Melanophryniscus xanthostomus

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Melanophryniscus xanthostomus
Melanophryniscus xanthostomus holotype.png
Holotype of M. xanthostomus, an adult male. Top: dorsal and ventral views. Bottom: head, hand, and foot.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Melanophryniscus
Species:
M. xanthostomus
Binomial name
Melanophryniscus xanthostomus
Baldo, Bornschein, Pie, Ribeiro, Firkowski, and Morato, 2015 [1]
Relief Map of Brazil.jpg
Red pog.svg
Melanophryniscus xanthostomus is only known from the vicinity of its type locality in NE Santa Catarina state, Brazil

Melanophryniscus xanthostomus is a species of toads in the family Bufonidae. [2] [3] It is endemic to the state of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil. [2] The specific name xanthostomus is derived from the Greek words xanthos (=yellow) and stoma (=mouth) and refers to the characteristic yellow stripe along its mouth. It is distinguished from congeneric species based on differences in size; having white and/or yellow spots on its forearms, mouth, belly and cloaca; the pattern and arrangement of warts; and the presence and number of corneous spines. [1]

Contents

M. xanthostomus males in life. Melanophryniscus xanthostomus males.png
M. xanthostomus males in life.

Description

Adult males measure 16.9–21.5 mm (0.67–0.85 in) [1] [4] and adult females 20.5–21.5 mm (0.81–0.85 in) in snout–vent length. The snout is short. No tympanum is visible. The fingers and toes are short, slightly webbed at the base, and with rounded tips. The hands and feet are red in ventral view. The dorsum is dark brown to black with a large yellow and white strip along the maxilla, extending up to the lower half of loreal region. There are yellow spots on chest and abdomen. Dorsal skin bears medium-sized, rounded glandular warts tipped with very few spines, while the venter is covered with medium glandular warts tipped with a spine. [1]

Males have a subgular vocal sac. [1] The male advertisement call comprises two segments: the first consists of short and single notes, and the second one is a long trill (multi-pulsed note). The total duration of call is 12–21 seconds and its dominant frequency is 3101–3618 Hz. [4]

Habitat of M. xanthostomus: A = Type locality, a forest recovering from a fire a few years before; B = Cloud forest at Reserva Particular do Patrimonio Natural Caetezal; C = Terrestrial bromeliad where a male was calling. Melanophryniscus xanthostomus habitat.png
Habitat of M. xanthostomus: A = Type locality, a forest recovering from a fire a few years before; B = Cloud forest at Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Caetezal; C = Terrestrial bromeliad where a male was calling.

Habitat and conservation

Melanophryniscus xanthostomus is found in cloud forest, montane forest, and the transition between montane forest with Araucaria forest at elevations of 565–1,275 m (1,854–4,183 ft) above sea level. Specimens have been observed in terrestrial bromeliads, on bamboo, and on the ground (a pair in amplexus). Reproduction takes place in phytotelmata, in particular the water tanks of bromeliads. Between one and ten eggs per leaf axil has been observed. [1]

As of early 2022, this species has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List. [5] Bornschein and colleagues suggested that it might qualify as "endangered" in view of its small range and disturbances to its habitat, including deforestation and fires. It is present in Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Caetezal. [1]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Brachycephalus auroguttatus</i> Species of frog

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<i>Brachycephalus leopardus</i> Species of frog

Brachycephalus leopardus is a species of frog in the family Brachycephalidae. It is very tiny and was one of seven new species described by Luiz F. Ribeiro and a team of scientists from the Mater Natura — Instituto de Estudos Ambientais in Brazil. Like all species in its genus, it is found in a very small strip of Atlantic Forest in the southeastern coast of the country, and has a vibrant colour pattern. The speciation seen in this genus is thought to be a byproduct of the rift between the valley versus mountain terrain and its particular microclimates, to which they are adapted. It might be in population decline due to habitat loss. Its name derived from the Latin leopardus, referring to the frog's spotted pattern evocative of the felid genus Leopardus.

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Melanophryniscus biancae is a species of toads in the family Bufonidae, first found in the Atlantic Forest in Santa Catarina, Brazil. It is found at intermediate-high altitudes and has a phytotelm-breeding reproductive strategy. It is distinguished from its cogenerate species based on differences in snout-vent length; having white and/or yellow spots on its forearms, mouth, belly and cloaca; the pattern and arrangement of warts; and the presence and number of corneous spines. It might be threatened by habitat loss. It was named in honor of Bianca Reinert due to her conservation efforts.

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<i>Brachycephalus pulex</i> Species of tiny frogs

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bornschein, Marcos R.; Firkowski, Carina R.; Baldo, Diego; Ribeiro, Luiz F.; Belmonte-Lopes, Ricardo; Corrêa, Leandro; Morato, Sérgio A. A. & Pie, Marcio R. (2015). "Three new species of phytotelm-breeding Melanophryniscus from the Atlantic rainforest of southern Brazil (Anura: Bufonidae)". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0142791. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1042791B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142791 . PMC   4667932 . PMID   26630281.
  2. 1 2 Frost, Darrel R. (2022). "Melanophryniscus xanthostomus Baldo, Bornschein, Pie, Ribeiro, Firkowski, and Morato, 2015". Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001 . Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  3. ↑ "Melanophryniscus xanthostomus". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  4. 1 2 Mângia, Sarah; Santana, Diego José & Mariotto, Lucas Ribeiro (2019). "The advertisement call of the phytotelm-breeding Melanophryniscus xanthostomus (Anura: Bufonidae)". Zoologia. 36: 1–7. doi: 10.3897/zoologia.36.e25662 .
  5. ↑ "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" . Retrieved 2 January 2022.
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