Mertansine

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Mertansine
Mertansine skeletal.svg
Names
Other names
Maytansinoid DM1
N2'-deacetyl-N2'-(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)-maytansine
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.168.831 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C35H48ClN3O10S/c1-19-10-9-11-26(46-8)35(44)18-25(47-33(43)37-35)20(2)31-34(4,49-31)27(48-32(42)21(3)38(5)28(40)12-13-50)17-29(41)39(6)23-15-22(14-19)16-24(45-7)30(23)36/h9-11,15-16,20-21,25-27,31,44,50H,12-14,17-18H2,1-8H3,(H,37,43)/b11-9+,19-10+/t20-,21+,25+,26-,27+,31+,34+,35+/m1/s1 X mark.svgN
    Key: ANZJBCHSOXCCRQ-FKUXLPTCSA-N X mark.svgN
  • C[C@@H]1[C@@H]2C[C@]([C@@H](/C=C/C=C(/Cc3cc(c(c(c3)OC)Cl)N(C(=O)C[C@@H]([C@]4([C@H]1O4)C)OC(=O)[C@H](C)N(C)C(=O)CCS)C)\C)OC)(NC(=O)O2)O
Properties
C35H48ClN3O10S
Molar mass 738.29 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Mertansine, also called DM1 (and in some of its forms emtansine), is a thiol-containing maytansinoid that for therapeutic purposes is attached to a monoclonal antibody through reaction of the thiol group with a linker structure to create an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC).[ citation needed ]

Contents

ADCs with this design include trastuzumab emtansine, lorvotuzumab mertansine, and cantuzumab mertansine. Some are still experimental; others are in regular clinical use.[ citation needed ]

Mechanism of action

Mertansine is a tubulin inhibitor, meaning that it inhibits the assembly of microtubules by binding to tubulin (at the rhizoxin binding site). [1]

The monoclonal antibody binds specifically to a structure (usually a protein) occurring in a tumour, thus directing mertansine into this tumour. This concept is called targeted therapy.[ citation needed ]

Uses and chemistry

The following (experimental) drugs are antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) combining monoclonal antibodies with mertansine as the cytotoxic component. Mertansine is linked via 4-mercaptovaleric acid. [2]

ADCs include:

Mertansine linked to a monoclonal antibody (mab). The part where mertansine differs from its parent compound maytansine is shown red. The linker 4-mercaptovaleric acid is shown blue. Mertansine mab structure coloured.svg
Mertansine linked to a monoclonal antibody (mab). The part where mertansine differs from its parent compound maytansine is shown red. The linker 4-mercaptovaleric acid is shown blue.

Emtansine

DM1 can also be linked via a more complicated structure – 4-(3-mercapto-2,5-dioxo-1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-cylohexanecarboxylic acid or SMCC –, in which case the International Nonproprietary Name of the conjugate formed contains the word emtansine. The abbreviation comes from the chemical designation "succinimidyl-trans-4-(maleimidylmethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate" which is used in the primary literature [5] as well as by the World Health Organization (WHO) [6] despite the fact that the linker contains only one imide group according to the WHO. [2]

DM1 and its attachment via these linkers result from ImmunoGen Inc research.

An example is:

Emtansine mab structure coloured.svg

Related Research Articles

The nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies is a naming scheme for assigning generic, or nonproprietary, names to monoclonal antibodies. An antibody is a protein that is produced in B cells and used by the immune system of humans and other vertebrate animals to identify a specific foreign object like a bacterium or a virus. Monoclonal antibodies are those that were produced in identical cells, often artificially, and so share the same target object. They have a wide range of applications including medical uses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cantuzumab mertansine</span>

Cantuzumab mertansine is an antibody-drug conjugate investigated to treat colorectal cancer and other types of cancer. It is a humanized monoclonal antibody, cantuzumab (huC242) linked to a cytotoxic agent, mertansine (DM1). It was developed by ImmunoGen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maitansine</span> Chemical compound

Maitansine (INN), or maytansine (USAN), is a cytotoxic agent. It inhibits the assembly of microtubules by binding to tubulin at the rhizoxin binding site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monomethyl auristatin E</span> Chemical compound

Monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) is a synthetic antineoplastic agent. Because of its toxicity, it cannot be used as a drug itself; instead, it is linked to a monoclonal antibody (MAB) which directs it to the cancer cells. In International Nonproprietary Names for MMAE-MAB-conjugates, the name vedotin refers to MMAE plus its linking structure to the antibody. It is a potent antimitotic drug derived from peptides occurring in marine shell-less mollusc Dolabella auricularia called dolastatins which show potent activity in preclinical studies, both in vitro and in vivo, against a range of lymphomas, leukemia and solid tumors. These drugs show potency of up to 200 times that of vinblastine, another antimitotic drug used for Hodgkin lymphoma as well as other types of cancer.

Glembatumumab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that targets cancer cells expressing transmembrane glycoprotein NMB (GPNMB).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antibody-drug conjugate</span> Class of biopharmaceutical drugs

Antibody-drug conjugates or ADCs are a class of biopharmaceutical drugs designed as a targeted therapy for treating cancer. Unlike chemotherapy, ADCs are intended to target and kill tumor cells while sparing healthy cells. As of 2019, some 56 pharmaceutical companies were developing ADCs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trastuzumab emtansine</span> Pharmaceutical drug

Trastuzumab emtansine, sold under the brand name Kadcyla, is an antibody-drug conjugate consisting of the humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) covalently linked to the cytotoxic agent DM1. Trastuzumab alone stops growth of cancer cells by binding to the HER2 receptor, whereas trastuzumab emtansine undergoes receptor-mediated internalization into cells, is catabolized in lysosomes where DM1-containing catabolites are released and subsequently bind tubulin to cause mitotic arrest and cell death. Trastuzumab binding to HER2 prevents homodimerization or heterodimerization (HER2/HER3) of the receptor, ultimately inhibiting the activation of MAPK and PI3K/AKT cellular signalling pathways. Because the monoclonal antibody targets HER2, and HER2 is only over-expressed in cancer cells, the conjugate delivers the cytotoxic agent DM1 specifically to tumor cells. The conjugate is abbreviated T-DM1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lorvotuzumab mertansine</span>

Lorvotuzumab mertansine (IMGN901) is an antibody-drug conjugate. It comprises the CD56-binding antibody, lorvotuzumab (huN901), with a maytansinoid cell-killing agent, DM1, attached using a disulfide linker, SPP.

Cantuzumab ravtansine (huC242-SPDB-DM4) is an antibody-drug conjugate designed for the treatment of cancers. The humanized monoclonal antibody cantuzumab (huC242) is linked to a cytotoxic agent, ravtansine (DM4). It uses a more hindered disulfide linkage than cantuzumab mertansine.

Lirilumab (INN) is a human monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of cancer. It binds to KIR2DL1/2L3.

Seagen Inc. is an American biotechnology company focused on developing and commercializing innovative, empowered monoclonal antibody-based therapies for the treatment of cancer. The company, headquartered in Bothell, Washington, is the industry leader in antibody-drug conjugates or ADCs, a technology designed to harness the targeting ability of monoclonal antibodies to deliver cell-killing agents directly to cancer cells. Antibody-drug conjugates are intended to spare non-targeted cells and thus reduce many of the toxic effects of traditional chemotherapy, while potentially enhancing antitumor activity.

ImmunoGen, Inc. is a biotechnology company focused on the development of antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) therapeutics for the treatment of cancer. ImmunoGen was founded in 1981 and is headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts.

Varlilumab is a monoclonal antibody designed for immunotherapy for solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. It is an anti-CD27 antibody and helps activate T-cells.

Denintuzumab mafodotin is a humanized monoclonal antibody-drug conjugate designed for the treatment of CD19-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It consists of an anti-CD19 mAb linked to monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF), a cytotoxic agent. This drug was developed by Seattle Genetics.

Vanucizumab is an experimental humanized monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of cancer.

Depatuxizumab mafodotin is an antibody-drug conjugate designed for the treatment of cancer. It is composed of an EGFR IGg1 monoclonal antibody (depatuxizumab) conjugated to the tubulin inhibitor monomethyl auristatin F via a stable maleimidocaproyl link.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tucatinib</span> Chemical compound

Tucatinib, sold under the brand name Tukysa, is an anticancer medication used for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. It is a small molecule inhibitor of HER2. It was developed by Array BioPharma and licensed to Cascadian Therapeutics.

Cofetuzumab pelidotin is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate in development for the treatment of cancer. It was created by Stemcentrx and is being developed by Pfizer. The drug is an anti-PTK7 monoclonal antibody linked to auristatin-0101, an auristatin microtubule inhibitor.

Relatlimab is a monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of melanoma. It is used in combination with nivolumab to treat melanoma.

Tisotumab vedotin, sold under the brand name Tivdak, is an antibody-drug conjugate used to treat cervical cancer. It is a combination of tisotumab, a monoclonal antibody against tissue factor, and monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), a potent inhibitor of cell division. It is administered by infusion into a vein.

References

  1. ↑ National Cancer Institute: Definition of Maytansine
  2. 1 2 "International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances: Names for radicals, groups & others" (PDF). WHO. 2012: 66f.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ↑ "International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN): List 89" (PDF). WHO. 2003: 188.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ↑ "ImmunoGen reports encouraging clinical data of IMGN901". The Medical News. 6 December 2009.
  5. ↑ Girish, Sandhya; Gupta, Manish; Wang, Bei; Lu, Dan; Krop, Ian E.; Vogel, Charles L.; Burris Iii, Howard A.; Lorusso, Patricia M.; Yi, Joo-Hee; Saad, Ola; Tong, Barbara; Chu, Yu-Waye; Holden, Scott; Joshi, Amita (May 2012). "Clinical pharmacology of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1): an antibody–drug conjugate in development for the treatment of HER2-positive cancer". Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 69 (5): 1229–1240. doi:10.1007/s00280-011-1817-3. PMC   3337408 . PMID   22271209.
  6. ↑ "International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN): List 103" (PDF). WHO. 2010: 172.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ↑ National Cancer Institute: trastuzumab-MCC-DM1 antibody-drug conjugate
  8. ↑ ImmunoGen: Trastuzumab-DM1 Archived 2010-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
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