Merton F. Utter

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Merton Franklin Utter
Born(1917-03-23)23 March 1917
Westboro, Missouri, United States
Died28 November 1980(1980-11-28) (aged 63)
Cleveland Heights, Ohio [1]
Alma mater Simpson College
Iowa State College
Known for Carbon fixation
Gluconeogenesis
Pyruvate carboxylase
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Spouse
Marjorie Manifold
​
(m. 1939)​
Children Douglas
Awards Paul-Lewis Award in Enzyme Chemistry (1956)
American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1972)
National Academy of Sciences (1973)
Scientific career
Fields Biochemistry
Institutions University of Minnesota
Western Reserve University
Case Western Reserve University

Merton Franklin Utter (born 23 March 1917 in Westboro, Missouri; died 28 November 1980) was an American microbiologist and biochemist.

Contents

Early life and education

In his first year, the family moved to New Market, Iowa, for his father's job in a bank. His mother worked as an organist in churches, which stimulated Utter's lifelong love of music. His education began in New Market. The family later moved to Coin, Iowa where In 1934 he graduated from high school. He attended Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa, where he graduated in 1938. Merton went to graduate school until 1942 at Iowa State College, where his advisor was Chester Hamlin Werkman. In 1939, he married Marjorie Manifold, who worked as a secretary for Theodore Schultz.

Academic career

In 1944, Utter was appointed assistant professor at the University of Minnesota; in 1946, he became an associate professor at Western Reserve University in Cleveland, where his colleagues included Harland G. Wood, Warwick Sakami, [2] Thomas P. Singer, Victor Lorber, Lester Krampitz, John Muntz and Robert Greenberg. [3] [4] His son Douglas Max Utter was born in 1950, and later became an expressionist artist. Utter was appointed full professor in 1956. Between 1965 and 1976, he was also chair of the department of biochemistry. During his time at Western Reserve (later Case Western Reserve University), he spent three years at other universities: in 1953 with the help of the Fulbright Program at the University of South Australia, in 1960 at the University of Oxford, and in 1968 at the University of Leicester, where he met Hans Kornberg daily for discussion on the way to work. He served as associate editor of the Journal of Biological Chemistry . He became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1972 and In 1973 was honored with membership in the National Academy of Sciences.

Scientific contributions

Utter was a pioneer in the fields of bacterial and intermediary metabolism. As a graduate student and assistant professor he was involved in several classic experiments on the fixation of CO2 in bacteria and higher organisms. [5] [6] [7] His most significant finding was that gluconeogenesis is not reverse glycolysis. He and his coworkers discovered the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and their role in converting pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate via oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis, a pathway not the reverse of that catalyzed in glycolysis by pyruvate kinase. [5] They also uncovered the role of acetyl-CoA in regulating the rate of pyruvate carboxylase, [8] one of the first discoveries of allosteric regulation. In 1966, he examined the quaternary structure of pyruvate carboxylase of chickens by means of electron microscopy, which was one of its first applications for this purpose. The enzyme was found to be a tetramer, [9] which was later found to be true for other organisms by researchers like Gerhard Gottschalk. Later in his career, his lab became a leading center in the study of inborn errors of metabolism of pyruvate. For example, he showed that contrary to contemporary belief, Leigh disease is not associated with deficiency in pyruvate carboxylase activity. [10]

Related Research Articles

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Pyruvic acid (IUPAC name: 2-oxopropanoic acid, also called acetoic acid) (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group. Pyruvate, the conjugate base, CH3COCOO−, is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the cell.

Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the biosynthesis of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. It is an ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. It is one of two primary mechanisms – the other being degradation of glycogen (glycogenolysis) – used by humans and many other animals to maintain blood sugar levels, avoiding low levels (hypoglycemia). In ruminants, because dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by rumen organisms, gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, exercise, etc. In many other animals, the process occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, low-carbohydrate diets, or intense exercise.

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References

  1. ↑ "Merton Franklin Utter obituary". Clarinda Herald Journal. Clarinda, Iowa. 1980-12-18. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  2. ↑ Friedberg, Errol C. (17 June 2014). A Biography of Paul Berg: The Recombinant DNA Controversy Revisited. World Scientific. p. 46. ISBN   978-981-4569-06-4.
  3. ↑ Wood, H. G. (July 1985). "Then and Now". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 54: 1–42. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.54.070185.000245. PMID   3927819.
  4. ↑ "Robert Greenberg Lectureship". medicine.umich.edu. University of Michigan. 2017. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
  5. 1 2 Kresge, N.; Simoni, R. D.; Hill, R. L. (2005-04-22). "Chester H. Werkman and Merton F. Utter: Using Bacteria Juice and 13C to Explore Carbon Dioxide Fixation". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (16): e13–e14. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)69340-1 . Retrieved 2019-01-31.
  6. ↑ Kresge, N.; Simoni, R. D.; Hill, R. L. (2005-05-06). "The Discovery of Heterotrophic Carbon Dioxide Fixation by Harland G. Wood". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280: e15. Retrieved 2019-01-31.
  7. ↑ Wood, H. G.; Utter, M. F. (1965). "The role of CO2 fixation in metabolism". Essays in Biochemistry. 1: 1–27. PMID   4880809.
  8. ↑ Utter, M. F.; Keech, D. B.; Scrutton, M. C. (1964). "A possible role for acetyl CoA in the control of gluconeogenesis". Advances in Enzyme Regulation. 2: 49–68. doi:10.1016/S0065-2571(64)80005-4. PMID   5863094.
  9. ↑ Barden, R. E.; Taylor, B. L.; Isoashi, F.; Frey, W. H.; Zander, G.; Lee, J. C.; Utter, M. F. (1975). "Structural properties of pyruvate carboxylases from chicken liver and other sources". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 72 (11): 4308–4312. Bibcode:1975PNAS...72.4308B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.11.4308 . PMC   388710 . PMID   1105579.
  10. ↑ Murphy, J. V.; Isohashi, F.; Weinberg, M. B.; Utter, M. F. (September 1981). "Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency: An Alleged Biochemical Cause of Leigh's Disease". Pediatrics. 68 (3): 401–404. doi:10.1542/peds.68.3.401. PMID   6792586. S2CID   34998206 . Retrieved 2019-01-27.

Wood, H. G.; Hanson, R. W. (1987), Merton Franklin Utter, 1917—1980 (PDF), Biographical Memoirs, vol. 56, Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, pp. 475–499, doi:10.17226/897, ISBN   978-0-309-03693-1

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