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In biology, a kingdom is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called phyla.
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Chromista is a proposed but seemingly polyphyletic biological kingdom consisting of single-celled and multicellular eukaryotic species that share similar features in their photosynthetic organelles (plastids). It includes all protists whose plastids contain chlorophyll c, such as some algae, diatoms, oomycetes, and protozoans. It is probably a polyphyletic group whose members independently arose as a separate evolutionary group from the common ancestor of all eukaryotes. As it is assumed the last common ancestor already possessed chloroplasts of red algal origin, the non-photosynthetic forms evolved from ancestors able to perform photosynthesis. Their plastids are surrounded by four membranes, and are believed to have been acquired from some red algae.
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The secretome is the set of proteins expressed by an organism and secreted into the extracellular space. In humans, this subset of the proteome encompasses 13-20% of all proteins, including cytokines, growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins and regulators, and shed receptors. The secretome of a specific tissue can be measured by mass spectrometry and its analysis constitutes a type of proteomics known as secretomics.
Picophagea, also known as Synchromophyceae, is a class of photosynthetic heterokonts. The chloroplast of the Synchromophyceae are surrounded by two membranes and arranged in a way where they share the outer pair of membranes. The entire chloroplast complex is surrounded by an additional two outer membranes.
Membranome database provides structural and functional information about more than 6000 single-pass (bitopic) transmembrane proteins from Homo sapiens, Arabidopsis thaliana, Dictyostelium discoideum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli and Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. Bitopic membrane proteins consist of a single transmembrane alpha-helix connecting water-soluble domains of the protein situated at the opposite sides of a biological membrane. These proteins are frequently involved in the signal transduction and communication between cells in multicellular organisms.
References
- ↑ "Membranome and Membrane Heredity in Development and Evolution" by Thomas Cavalier-Smith, in Organelles, Genomes and Eukaryote Phylogeny An Evolutionary Synthesis in the Age of Genomics Editors: Robert P. Hirt; David S. Horner ISBN 978-0-415-29904-6
- ↑ Ghosh D, Beavis RC, Wilkins JA, The identification and characterization of membranome components, JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH Volume: 7 Issue: 4 Pages: 1572-1583.
- ↑ Lomize, AL; Lomize, MA; Krolicki, SR; Pogozheva, ID (2017). "Membranome: a database for proteome-wide analysis of single-pass membrane proteins". Nucleic Acids Res. 45 (D1): D250–D255. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw712. PMC 5210604 . PMID 27510400.
