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In biology, a kingdom is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called phyla.
In biological taxonomy, a domain, also dominion, superkingdom, realm, or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of all organisms taken together. It was introduced in the three-domain system of taxonomy devised by Carl Woese, Otto Kandler and Mark Wheelis in 1990.
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Deinococcota is a phylum of bacteria with a single class, Deinococci, that are highly resistant to environmental hazards, also known as extremophiles. These bacteria have thick cell walls that give them gram-positive stains, but they include a second membrane and so are closer in structure to those of gram-negative bacteria.
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In biology, Archezoa is a term that has been introduced by several authors to refer to a group of organisms. Authors include Josef Anton Maximilian Perty, Ernst Haeckel and in the 20th century by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in his classification system. Each author used the name to refer to different arrays of organisms. This reuse by later authors of the same taxon name for different groups of organisms is widely criticized in taxonomy because the inclusion of the name in a sentence does not make sense unless the particular usage is specified. Nonetheless, all uses of 'Archezoa' are now obsolete.
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cell biology:
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The secretome is the set of proteins expressed by an organism and secreted into the extracellular space. In humans, this subset of the proteome encompasses 13-20% of all proteins, including cytokines, growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins and regulators, and shed receptors. The secretome of a specific tissue can be measured by mass spectrometry and its analysis constitutes a type of proteomics known as secretomics.
Bigyromonada is a recently described non-photosynthetic lineage of stramenopiles that at present contains two classes.
Membranome database provides structural and functional information about more than 6000 single-pass (bitopic) transmembrane proteins from Homo sapiens, Arabidopsis thaliana, Dictyostelium discoideum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli and Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. Bitopic membrane proteins consist of a single transmembrane alpha-helix connecting water-soluble domains of the protein situated at the opposite sides of a biological membrane. These proteins are frequently involved in the signal transduction and communication between cells in multicellular organisms.
References
- ↑ "Membranome and Membrane Heredity in Development and Evolution" by Thomas Cavalier-Smith, in Organelles, Genomes and Eukaryote Phylogeny An Evolutionary Synthesis in the Age of Genomics Editors: Robert P. Hirt; David S. Horner ISBN 978-0-415-29904-6
- ↑ Ghosh D, Beavis RC, Wilkins JA, The identification and characterization of membranome components, JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH Volume: 7 Issue: 4 Pages: 1572-1583.
- ↑ Lomize, AL; Lomize, MA; Krolicki, SR; Pogozheva, ID (2017). "Membranome: a database for proteome-wide analysis of single-pass membrane proteins". Nucleic Acids Res. 45 (D1): D250–D255. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw712. PMC 5210604 . PMID 27510400.
