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The Massacre in the Rue Haxo (French : le massacre de la rue Haxo) was a massacre of priests and gendarmes by communards during the semaine sanglante ("bloody week") at the end of the Paris Commune in May 1871. [1] [2] [3]
The communards associated the Catholic Church with conservatism and imperialism and enforced a separation between Church and state. [3]
In April, the Commune had arrested some 200 clergy to serve as hostages against reprisals from the Versailles government, and to use in possible prisoner exchanges. In particular, leaders of the Commune hoped to be able to exchange the archbishop of Paris, Georges Darboy, for Louis Auguste Blanqui, but this offer was rebuffed by Adolphe Thiers, president of the Third Republic. [2] Versailles troops entered the city on 21 May, and by 24 May had retaken much of the city. Théophile Ferré signed an order of execution for six of the hostages at la Roquette Prison, specifically including the archbishop; they were executed by firing squad. [4]
On 26 May, 50 further hostages from la Roquette Prison were executed, this time publicly in rue Haxo. [1] [3]
On 27 May, some of them attempted to escape; they were immediately killed. [5]
In total, 110 were killed, of whom 75 were clergy and 35 were soldiers. [5]
Martyrs of the Paris Commune | |
|---|---|
| Martyrs | |
| Born | Henri Planchat : 8 November 1823 Bourbon-Vendée, Vendée, Kingdom of France Ladislas Radigue : 8 May 1823 Saint-Patrice-du-Désert, Orne, Kingdom of France Polycarpe Tuffier : 14 March 1807 Le Malzieu, Lozère, French Republic Marcelino Rouchouze : 14 December 1810 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, Haute-Savoie, French Empire Frézal Tardieu : 18 November 1814 Chasseradès, Lozère, Kingdom of France |
| Died | Henri Planchat : 26 May 1871 (aged 47) Paris, French Republic Ladislas Radigue : 26 May 1871 (aged 48) Paris, French Republic Polycarpe Tuffier : 26 May 1871 (aged 64) Paris, French Republic Marcelino Rouchouze : 26 May 1871 (aged 60) Paris, French Republic Frézal Tardieu : 26 May 1871 (aged 56) Paris, French Republic |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Beatified | 22 April 2023, Saint-Sulpice Church, Paris, France by Cardinal Marcello Semeraro |
| Feast | 26 May |
A chapel was built on the site in 1894, and in 1938 the church in rue Haxo was inaugurated as Notre-Dame des Otages. [3]
On 25 November 2021, Pope Francis recognized five victims of the 26 May killings as martyrs: Henri Planchat, Ladislas Radigue, Polycarpe Tuffier, Marcellin Rouchouze, and Frézal Tardieu. [6] They were beatified on April 22, 2023 by Cardinal Marcello Semeraro. [7] [8]
The Paris Commune was a French revolutionary government that seized power in Paris from 18 March to 28 May 1871.
Georges Darboy was a French Catholic priest, later bishop of Nancy then archbishop of Paris. He was among a group of prominent hostages executed as the Paris Commune of 1871 was about to be overthrown.
The Place Vendôme, earlier known as the Place Louis-le-Grand, and also as the Place Internationale, is a square in the 1st arrondissement of Paris, France, located to the north of the Tuileries Gardens and east of the Église de la Madeleine. It is the starting point of the Rue de la Paix. Its regular architecture by Jules Hardouin-Mansart and pedimented screens canted across the corners give the rectangular Place Vendôme the aspect of an octagon. The original Vendôme Column at the centre of the square was erected by Napoleon I to commemorate the Battle of Austerlitz; it was torn down on 16 May 1871, by decree of the Paris Commune, but subsequently re-erected and remains a prominent feature on the square today.
Picpus Cemetery is the largest private cemetery in Paris, France, located in the 12th arrondissement. It was created from land seized from the convent of the Chanoinesses de St-Augustin, during the French Revolution. Just minutes away from where the guillotine was set up, it contains 1,306 victims executed between 14 June and 27 July 1794, during the height and last phase of the Reign of Terror.
Pétroleuses were, according to popular rumours at the time, female supporters of the Paris Commune, accused of burning down much of Paris during the last days of the Commune in May 1871. During May, when Paris was being recaptured by loyalist Versaillais troops, rumours circulated that lower-class women were committing arson against private property and public buildings, using bottles full of petroleum or paraffin which they threw into cellar windows, in a deliberate act of spite against the government. Many Parisian buildings, including the Hôtel de Ville, the Tuileries Palace, the Palais de Justice and many other government buildings were in fact set afire by the soldiers of the Commune during the last days of the Commune, prompting the press and Parisian public opinion to blame the pétroleuses.
Bellême is a commune in the Orne department in northwestern France. It is classed as a Petites Cités de Caractère. The musicologist Guillaume André Villoteau (1759–1839) was born in Bellême, as was Aristide Boucicaut (1810-1877), owner of LeBon Marché, the world's first department store. This town is possibly the origin of the English and French surname Bellamy.
Théophile Charles Gilles Ferré was one of the members of the Paris Commune, who authorized the execution of Georges Darboy, the archbishop of Paris, and five other hostages, on 24 May 1871. He was captured by the army, tried by a military court, and was shot at Satory, an army camp southwest of Versailles. He was the first of twenty-five Commune members to be executed for their role in the Paris Commune.
Anatole de Bengy was one of the five Jesuit martyrs of the Paris Commune, along with Pierre Olivaint.
Jean-Marie du Lau d'Allemans was the last Archbishop of Arles, and was one of the Catholic Martyrs of September 1792, killed in the course of the September Massacres which occurred during the French Revolution. He was beatified on 17 October 1926 by Pope Pius XI.
Pierre Olivaint (1816–1871) was a French Jesuit who was killed by the Paris Commune.
The Five Martyrs of the Lycée Buffon were five students from the Lycée Buffon shot by the Germans in Paris at the Stand de tir de Balard on 8 February 1943 for their activities with the French Resistance. Also, their families were taken hostage. Following the war, each of the students was posthumously awarded the Legion of Honour, the Croix de guerre 1939–1945 and the Resistance medal.
Petrus Guérin du Rocher was born in Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume in 1731. He was a priest of the Jesuits. He taught philosophy at Bourges in 1762, before travelling around Italy, Germany and Poland, developing theories of biblical Exegesis, which contradicted the Encyclopédistes. His work saw him become director of a house of new converts in Paris and Queen Marie Antoinettechose him as her Confessor.
Claude Lecomte was a French general killed by the National Guard of the Paris Commune.
Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas, was born in 1809 in Libourne (Gironde) and shot in Paris on 18 March 1871, one of the first deaths of the Paris Commune. A Republican of the old guard, Clément-Thomas was an army general, Commander in Chief of France's National Guard on two occasions, and a parliamentary deputy.
André de SoveralSJ was a Portuguese-Brazilian Catholic priest and martyr, killed during the Restoration War at the Martyrdom of Cunhau, a massacre promoted by Dutch troops and their Calvinists Protestant elders, who fought against the Portuguese Empire in Brazil. Soveral was canonized in 2017 by Pope Francis along with 29 fellow martyrs.
The semaine sanglante was a weeklong battle in Paris from 21 to 28 May 1871, during which the French Army recaptured the city from the Paris Commune. This was the final battle of the Paris Commune.
Blanche Lefebvre was a communard active in the Batignolles quarter in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. She died defending the Paris Commune during "bloody week".
Adélaïde Valentin, also known as Colonel Valentin, was a labourer and communard. She was, during the last month of the Paris Commune, the colonel of the Federated Legion of Women.
Crimes de la Commune is a series of photomontages produced by French photographer Ernest-Charles Appert at the end of the Paris Commune. A Parisian photographer accredited to the Tribunal de la Seine, and sometimes cited as the forerunner of bertillonnage, he photographed Communards incarcerated in Versailles and used these portraits in photomontages. This practice of committed photomontage is the subject of much debate. What's more, these photographs raise issues of both commercial practice and copyright.
Crimes de la Commune is a series of photomontages produced by French photographer Ernest-Charles Appert at the end of the Paris Commune. A Parisian photographer accredited to the Tribunal de la Seine, and sometimes cited as the forerunner of bertillonage, he photographed Communards incarcerated in Versailles and used these portraits in photomontages. This practice of committed photomontage is the subject of much debate. Furthermore, these photographs raise issues of both commercial practice and copyright.
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