Wellcome Sanger Institute

Last updated

Wellcome Sanger Institute
Sanger Logo.png
Established1992
Director Matthew Hurles
Faculty 32
Staff~900
Address Wellcome Genome Campus
Location
Hinxton
,
Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
Coordinates 52°04′39″N00°11′15″E / 52.07750°N 0.18750°E / 52.07750; 0.18750
Website sanger.ac.uk

The Wellcome Sanger Institute, previously known as The Sanger Centre and Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, is a non-profit British genomics and genetics research institute, primarily funded by the Wellcome Trust. [1]

Contents

It is located on the Wellcome Genome Campus by the village of Hinxton, outside Cambridge. It shares this location with the European Bioinformatics Institute. It was established in 1992 and named after double Nobel laureate Frederick Sanger. [2] [3] It was conceived as a large scale DNA sequencing centre to participate in the Human Genome Project, and went on to make the largest single contribution to the gold standard sequence of the human genome. From its inception the institute established and has maintained a policy of data sharing, and does much of its research in collaboration.

Since 2000, the institute expanded its mission to understand "the role of genetics in health and disease". [4] The institute now employs around 900 people [5] and engages in five main areas of research: Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation; Cellular Genetics; Human Genetics; Parasite and Microbes; and the Tree of Life.

Facilities and resources

Campus

The Wellcome Genome Campus Sanger Institute and Hinxton Hall, Cambridge, UK.jpg
The Wellcome Genome Campus
Commemorative stain window located in the Sulston building of the Wellcome Sanger Institute, to mark the opening of the Genome Campus. DNA Helix and Tree of Life stain glass window.JPG
Commemorative stain window located in the Sulston building of the Wellcome Sanger Institute, to mark the opening of the Genome Campus.

In 1993 the then 17 Sanger Centre staff moved into temporary laboratory space at Hinxton Hall in Cambridgeshire. [6] This 55-acre (220,000 m2) site was to become the Wellcome Genome Campus, which has a growing population of around 1300 staff, approximately 900 of whom work at the Sanger Institute. [7] The Genome Campus also includes the Wellcome Trust Conference Centre [8] and the European Bioinformatics Institute. A major extension of the campus was officially opened in 2005; [9] the buildings accommodate new laboratories, a data centre and staff amenities. [10] In discussing the name of the centre, Sanger (still alive when the centre was opened) told John Sulston, the founding director, that the centre "had better be good." Sulston commented, "I rather wished I hadn’t asked." [11]

Sequencing

The Sanger Institute's sequencing staff handle millions of DNA samples each week.[ citation needed ] The institute "capitalises on leading-edge technologies to answer questions unanswerable only a few years ago". [12] The advances in technology allow the Sanger Institute to carry out sequencing of the genomes of individual humans, vertebrate species and pathogens, at an ever-increasing pace and reducing cost. The institute has more than 100 ongoing pathogen sequencing projects. [13] The output of the Sanger Institute is around 10 billion bases of raw sequence data per day. [14]

Scientific resources

Bioinformatic databases resources are one of the outcomes of research programmes that the Sanger Institute is involved in. Those hosted by the Sanger Institute include:

Several databases were initiated at the Sanger Institute but are now hosted elsewhere:

Research

The Morgan Building (right), part of the Sanger Institute Hinxton hall.jpg
The Morgan Building (right), part of the Sanger Institute

Scientific research at the Sanger Institute is organised into five Scientific Programmes, each defining a major area of research with a particular biological, disease or analytic focus. The current Programmes at the Sanger Institute are Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Cellular Genetics, Human Genetics, Parasites and Microbes and Tree of Life. Studies from all programmes provide insights into human, pathogen, cellular evolution, the phenotypic and hence biological consequences of genome variation and the processes which cause mutations.

Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation Programme

Provides leadership in data aggregation and informatics innovation, develops high-throughput cellular models of cancer for genome-wide functional screens and drug testing, and explores somatic mutation's role in clonal evolution, ageing and development. This Programme includes the Cancer Genome Project.

Cellular Genetics Programme

Explores human gene function by studying the impact of genome variation on cell biology. Large-scale systematic screens are used to discover the impact of naturally occurring and engineered genome mutations in human induced pluripotent cells (hIPSCs), their differentiated derivatives and other cell types. It is one of the founder programmes driving the creation and organisation of the international Human Cell Atlas initiative.

Human Genetics Programme

The institute's research in human genetics focuses on the characterisation of human genetic variation in health and disease. Aside from the institute's contribution to the Human Genome Project, researchers at the Sanger Institute have made contributions in various research areas relating to disease, population comparative and evolutionary genetics. In January 2008, the launch of the 1000 Genomes Project, a collaboration with scientists around the globe, signalled an effort to sequence the genomes of 1000 individuals in order to create the "most detailed map of human genetic variation to support disease studies". [25] The data from the pilot projects was made freely available in public databases in June 2010. [26] In 2010, the Sanger Institute announced its participation in the UK10K project, [27] [28] [29] which will sequence the genomes of 10,000 individuals to identify rare genetic variants and their effects on human health. The Sanger Institute is also part of the International Cancer Genome Consortium, an international effort to describe different cancer tumour types. [30] It is also part of the GENCODE and ENCODE research programmes [31] to create an encyclopaedia of DNA elements.[ citation needed ]

The Programme applies genomics to population-scale studies to identify the causal variants and pathways involved in human disease and their effects on cell biology. It also models developmental disorders to explore which physical aspects might be reversible.

Pathogens and Microbes Programme

Investigates the common underpinning mechanisms of evolution, infection and resistance to therapy into bolster understanding of bacteria, viruses and parasites, with a particular interest in malaria. It also explores the effects of genome variation on the biology of host-pathogen interactions, in particular host response to infection and the role of microiotia in health and disease. All the genomes after sequencing are made available at the web-based onsite-maintained database, GeneDB.[ citation needed ]

Tree of Life Programme

The Tree of Life Programme was created in 2019 to investigate the diversity of complex organisms found in the UK through sequencing and cellular technologies. It also compares and contrasts species' genome sequences to unlock insights into evolution and conservation. This Programme will play a leading role in the Darwin Tree of Life Project, a UK-wide initiative to sequence the genomes of all 66,000 complex species (eukaryotes) in the British Isles.

Collaborations

Much of the Sanger Institute's research is carried out in partnership with the wider scientific community; over 90 percent of the institute's research papers involve collaborations with other organisations. [32] Significant collaborations include:

Public engagement

Children at a public outreach event thread bracelets in four colours to spell out a DNA sequence. Sanger Institute outreach DNA bracelets.jpg
Children at a public outreach event thread bracelets in four colours to spell out a DNA sequence.

The Sanger Institute has a programme of public engagement activity. The programme aims to make complex biomedical research accessible to a range of audiences including school students and their teachers, and local community members.

The Communication and Public Engagement programme aims to "encourage informed discussion about issues relevant to Sanger Institute research" [36] and "foster a community of researchers who can engage effectively with different audiences". [36] The institute hosts visits for more than 1,500 students, teachers and community groups per year. Visitors may meet scientific staff, tour the institute and its facilities, and participate in ethical debates and activities. The programme also offers professional development sessions for teachers of GCSE and post 16 science through the national network of Science Learning Centres, and by hosting visits for groups interested in updating their knowledge in contemporary genetics. Videoconferencing into the Sanger Institute is also offered for Science Learning Centres, Science Centres and schools.

Scientific and public engagement staff also collaborate on and contribute to national projects such as the UK's InsideDNA [37] traveling exhibition and the Who am I? gallery at The Science Museum. [38] They also participate in public events such as the Cambridge Science Festival.

Graduate training

The institute operates two PhD training programmes: a four-year course for basic science graduates, and a three-year course for clinicians. The four-year course requires students to rotate around three different laboratories in order to broaden their scientific horizons before choosing a PhD project. Each student is required to choose at least one experimental and one informatics-based rotation project. [39] The institute houses approximately 50 pre-doctoral students, all of whom are registered at the University of Cambridge. [40]

Officers

According to Companies House the five officers of the parent company Genome Research Limited are Henry Parkinson, Kay Elizabeth Davies, Rolf Dieter Heuer, James Cuthbert Smith, David Lindsay Willetts. [41] According to the Sanger website Henry Parkinson is head of legal. [42]

Staff

As of 2023 the Sanger employs more than a thousand people, and is led by Matthew_Hurles. Notable scientific staff, faculty and alumni are listed below:

Academic faculty

As of 2019 a faculty of 32 scientists lead hypothesis-driven research, seeking answers to biomedical questions. [43] Among others, these include Dominic Kwiatkowski, Nicole Soranzo, Michael Stratton, Sarah Teichmann and Matthew Hurles. The institute also has a number of Associate Faculty members, International Fellows and Honorary Faculty. These include Adrian Bird, Ewan Birney, Chris Ponting, Fiona Powrie, Stephen O'Rahilly, Antonio Vidal-Puig, and Wolf Reik, among others.

Scientific advisory board

The Sanger Board of Management are guided by the scientific advisory board [44] whose members include Professor David Altshuler, Professor Anton Berns, Professor David J. Lipman, Professor Kevin Marsh and Professor Sir Paul Nurse.

Alumni

Previous faculty members at the Sanger include: [45]

History

The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute was established in 1992, funded by the Wellcome Trust and the UK's Medical Research Council EBI and Sanger Center, Genome campus, Cambridgeshire.jpg
The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute was established in 1992, funded by the Wellcome Trust and the UK's Medical Research Council

Management

John E. Sulston was the founding director of the Sanger Institute. Sulston was instrumental in the choice of the Hinxton site for the institute and remained there as director until the announcement of the completion of the draft human genome in 2000. [48] Sulston graduated from the University of Cambridge in 1963 and completed his PhD on the chemical synthesis of DNA in 1966. [49] He shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Robert Horvitz and Sydney Brenner, [50] two years after standing down as director of the institute.

In 2000, Allan Bradley left his appointment as professor at the Baylor College of Medicine, in the US, to take up the position as director of the Sanger Institute. Bradley wanted to build on the achievements made by the Sanger Institute in the Human Genome Project by "concentrating on gene function, cancer genomics, and the genomes of model organisms such as the mouse and the zebrafish". [51] Bradley received his BA, MA and PhD in genetics from the University of Cambridge. [52] [53] [54] [55]

In 2010, Bradley stepped down from his leadership role to form a startup company, but remains on the faculty of the institute as director emeritus. Mike Stratton, who is a leader of the Cancer Genome Project and the International Cancer Genome Consortium, was appointed director of the Sanger Institute in May of that year. [56]

Human Genome Project

The Sanger Institute was opened in 1993, three years after the inception of the Human Genome Project, and went on to make the largest single contribution to the gold standard sequence of the human genome, published in 2004. [57] The institute was engaged in collaborations to sequence 8 of the 23 human pairs of chromosomes (1, 6, 9, 10, 13, 20, 22, and X). [58] Since the publishing of the human genome, research carried out at the institute has developed beyond sequencing of organisms into various biomedical research areas, including studies into diseases such as cancer, malaria and diabetes.

Controversy

In August 2018 it was reported that an investigation was under way into allegations of bullying of staff and gender discrimination made against senior management of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, including the director. [59] The investigation, carried out by the barrister Thomas Kibling from Matrix Chambers, concluded in October 2018 and cleared Stratton of any wrongdoing, while listing areas for improvement in the workings of the Sanger Institute. [60] [61] The findings and the independence of the investigation were disputed. [62]

In October 2019 it was reported that the institute had manufactured a medical tool with the intent of monetising it despite not having ethical nor legal approval to do so and having been made aware by Stellenbosch University and internal whistleblowers. [63]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Sulston</span> British biologist and academic (1942–2018)

Sir John Edward Sulston was a British biologist and academic who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the cell lineage and genome of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans in 2002 with his colleagues Sydney Brenner and Robert Horvitz at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. He was a leader in human genome research and Chair of the Institute for Science, Ethics and Innovation at the University of Manchester. Sulston was in favour of science in the public interest, such as free public access of scientific information and against the patenting of genes and the privatisation of genetic technologies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human Genome Project</span> Human genome sequencing programme

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. It started in 1990 and was completed in 2003. It remains the world's largest collaborative biological project. Planning for the project started after it was adopted in 1984 by the US government, and it officially launched in 1990. It was declared complete on April 14, 2003, and included about 92% of the genome. Level "complete genome" was achieved in May 2021, with a remaining only 0.3% bases covered by potential issues. The final gapless assembly was finished in January 2022.

The Cancer Genome Project is part of the cancer, aging, and somatic mutation research based at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in the United Kingdom. It aims to identify sequence variants/mutations critical in the development of human cancers. Like The Cancer Genome Atlas project within the United States, the Cancer Genome Project represents an effort in the War on Cancer to improve cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prevention through a better understanding of the molecular basis of the disease. The Cancer Genome Project was launched by Michael Stratton in 2000, and Peter Campbell is now the group leader of the project. The project works to combine knowledge of the human genome sequence with high throughput mutation detection techniques.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UBAP1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Ubiquitin-associated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBAP1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IFITM3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFITM3 gene. It plays a critical role in the immune system's defense against Swine Flu, where heightened levels of IFITM3 keep viral levels low, and the removal of IFITM3 allows the virus to multiply unchecked. This observation has been further advanced by a recent study from Paul Kellam's lab that shows that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the human IFITM3 gene purported to increase influenza susceptibility is overrepresented in people hospitalised with pandemic H1N1. The prevalence of this mutation is thought to be approximately 1/400 in European populations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RHOBTB3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Rho-related BTB domain-containing protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RHOBTB3 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PUS7L</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Pseudouridylate synthase 7 homolog-like protein is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PUS7L gene.

The Vertebrate Genome Annotation (VEGA) database is a biological database dedicated to assisting researchers in locating specific areas of the genome and annotating genes or regions of vertebrate genomes. The VEGA browser is based on Ensembl web code and infrastructure and provides a public curation of known vertebrate genes for the scientific community. The VEGA website is updated frequently to maintain the most current information about vertebrate genomes and attempts to present consistently high-quality annotation of all its published vertebrate genomes or genome regions. VEGA was developed by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and is in close association with other annotation databases, such as ZFIN, the Havana Group and GenBank. Manual annotation is currently more accurate at identifying splice variants, pseudogenes, polyadenylation features, non-coding regions and complex gene arrangements than automated methods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard M. Durbin</span> British computational biologist

Richard Michael Durbin is a British computational biologist and Al-Kindi Professor of Genetics at the University of Cambridge. He also serves as an associate faculty member at the Wellcome Sanger Institute where he was previously a senior group leader.

Cancer genome sequencing is the whole genome sequencing of a single, homogeneous or heterogeneous group of cancer cells. It is a biochemical laboratory method for the characterization and identification of the DNA or RNA sequences of cancer cell(s).

Richard Mott is Weldon Professor of Computational and Statistical Genetics in the research department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment at University College London. He was previously at the Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and a Professor by Research at Oxford University.

Sir Michael Rudolf Stratton, is a British clinical scientist and the third director of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. He currently heads the Cancer Genome Project and is a leader of the International Cancer Genome Consortium.

COSMIC is an online database of somatically acquired mutations found in human cancer. Somatic mutations are those that occur in non-germline cells that are not inherited by children. COSMIC, an acronym of Catalogue Of Somatic Mutations In Cancer, curates data from papers in the scientific literature and large scale experimental screens from the Cancer Genome Project at the Sanger Institute. The database is freely available to academic researchers and commercially licensed to others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NSUN2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

NOP2/Sun domain family, member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NSUN2 gene. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for the gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bob Waterston</span>

Robert Hugh "Bob" Waterston, is an American biologist. He is best known for his work on the Human Genome Project, for which he was a pioneer along with John Sulston.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European Nucleotide Archive</span> Online database from the EBI on Nucleotides

The European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) is a repository providing free and unrestricted access to annotated DNA and RNA sequences. It also stores complementary information such as experimental procedures, details of sequence assembly and other metadata related to sequencing projects. The archive is composed of three main databases: the Sequence Read Archive, the Trace Archive and the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database. The ENA is produced and maintained by the European Bioinformatics Institute and is a member of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) along with the DNA Data Bank of Japan and GenBank.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tim Hubbard</span>

Timothy John Phillip Hubbard is a Professor of Bioinformatics at King's College London, Head of Genome Analysis at Genomics England and Honorary Faculty at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Cambridge, UK. Starting March 1, 2024, Tim will become the director of Europe's Life Science Data Infrastructure ELIXIR.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alex Bateman</span> British bioinformatician

Alexander George Bateman is a computational biologist and Head of Protein Sequence Resources at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), part of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Cambridge, UK. He has led the development of the Pfam biological database and introduced the Rfam database of RNA families. He has also been involved in the use of Wikipedia for community-based annotation of biological databases.

Donna R. Maglott is a staff scientist at the National Center for Biotechnology Information known for her research on large-scale genomics projects, including the mouse genome and development of databases required for genomics research.

References

  1. ↑ "MRC Centre United Kingdom: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute". Medical Research Council. Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
  2. ↑ Walker, John (2014). "Frederick Sanger (1918–2013) Double Nobel-prizewinning genomics pioneer". Nature. 505 (7481): 27. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...27W. doi: 10.1038/505027a . PMID   24380948.
  3. ↑ Sanger, F. (1988). "Sequences, Sequences, and Sequences". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 57: 1–29. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.57.070188.000245 . PMID   2460023.
  4. ↑ "Wellcome Sanger Institute - About us". Wellcome Sanger Institute. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  5. ↑ www-core (webteam). "Our People". www.sanger.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  6. ↑ "Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute - History". Wellcome Sanger Institute. Archived from the original on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  7. ↑ "Wellcome Sanger Institute - Work and study". Wellcome Sanger Institute. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  8. ↑ "Welcome to the Wellcome Genome Campus Conference Centre". Wellcome Genome Campus Conference Centre. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  9. ↑ "Wellcome Trust Genome Campus Extension Opened: Visit by Her Royal Highness, The Princess Royal". Wellcome Sanger Institute. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
  10. ↑ Doctorow, C. (2008). "Big data: Welcome to the petacentre". Nature. 455 (7209): 16–21. doi:10.1038/455016a. PMID   18769411.
  11. ↑ Sulston, John. "Interview with John Sulston". Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories digital archive. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  12. ↑ "Wellcome Sanger Institute - Sequencing". Wellcome Sanger Institute. Archived from the original on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  13. ↑ "Wellcome Sanger Institute - Pathogen genomics". Wellcome Sanger Institute. Archived from the original on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  14. ↑ Jones, I. "Feature: Highly cited". Wellcome Trust. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
  15. ↑ Forbes, S. A.; Beare, D; Gunasekaran, P; Leung, K; Bindal, N; Boutselakis, H; Ding, M; Bamford, S; Cole, C; Ward, S; Kok, C. Y.; Jia, M; De, T; Teague, J. W.; Stratton, M. R.; McDermott, U; Campbell, P. J. (2015). "COSMIC: Exploring the world's knowledge of somatic mutations in human cancer". Nucleic Acids Research. 43 (Database issue): D805–11. doi:10.1093/nar/gku1075. PMC   4383913 . PMID   25355519. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  16. ↑ Bragin, E; Chatzimichali, E. A.; Wright, C. F.; Hurles, M. E.; Firth, H. V.; Bevan, A. P.; Swaminathan, G. J. (2014). "DECIPHER: Database for the interpretation of phenotype-linked plausibly pathogenic sequence and copy-number variation". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (Database issue): D993–D1000. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt937. PMC   3965078 . PMID   24150940.
  17. ↑ Cunningham, F; Amode, M. R.; Barrell, D; Beal, K; Billis, K; Brent, S; Carvalho-Silva, D; Clapham, P; Coates, G; Fitzgerald, S; Gil, L; Girón, C. G.; Gordon, L; Hourlier, T; Hunt, S. E.; Janacek, S. H.; Johnson, N; Juettemann, T; Kähäri, A. K.; Keenan, S; Martin, F. J.; Maurel, T; McLaren, W; Murphy, D. N.; Nag, R; Overduin, B; Parker, A; Patricio, M; Perry, E; et al. (2015). "Ensembl 2015". Nucleic Acids Research. 43 (Database issue): D662–9. doi:10.1093/nar/gku1010. PMC   4383879 . PMID   25352552.
  18. ↑ Logan-Klumpler, F. J.; De Silva, N; Boehme, U; Rogers, M. B.; Velarde, G; McQuillan, J. A.; Carver, T; Aslett, M; Olsen, C; Subramanian, S; Phan, I; Farris, C; Mitra, S; Ramasamy, G; Wang, H; Tivey, A; Jackson, A; Houston, R; Parkhill, J; Holden, M; Harb, O. S.; Brunk, B. P.; Myler, P. J.; Roos, D; Carrington, M; Smith, D. F.; Hertz-Fowler, C; Berriman, M (2012). "GeneDB--an annotation database for pathogens". Nucleic Acids Research. 40 (Database issue): D98–108. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr1032. PMC   3245030 . PMID   22116062.
  19. ↑ Wilming, L. G.; Gilbert, J. G.; Howe, K; Trevanion, S; Hubbard, T; Harrow, J. L. (2008). "The vertebrate genome annotation (Vega) database". Nucleic Acids Research. 36 (Database issue): D753–60. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm987. PMC   2238886 . PMID   18003653.
  20. ↑ Rawlings, N. D.; Waller, M; Barrett, A. J.; Bateman, A (2014). "MEROPS: The database of proteolytic enzymes, their substrates and inhibitors". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (Database issue): D503–9. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt953. PMC   3964991 . PMID   24157837.
  21. ↑ Finn, R. D.; Bateman, A; Clements, J; Coggill, P; Eberhardt, R. Y.; Eddy, S. R.; Heger, A; Hetherington, K; Holm, L; Mistry, J; Sonnhammer, E. L.; Tate, J; Punta, M (2014). "Pfam: The protein families database". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (Database issue): D222–30. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1223. PMC   3965110 . PMID   24288371. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  22. ↑ Nawrocki, E. P.; Burge, S. W.; Bateman, A; Daub, J; Eberhardt, R. Y.; Eddy, S. R.; Floden, E. W.; Gardner, P. P.; Jones, T. A.; Tate, J; Finn, R. D. (2015). "Rfam 12.0: Updates to the RNA families database". Nucleic Acids Research. 43 (Database issue): D130–7. doi:10.1093/nar/gku1063. PMC   4383904 . PMID   25392425.
  23. ↑ Schreiber, F; Patricio, M; Muffato, M; Pignatelli, M; Bateman, A (2014). "Tree Fam v9: A new website, more species and orthology-on-the-fly". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (Database issue): D922–5. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1055. PMC   3965059 . PMID   24194607.
  24. ↑ Harris, T. W.; Baran, J; Bieri, T; Cabunoc, A; Chan, J; Chen, W. J.; Davis, P; Done, J; Grove, C; Howe, K; Kishore, R; Lee, R; Li, Y; Muller, H. M.; Nakamura, C; Ozersky, P; Paulini, M; Raciti, D; Schindelman, G; Tuli, M. A.; Van Auken, K; Wang, D; Wang, X; Williams, G; Wong, J. D.; Yook, K; Schedl, T; Hodgkin, J; Berriman, M; et al. (2014). "Worm Base 2014: New views of curated biology". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (Database issue): D789–93. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1063. PMC   3965043 . PMID   24194605.
  25. ↑ "1000 Genomes: A Deep Catalog of Human Genetic Variation". 1000 Genomes Project. Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
  26. ↑ "1000 Genomes Project releases data from pilot projects on path to providing database for 2,500 human genomes". Wellcome Sanger Institute. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  27. ↑ Kaye, J; Hurles, M; Griffin, H; Grewal, J; Bobrow, M; Timpson, N; Smee, C; Bolton, P; Durbin, R; Dyke, S; Fitzpatrick, D; Kennedy, K; Kent, A; Muddyman, D; Muntoni, F; Raymond, L. F.; Semple, R; Spector, T; Uk, 10K (2014). "Managing clinically significant findings in research: The UK10K example". European Journal of Human Genetics. 22 (9): 1100–4. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.290. PMC   4026295 . PMID   24424120.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  28. ↑ Muddyman, D; Smee, C; Griffin, H; Kaye, J (2013). "Implementing a successful data-management framework: The UK10K managed access model". Genome Medicine. 5 (11): 100. doi: 10.1186/gm504 . PMC   3978569 . PMID   24229443.
  29. ↑ "Wellcome Trust launches study of 10,000 human genomes in UK". Wellcome Sanger Institute. Archived from the original on 27 June 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  30. ↑ "International Cancer Genome Consortium Homepage". International Cancer Genome Consortium. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
  31. ↑ "Wellcome Sanger Institute - ENCODE and GENCODE". Archived from the original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  32. ↑ Figure based on data for 2008 retrieved from SCOPUS website
  33. ↑ Gibbs, Richard A.; et al. (The International HapMap Consortium) (2003). "The International HapMap Project" (PDF). Nature. 426 (6968): 789–796. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..789G. doi:10.1038/nature02168. hdl: 2027.42/62838 . PMID   14685227. S2CID   4387110.
  34. ↑ "Programmes - Wellcome Sanger Institute". www.sanger.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  35. ↑ UK10K Archived 2010-07-19 at the Wayback Machine (the UK 10,000 Genomes Project)
  36. 1 2 "Team 104: Communication and Public Engagement Programme". Wellcome Sanger Institute. Archived from the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  37. ↑ "InsideDNA". insidedna.org.uk. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  38. ↑ "Home - Science Museum". Science Museum. Archived from the original on 29 October 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  39. ↑ "Wellcome Sanger Institute PhD Programmes". Wellcome Sanger Institute. Archived from the original on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
  40. ↑ "Sanger PhD and MPhil theses". Archived from the original on 7 April 2015.
  41. ↑ "GENOME RESEARCH LIMITED - Officers".
  42. ↑ "Parkinson, Henry - Wellcome Sanger Institute". www.sanger.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  43. ↑ "Sanger Faculty". Archived from the original on 16 March 2015.
  44. ↑ "Sanger Advisory Board". Wellcome Sanger Institute. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015.
  45. ↑ "Previous faculty at the Sanger". Archived from the original on 7 April 2015.
  46. ↑ Logan, D. W.; Sandal, M.; Gardner, P. P.; Manske, M.; Bateman, A. (2010). "Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia". PLOS Computational Biology . 6 (9): e1000941. Bibcode:2010PLSCB...6E0941L. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000941 . PMC   2947980 . PMID   20941386. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  47. ↑ van Ommen, Gertjan (2010). "Obituary: Leena Peltonen-Palotie (1952–2010) A visionary in medical genetics". Nature . 464 (7291): 992. doi: 10.1038/464992a . PMID   20393553.
  48. ↑ "International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium Announces "Working Draft" of Human Genome". National Human Genome Research Institute. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  49. ↑ Sulston J, Ferry G (2002). The Common Thread: A story of Science, Politics, Ethics, and the Human Genome. The Joseph Henry Press. p. 18.
  50. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002". Nobel Prize. Archived from the original on 15 November 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
  51. ↑ "Sanger Institute looks to the future". Genome Biology. Archived from the original on 19 January 2004. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  52. ↑ "Professor Allan Bradley". Wellcome Sanger Institute. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015.
  53. ↑ Gura, T (2000). "Changing of the guard: Allan Bradley is to head the Sanger Centre, a powerhouse of the Human Genome Project". Nature. 405 (6785): 389. doi: 10.1038/35013238 . PMID   10839511. S2CID   5478593.
  54. ↑ Adam, D (2001). "Sanger Centre welcomes gene funds with a new name". Nature. 413 (6857): 660. Bibcode:2001Natur.413R.660A. doi: 10.1038/35099707 . PMID   11606985.
  55. ↑ Dickson, D (2000). "Geneticist from Baylor named as new head of UK's Sanger Centre". Nature. 405 (6784): 264. doi: 10.1038/35012766 . PMID   10830929.
  56. ↑ "Professor Mike Stratton appointed new Director". Wellcome Sanger Institute. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
  57. ↑ Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2004). "Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome". Nature. 431 (7011): 931–945. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..931H. doi: 10.1038/nature03001 . PMID   15496913.
  58. ↑ Pennisi E (2003). "Reaching Their Goal Early, Sequencing Labs Celebrate". Science. 300 (5618): 409. doi: 10.1126/science.300.5618.409 . PMID   12702850. S2CID   206577479.
  59. ↑ Marsh, Sarah; Devlin, Hannah (29 August 2018). "Bosses at leading UK science institute accused of bullying staff". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  60. ↑ "Result of independent investigation into whistleblowing allegations released". Sanger Institute. 31 October 2018. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  61. ↑ Thomas Kibling (31 October 2018). "Thomas Kibling's Investigatory Report" (PDF). Sanger Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  62. ↑ Else, Holly (8 November 2018). "Sanger whistle-blowers dispute findings that cleared management of bullying". Nature. 563 (7731): 304–305. Bibcode:2018Natur.563..304E. doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-07339-4 . PMID   30425362. S2CID   53305689.
  63. ↑ "Genetics lab told to hand back African tribes' DNA". Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.