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In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall.
Xanthophylls are yellow pigments that occur widely in nature and form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group; the other division is formed by the carotenes. The name is from Greek xanthos and phyllon, due to their formation of the yellow band seen in early chromatography of leaf pigments.
Lutein is a xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids. Lutein is synthesized only by plants, and like other xanthophylls is found in high quantities in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale and yellow carrots. In green plants, xanthophylls act to modulate light energy and serve as non-photochemical quenching agents to deal with triplet chlorophyll, which is overproduced at very high light levels, during photosynthesis. See xanthophyll cycle for this topic.
Zeaxanthin is one of the most common carotenoids in nature, and is used in the xanthophyll cycle. Synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms, it is the pigment that gives paprika, corn, saffron, goji (wolfberries), and many other plants and microbes their characteristic color.
Magnetospirillum is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic genus of magnetotactic bacterium, first isolated from pond water by the microbiologist R. P. Blakemore in 1975. They have a spiral (helical) shape and are propelled by a polar flagellum at each end of their cells. Four species have been described: M. magnetotacticum strain MS-1 (originally classified as Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum; M. magneticum strain AMB-1; M. gryphiswaldense and M. bellicus.
meso-Zeaxanthin (3R,3´S-Zeaxanthin) is a xanthophyll carotenoid, as it contains oxygen and hydrocarbons, and is one of the three stereoisomers of zeaxanthin. Of the three stereoisomers, meso-zeaxanthin is the second most abundant in nature after 3R,3´R-zeaxanthin, which is produced by plants and algae. To date, meso-zeaxanthin has been identified in specific tissues of marine organisms and in the macula lutea, also known as the "yellow spot", of the human retina.
Muricauda lutaonensis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped moderately thermophilic and non-motile bacterium of the genus Muricauda which has been isolated from a hot spring on Green Island off the coast of Taiwan. The strain CC-HSB-11 of Muricauda lutaonensis produces zeaxanthin.
Cellulophaga is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic and rod-shaped bacterial genus from the family of Flavobacteriaceae which occur in marine alga and beach mud. Cellulophaga species produce zeaxanthin.
Aquibacter is a genus from the family of Flavobacteriaceae, with one known species.
Aquibacter zeaxanthinifaciens is a Gram-negative, zeaxanthin-producing, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus Aquibacter which has been isolated from seawater near Taichung in Taiwan.
Nubsella is a genus from the family of Sphingobacteriaceae with one known species.
Nubsella zeaxanthinifaciens is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Nubsella which has been isolated from freshwater in Misasa in Japan. Nubsella zeaxanthinifaciens produces zeaxanthin.
Gramella oceani is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-endospore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Gramella which has been isolated from marine sediments from the coast from Kending in Taiwan. Gramella oceani produces zeaxanthin.
Gramella planctonica is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Gramella.
Kordia aquimaris is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Kordia which has been isolated from seawater from the coast near the Taichung harbour in Taiwan. Kordia aquimaris produces zeaxanthin.
Zeaxanthinibacter enoshimensis is a Gram-negative strictly aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Zeaxanthinibacter which has been isolated from seawater from Enoshima. Zeaxanthinibacter enoshimensis produces zeaxanthin.
Aurantibacter aestuarii is a Gram-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Aurantibacter which has been isolated from seawater from the Gwangyang Bay.
Hanstruepera neustonica is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Hanstruepera.
Mesoflavibacter profundi is a Gram-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Mesoflavibacter which has been isolated from a seamount from the northern Mariana Trench.
Mesoflavibacter sabulilitoris is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Mesoflavibacter.
References
- 1 2 "Mesoflavibacter zeaxanthinifaciens". www.uniprot.org.
- 1 2 3 Asker, Dalal; Beppu, Teruhiko; Ueda, Kenji (June 2007). "Mesoflavibacter zeaxanthinifaciens gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel zeaxanthin-producing marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 30 (4): 291–296. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2006.12.003. PMID 17276025.
- 1 2 3 "Species: Mesoflavibacter zeaxanthinifaciens". LPSN.DSMZ.de.