent following his discharge from the military after World War II. They married in 1969. [42] Her husband worked as a Navajo tribal judge in New Mexico. [5] He was one of the original 29 World War II Navajo code talkers, [43] [44] having been recruited for the job by the military when he was only 15 years old, although he claimed to be 18 at the time. [45] Her husband died in December 1999 and posthumously received a Congressional Gold Medal in 2001 honoring the original Navajo code talkers. [42]

One of her two brothers, Dan Defender, was an underwater demolition technician (Navy frogman) during World War II, who later served in the Peace Corps. He was a member of Advocates for Human and Civil Rights, working for his community on the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation. He died in December 1995. [46]

In 1988, Defender Wilson was one of 15 North Dakota delegates to the Democratic National Convention. She was pledged to candidate Jesse Jackson. [47]

In the summer of 2002, Wilson's home in Shields was destroyed by a prairie fire, including all of her photographs of herself and her family [48] and many antique family heirlooms that she used in her presentations. [49]

After the fire, she moved a few miles away to Porcupine, North Dakota, [8] a community of less than 150 people on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, where she still resides as of 2018. [50] She has served on the town's council. [51]

Published works

Books

Article

  • "Voyage of Domination, 'Purchase' as Conquest, Sakakawea for Savagery: Distorted Icons from Misrepresentations of the Lewis and Clark Expedition" [55]

Discography

As featured artist:

As one of various artists on compilation recordings:

Filmography

Awards and honors

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sitting Bull College</span> Public tribal college in Fort Yates, North Dakota, U.S.

Sitting Bull College (SBC) is a public tribal land-grant college in Fort Yates, North Dakota. It was founded in 1973 by the Standing Rock Sioux tribe of the Standing Rock Indian Reservation in south-central North Dakota. The SBC campuses are located in Fort Yates, North Dakota and McLaughlin, South Dakota. It serves as the primary educational institution on the Standing Rock Reservation.

The Miss North Dakota competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of North Dakota in the Miss America pageant. The first Miss North Dakota to compete at Miss America was Kitty Page in 1949. In 2017, Cara Mund became the first North Dakotan to win the Miss America title, when she won the Miss America 2018 pageant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bryan Akipa</span> Dakota flautist

Bryan Akipa is a Dakota flautist with five solo albums to date.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Casey Finnegan</span> American football coach

Charles Casey Finnegan was an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at North Dakota Agricultural College—now known as North Dakota State University—from 1928 to 1940, compiling a career college football record of 57–48–11. In 1928, Finnegan co-coached with Stanley Borleske, who had previously coached at North Dakota Agricultural from 1919 to 1921 and again from 1923 to 1924.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sveinbjorn Johnson</span> American lawyer and judge (1883–1946)

Sveinbjörn Johnson was an Icelandic-born American lawyer, politician and scholar.

Marilyn Hagerty is an American newspaper columnist writing for the Grand Forks Herald. She has been with the paper since 1957, when her husband, Jack Hagerty (1918–1997), became editor of the paper. She garnered a measure of fame in March 2012 when her review of a new Olive Garden restaurant in Grand Forks, North Dakota, was noticed by online news aggregators and became an overnight sensation among both critics and admirers. Anthony Bourdain announced plans to collaborate with Hagerty and subsequently published and wrote a foreword for her 2013 book Grand Forks: A History of American Dining in 128 Reviews.

The Northern Great Plains History Conference is an annual conference of history professors, graduate students, historical society experts, and other scholars interested in the history of the Great Plains states of the American Midwest. The Conference features scholarly papers by academics and advanced students on a variety of topics, especially in social history and military history, as well as regional topics regarding the Great Plains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ray Holmberg</span> American educator and politician (born 1944)

Raymon Everett Holmberg is an American former educator, school counselor, and Republican North Dakota state senator. Once tied for the longest-serving state legislator in the United States, Holmberg resigned from the Senate in 2022 after 45.5 years upon investigation into his child sex tourism and alleged receipt of child sexual abuse material.

Delanie Jane Wiedrich is an American beauty pageant titleholder from Hazen, North Dakota, who was crowned Miss North Dakota 2015. She competed for the Miss America 2016 title in September 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 United States Senate election in North Dakota</span>

The 2018 United States Senate election in North Dakota took place on November 6, 2018, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of North Dakota, concurrently with other elections to the U.S. Senate, as well as other federal, state and local elections in North Dakota.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Julie Fedorchak</span> American politician

Julie Ann Fedorchak is an American politician who is a member of the North Dakota Public Service Commission and a candidate for the United States Congress. She was appointed to the commission by Governor Jack Dalrymple in December 2012 and easily won reelection to that position three times: to a two-year term in 2014, to a six-year term in 2016, and to another six-year term in 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cara Mund</span> American beauty pageant winner (born 1993)

Cara D. Mund is an American attorney and former beauty pageant titleholder from Bismarck, North Dakota. In June 2017, she was crowned Miss North Dakota 2017. On September 10, 2017, she was crowned Miss America 2018 in Atlantic City and became the first contestant from North Dakota to win the competition.

For the state pageant affiliated with Miss Teen USA, see Miss North Dakota Teen USA

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Welder</span> University president, Benedictine nun

Sister Thomas Welder, OSB was an American educator, academic administrator, and Benedictine nun. Born and raised in North Dakota, she entered Annunciation Monastery in 1959, at age 19. She began working at the Benedictine-sponsored Mary College in 1963 and served as its president from 1978 to 2009. Under Welder, the college expanded to become the University of Mary. She received North Dakota's highest honor, the Theodore Roosevelt Rough Rider Award, in 2004.

Thorstein Hartvig Haugen Thoresen was a Norwegian-American lawyer and politician in the state of North Dakota. He served as the 18th lieutenant governor of North Dakota from 1937 to 1939 under Governor William Langer.

Linda Goss, sometimes known professionally as Mama Linda, is an American storyteller and performer in the African diasporic oral tradition. She is a co-founder of the National Association of Black Storytellers, which works to preserve folk traditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary Elizabeth Perley</span>

Mary Elizabeth Perley was an American writer, professor, and poet. She taught at Tilden Ladies' Seminary, New Hampshire Conference Seminary, Tabor College, Fargo College, and the University of North Dakota. In addition to two books, she wrote poems, newspaper articles, short stories, and plays.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in North Dakota</span>

Women's suffrage began in North Dakota when it was still part of the Dakota Territory. During this time activists worked for women's suffrage, and in 1879, women gained the right to vote at school meetings. This was formalized in 1883 when the legislature passed a law where women would use separate ballots for their votes on school-related issues. When North Dakota was writing its state constitution, efforts were made to include equal suffrage for women, but women were only able to retain their right to vote for school issues. An abortive effort to provide equal suffrage happened in 1893, when the state legislature passed equal suffrage for women. However, the bill was "lost," never signed and eventually expunged from the record. Suffragists continued to hold conventions, raise awareness, and form organizations. The arrival of Sylvia Pankhurst in February 1912 stimulated the creation of more groups, including the statewide Votes for Women League. In 1914, there was a voter referendum on women's suffrage, but it did not pass. In 1917, limited suffrage bills for municipal and presidential suffrage were signed into law. On December 1, 1919, North Dakota became the twentieth state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George A. Totten</span> American politician

George A. Totten Sr. was an American minister, newspaper publisher, and politician. He served on the now-defunct North Dakota Board of Regents (1917-1919) and the North Dakota Board of Administration (1919-1921).

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Mary Louise Defender Wilson: Dakotah-Hidatsa Traditionalist/Storyteller". www.arts.gov. National Endowment for the Arts. n.d. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  2. 1 2 Doll, Don (1994). Vision Quest: Men, Women, and Sacred Sites of the Sioux Nation (1st ed.). New York: Crown. p. 142. ISBN   9780517599044. OCLC   30031890.
  3. ↑ Levy, Paul (October 21, 1999). "Gourd Woman Tells Traditional Tales on CD". Star-Tribune. Minneapolis, Minnesota. p. Variety section, 1E.
  4. ↑ "Mary Louise Defender Wilson". United States Artists. 2015. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bonham, Kevin (April 2, 1989). "Blazing Trails in Indian Education on These Pages is a Cross Section of Notable – Not Necessarily the Most Well-Known – Contemporary Indians in North Dakota". Grand Forks Herald. Grand Forks, North Dakota. p. 6.
  6. ↑ "Elders Share Wisdom of Their Cultures at PSU". The Columbian. Vancouver, Washington. February 17, 2000. p. F4.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Frank, Tracy (December 7, 2015). "North Dakota storyteller receives major artistic honor". The Dickinson Press. Dickinson, North Dakota. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  8. 1 2 3 "Religion Digest". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. December 11, 2003. p. 2C.
  9. ↑ Spilde, Tony (August 10, 2007). "Long Time Coming". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. p. 1A. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  10. 1 2 3 Voskuil, Vicki (June 6, 1999). "Preserving Tradition: Storyteller shares the past of her people". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. p. 1C.
  11. ↑ Papatola, Dominic P. (June 14, 2009). "Bush Foundation awards $1 million to regional artists, with three earning $100,000 each for their 'enduring vision'". St. Paul Pioneer Press. St. Paul, Minnesota. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  12. 1 2 "Saving Dakotah: Standing Rock-Area Woman Works to Preserve Native Language". Grand Forks Herald. Grand Forks, North Dakota. Associated Press. October 29, 2002.
  13. ↑ "Angela Davis to Speak at Race Conference: Race, Gender, and Class Will Be Discussed". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans, Louisiana. October 1, 2000. p. East New Orleans Picayune section, 2.
  14. ↑ "Celebrated Native American storyteller Mary Louise Defender Wilson to speak at CSUSB on May 19" (Press release). Sacramento, California: The California State University. Plus Media Solutions. May 18, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  15. ↑ Jones, Christy (August 28, 2008). "American folk artists to share native customs, traditions at Purdue". Purdue University. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  16. ↑ "'The Power of Story' at UU". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. April 3, 2008. p. Life section.
  17. ↑ Herzog, Karen (June 30, 2004). "Women's Festival Features Music, Arts, and Workshops". The Bismarck Tribune. p. 2B. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  18. ↑ Lampert Smith, Susan (February 16, 2001). "Words That Mesmerize: Traditional Indian Storytellers Warm the Winter Nights at UW". Wisconsin State Journal. p. A1.
  19. ↑ "Festival marks 20 years of storytelling". Globe Gazette. Mason City, Iowa. February 24, 2005. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  20. 1 2 "About Town". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. October 18, 2015. p. Section E, 4. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  21. ↑ Nathans, Aaron (February 15, 2001). "Lessons of Indian Stories". The Capital Times. Madison, Wisconsin. p. 1A.
  22. ↑ Mahar, Ted (February 18, 2000). "Vessels of Wisdom". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. p. 5.
  23. ↑ "Program to honor medicine woman". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. April 24, 1994. p. 6D.
  24. ↑ "U-Mary schedules Lewis and Clark events". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. October 1, 2004. p. 3C.
  25. 1 2 Gourd Woman and Eagle Heart (1999). The Elders Speak (CD). Bismarck, N.D.: Makoché Music/BMI. LCCN   2001-559220. OCLC   42816235. MW0164D.
  26. 1 2 Mary Louise Defender Wilson and Bryan Akipa (2001). My Relatives Say (CD). Bismarck, North Dakota: Makoché. ISBN   9780965087278. LCCN   2003-693917. OCLC   54754015. MW0185D.
  27. ↑ Wysocki, Barbara (April 2002). "My Relatives Say". School Library Journal. 48 (4): 86.
  28. ↑ "Defender-Wilson, Mary Louise". OCLC WorldCat Identities. OCLC Online Computer Library Center. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  29. 1 2 Mary Louise Defender Wilson (2003). Un de' che cha pí[The Way We Are] (CD). Bismarck, North Dakota: North Dakota Council on the Arts. ISBN   9780911205060. OCLC   55606527. NDCA063.
  30. 1 2 3 4 "Winners A-Z 1998 - Present". Native American Music Awards. n.d. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
  31. ↑ "Today at the First Americans Festival". The Washington Post. September 26, 2004. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  32. ↑ Mary Louise Defender Wilson and Keith Bear (2006). Mary Louise Defender Wilson and Keith Bear concert and interview collection (archival material (video file)). Washington, D.C.: Archive of Folk Culture, American Folklife Center. LCCN   2007-700253. OCLC   963437744.
  33. ↑ "2010 Cash Lecture at USD to focus on 'Cultural Leadership'". www.usd.edu. University of South Dakota. October 13, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  34. ↑ "Going Out". Wisconsin State Journal. Madison, Wisconsin. November 21, 2019. p. Local section, A2.
  35. ↑ "July in North Dakota A Good Time for All". Valley City Times-Record. Valley City, North Dakota. July 3, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  36. ↑ "Mary Louise Defender Wilson To Be UW-Madison's Elder-in-Residence". The Daily Cardinal. Madison, Wisconsin. November 10, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  37. 1 2 Tuchscherer, Rebekah (August 14, 2020). "Scientist Pearl Young, teachers and politicians among inspiring North Dakota women". Argus Leader. Sioux Fall, South Dakota. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  38. ↑ Bonham, Kevin (November 2, 1989). "All in all, a great centennial year". Grand Forks Herald. Grand Forks, North Dakota. p. 1A.
  39. 1 2 Zenner, Stephen (October 16, 2022). "Glass City River Wall dedicated Saturday" . The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  40. ↑ "Glass City River Wall – A Toledo, Ohio Community Project – Announces Completion of The Largest Mural in the U.S." (Press release). Toledo, Ohio: Glass City River Wall. PR Newswire. October 20, 2022.
  41. ↑ "Heritage Center features new storytelling exhibit" . The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. April 21, 2024. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
  42. 1 2 Shebala, Marley (September 4, 2010). "A Beautiful Gold Medal". Navajo Times. Window Rock, Arizona. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  43. ↑ Herzog, Karen (August 30, 2011). "Code talkers' stories featured at Smithsonian Exhibit at Heritage Center". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. p. Section Dakota Wire, 1B. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  44. ↑ "N.D. woman's husband a code talker". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. October 31, 2003. p. Section Dakota Wire, 1B. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  45. ↑ Culler, Leah L. (December 26, 1999). "First a sheepherder, then a code talker and a judge, Wilson gave a lot to his people". Farmington Daily Times. Farmington, New Mexico. pp. 17, 20.
  46. ↑ Salter, Peter (December 7, 1995). "Activist remembered for battles: Standing Rock's Dan Defender dies at 69". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. p. 1A.
  47. ↑ Grass, James (July 20, 1988). "Two Native American delegates from South and North Dakota have different goals in mind at the Democratic National Convention". USA Today. Arlington, Virginia.
  48. ↑ Winter, Deena (July 1, 2002). "Is This the End for Shields?". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. p. 1A. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  49. ↑ Nicholson, Blake (July 1, 2002). "Grass Fire Disaster: Blaze Destroys South-Central N.D. Town". Grand Forks Herald. Grand Forks, North Dakota. Associated Press. p. 1A.
  50. ↑ MacPherson, James (May 27, 2018). "Pipeline stance complicates Heitkamp's 2nd term Senate hopes". Associated Press News. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  51. ↑ Albrecht, Mike (September 26, 2002). "Ranchers coping after fire". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. p. 1B. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  52. ↑ Fenelon, James V.; Defender-Wilson, Mary Louise (c. 1980). The Taken Land. Bismarck, North Dakota: Standing Rock Landowner's Association. OCLC   46029728.
  53. ↑ Defender-Wilson, Mary Louise; Schlottner, Michael (2006). Die Welt Wird Niemals Enden: Geschichten der Dakota (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Insel Verlag. ISBN   9783458173014. OCLC   716893740.
  54. ↑ Kloberdanz, Timothy J.; Geist, Troyd A., eds. (2010). Sundogs and Sunflowers: Folklore and Folk Art of the Northern Great Plains. Bismarck, North Dakota: North Dakota Council on the Arts. ISBN   9780911205213. OCLC   800795203.
  55. ↑ Fenelon, James V.; Defender-Wilson, Mary Louise (Spring 2004). "Voyage of Domination, "Purchase" as Conquest, Sakakawea for Savagery: Distorted Icons from Misrepresentations of the Lewis and Clark Expedition". Wíčazo Ša Review. 19 (1). University of Minnesota Press: 85–104. doi:10.1353/wic.2004.0006. JSTOR   1409488. S2CID   147041160.
  56. ↑ James Marienthal, producer (2002). Keep My Fires Burning (CD). Lafayette, Colorado: Red Feather Music. OCLC   62073676.
  57. ↑ Spirit Woods: Traditional Stories and Songs of Forests and Trees (CD). Bismarck, North Dakota: North Dakota Council on the Arts. 2004. ISBN   9780911205077. OCLC   55956252. NDCA071.
  58. ↑ North Dakota Council on the Arts 40th Anniversary: A Compilation (CD). Bismarck, North Dakota: North Dakota Council on the Arts. 2004. OCLC   85482493.
  59. ↑ Spirit Mountain: Authentic Music of the American Indian (CD). London, England: Cooking Vinyl. 2007. OCLC   871992650. 036.
  60. ↑ Evansen, Russell (February 25, 1992). "'Violence' Confronts Problem, Offers Hope". Wisconsin State Journal. p. Look section, 2C.
  61. ↑ The Humanities Consultation (VHS). Wisdom of the Elders, Inc. 1998. OCLC   42722077.
  62. ↑ Wisdom of the Elders: 1999 South Dakota Oral History Collection (VHS). Bismarck, North Dakota: Community Access Television. 1999. OCLC   44463168.
  63. ↑ Mary Louise Defender Wilson and Joey Awonohopay (2016). 19th Annual Evening of Storytelling (DVD). Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin American Indian Studies Program. OCLC   1007172696.
  64. ↑ Schmidt, Steve (April 6, 1989). "Sinner Signs Bones Burial Law: Bill Protects Indian Burial Sites". Grand Forks Herald. Grand Forks, North Dakota. p. The Region section, 1B.
  65. ↑ "Nominees Wanted for Tribune Awards". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. November 23, 1997.
  66. ↑ "N.D. Roughrider Award Nominees". Grand Forks Herald. Grand Forks, North Dakota. Associated Press. June 28, 1993. p. 3B.
  67. ↑ "NEA National Heritage Fellowships 1999". www.arts.gov. National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  68. ↑ Graham, Carol (July 26, 2002). "Council Establishes Fund for Shields Artist, Neighbor". Grand Forks Herald. Grand Forks, North Dakota. p. D4.
  69. ↑ "Defender Wilson has had tough year". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. August 21, 2002. p. 2B.
  70. ↑ Frisinger, Cathy (March 17, 2002). "Herstory: Six Women Worthy of Recognition". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Fort Worth, Texas. p. Life section, 3.
  71. ↑ Barraco, Stefanie (March 1, 2002). "CNY Celebrates Women's History Month". The Post-Standard. Syracuse, New York. p. D1.
  72. ↑ Eckroth, LeAnn (January 6, 2003). "Quale, Dyville recognized for work in arts". Williston Daily Herald. Williston, North Dakota. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  73. ↑ Grantier, Virginia (June 18, 2004). "Two North Dakota Artists Get $44,000 Grants Each". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. p. 10A. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  74. ↑ "Honorary Degrees". University of Mary. 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  75. ↑ "Graduation 2005: University of Mary". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. May 15, 2005. p. 42.
  76. ↑ "Area Artists Receive Bush Awards". The Bismarck Tribune. Bismarck, North Dakota. June 19, 2009. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  77. ↑ "First Peoples Fund Announces Artist Awards". The Rapid City Journal. Rapid City, South Dakota. November 12, 2008. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  78. ↑ "The List". Grand Forks Herald. Grand Forks, North Dakota. July 1, 2009. p. D2. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  79. ↑ "Above and Beyond: program recognizes Native Americans for significant achievements". Minot Daily News. Minot, North Dakota. n.d. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.