Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera

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Olympus OM-D E-M1 (Mark I) Olympus OM-D E-M1 D81 8278.jpg
Olympus OM-D E-M1 (Mark I)
Nikon Z 7, a full-frame MILC introduced in 2018 Nikon Z7 D81 2448 (44253991734).jpg
Nikon Z 7, a full-frame MILC introduced in 2018

A mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera (MILC) or simply mirrorless camera, also called digital single lens mirrorless (DSLM), is a photo camera featuring a single, removable lens and a digital display. The camera does not have a reflex mirror or optical viewfinder like a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera. [1] Many mirrorless cameras retain a mechanical shutter. Like a DSLR, a mirrorless camera accepts any of a series of interchangeable lenses compatible with its lens mount.

Contents

Overview

Compared to DSLR cameras, mirrorless cameras are mechanically simpler and are typically smaller, lighter, and quieter due to the elimination of the moving mirror. While nearly all mirrorless cameras still have a mechanical shutter, many also have an electronic shutter, allowing completely silent operation. [2]

Until the mid 2010s mirrorless cameras were somewhat challenged to provide an electronic viewfinder with the clarity and low-lag responsiveness of the optical viewfinders used on DSLRs, especially under strong sunlight or when photographing the sky at night. [3] The fact that the image from the lens is always projected onto the image sensor allows for features that are only available in DSLRs when their mirror is locked up into "live view" mode. This includes the ability to show a focus-peaking [4] display, zebra patterning, and face or eye tracking. [5] Moreover, the electronic viewfinder can provide live depth of field preview, can show a poorly-illuminated subject how it would look with correct exposure in real time, [6] and makes it easier to view the results of an exposure in bright sunlight.

With the latest phase-detect autofocus available on some mirrorless cameras, the autofocus speed and accuracy of some models has been shown to be as good as DSLRs. But compared with DSLRs, mirrorless cameras have shorter battery life (due to prolonged use of LCD and/or OLED displays, necessary for the viewfinder) and often smaller buffers (to save battery). [7] On-sensor autofocus is free of the adjustment requirements of the indirect focusing system of the DSLR (which relies on a separate autofocus sensor located below the reflex mirror), and the latest mirrorless cameras can shoot with phase-detect autofocus at up to 20 frames per second using up to 693 focus points—a number far exceeding what is available on any DSLR. [8] However, on-sensor phase detection autofocus (except for Canon's Dual Pixel Autofocus) repurposes pixel sites for autofocus acquisition, meaning image data is partially or entirely missing for the autofocus "pixels". This can result in banding artefacts in the final image. [9]

History

In 2013, mirrorless system cameras constituted about five percent of total camera shipments. [10] In 2015, they accounted for 26 percent of system camera sales outside of the Americas, and 16 percent within the United States. [11]

2004–2006. The first digital rangefinder camera commercially marketed was the Epson R-D1 (released in 2004), followed by the Leica M8. They were some of the first digital lens-interchangeable cameras without a reflex mirror, but they are not mirrorless cameras because they did not use a digital display system for live preview. Compact cameras with large sensors, technically akin to the current mirrorless cameras, were also marketed in this period. Cameras like Sony Cyber-shot DSC-R1 and Sigma DP1 proved that live preview operation is possible, and useful with APS-C sized sensors.

2008. The first mirrorless camera commercially marketed was the Panasonic Lumix DMC-G1, released in Japan in October 2008. [12] It was also the first camera of Micro Four Thirds system, developed exclusively for the mirrorless ILC system.

2009–2010. The Ricoh GXR (November 2009) had a radically different design. The mirrorless camera featured interchangeable lens units – a sealed unit of a lens and sensor, instead of a normal interchangeable lens. [13] [14] [15] This design was comparable to but distinct from mirrorless cameras, and received mixed reviews, primarily due to cost.[ citation needed ]

Following the introduction of the Micro Four Thirds system, several other cameras were released by Panasonic and Olympus, with the Olympus PEN E-P1 (announced June 2009) being the first mirrorless camera in a compact size (pocketable with a small lens). The Samsung NX10 (announced January 2010) was the first camera in this class not using the Micro Four Thirds system, instead utilizing a new, proprietary lens mount (Samsung NX-mount). The Sony Alpha NEX-3 and NEX-5 (announced May 14, 2010, and released in July 2010) saw Sony enter the market with a new, proprietary lens mount (the Sony E-mount), though the camera included LA-EA1 and LA-EA2 adapters for the legacy Minolta A-mount.

2011. In June 2011, Pentax announced the 'Q' mirrorless interchangeable lens camera and the 'Q-mount' lens system. The original Q series featured a smaller 1/2.3 inch 12.4 megapixel CMOS sensor. [16] The Q7, introduced in 2013, has a slightly larger 1/1.7 inch CMOS sensor with the same megapixel count. [17]

In September 2011, Nikon announced their Nikon 1 system which consists of the Nikon 1 J1 and Nikon 1 V1 cameras and lenses. The V1 features an electronic viewfinder. [18] The series includes high-speed mirrorless cameras which, according to Nikon, featured the world's fastest autofocus and the world's fastest continuous shooting speed (60 fps) among all cameras with interchangeable lenses including DSLRs. [19]

2012. The Fujifilm X-Pro1, announced in January 2012, was the first non-rangefinder mirrorless with a built-in optical viewfinder. Its hybrid viewfinder overlaid electronic information, including shifting frame-lines, to compensate for the parallax effect. Its 2016 successor, the X-Pro2, features an updated version of this viewfinder.

Beyond just consumer interest, mirrorless lens systems has created significant interest from camera manufacturers as a possible alternative to high-end camera manufacturing. Mirrorless cameras have fewer moving parts than DSLRs, and are more electronic, which is an advantage to electronic manufacturers (such as Panasonic, and Samsung), while reducing the advantage that existing camera manufacturers have in precision mechanical engineering. Sony's entry level full frame mirrorless α7 II camera has a 24 megapixel 5 axis stabilised sensor but is more compact and lower in cost than any full frame sensor DSLR.

Canon was the last of the major manufacturer of DSLRs to announce their own mirrorless camera, announcing the Canon EOS M in 2012 with APS-C sensor and 18 mm registration distance similar to the one used by NEX.

In a longer-term Olympus decided that mirrorless may replace DSLRs entirely in some categories with Olympus America's DSLR product manager speculating that by 2012, Olympus DSLRs (the Olympus E system) may be mirrorless, though still using the Four Thirds System (not Micro Four Thirds). [20]

Panasonic UK's Lumix G product manager John Mitchell, speaking to the Press at the 2011 "Focus on Imaging" show in Birmingham, reported that Panasonic "G" camera market share was almost doubling each year, and that the UK Panasonic "G" captured over 11% of all interchangeable camera sales in the UK in 2010, and that the UK "CSC" sales made up 23% of the interchangeable lens market in the UK, and 40% in Japan. [21]

As of May 2010, the cost of interchangeable-lens camera is comparable to and somewhat higher than entry-level DSLRs, with costs between US$550 and $800, and significantly higher than the cost of high-end compact cameras.[ citation needed ]

Sony announced their 2011 sales statistics in September 2012, which showed that mirrorless lenses had 50% of the interchangeable lens market in Japan, 18% in Europe, and 23% worldwide. Since then, Nikon has entered the mirrorless market, amongst other new entries.

2013. Due to the downward trend of the world camera market, mirrorless camera sales suffered, but not as drastically and was compensated with increase by about 12 percent in the Japanese mirrorless camera market. [22] However, mirrorless cameras have taken longer to catch on in Europe and North America. According to Japanese photo industry sources, mirrorless made up only 11.2% of interchangeable-lens cameras shipped to Europe in the first nine months of 2013, and 10.5% of those shipped to the U.S. in the same period. [23] Also, an industry researcher determined that Mirrorless camera sales in the U.S. fell by about 20% in the three weeks leading up to December 14, 2013—which included the key Black Friday shopping week; in the same period, DSLR sales went up 1%. [23]

2015. 2015 sales statistics showed that overall camera sales have fallen to one third of those of 2010, due to compact cameras being substituted by camera-capable mobile phones. Within camera sales, ILCs have seen their market share increasing, with ILCs being 30% of overall camera sales, of which DSLRs were 77% and mirrorless cameras were 23%. [24] In the Americas in 2015, DSLR annual sales fell by 16% per annum, while mirrorless sales over the same 12-month period have increased by 17%. [25] In Japan, mirrorless cameras outsold DSLRs during some parts of the year. In 2015, mirrorless-cameras accounted for 26 percent of interchangeable-lens camera sales outside the Americas, although a lesser share of 26 percent was in the U.S. [26]

2016. In late 2016, Olympus announced their OM-D E-M1 Mark II camera, a successor to the earlier and successful Mark I. The Mark II model retains a Micro Four Thirds image sensor of 17.3x13 mm and features a 20.4 megapixel resolution lens, representing a new generation of mirrorless cameras competitive with and in many respects superior to DSLR cameras.

2017. In early 2017, Sony announces the Alpha-9 mirrorless camera, offering 693 autofocus points, and 20 frame-per-second shooting. In October Sony announces the A7RIII, offering 10FPS shooting at 42 megapixels.

2018. In early 2018, Sony announced the A7III mirrorless camera, bringing the 693 autofocus points of the A9 at a much lower cost. In August, Nikon announced its new full-frame mirrorless Z 6 and Z 7 cameras, both using a new lens mount. Canon announced its first full-frame mirrorless model, the EOS R, and its own new lens mount the next month.

At the NAB Show in April 2018, Blackmagic Design announced and demonstrated the Pocket Cinema Camera 4K at a price of $1295 USD. [27]

Systems comparison

SystemNotable models Lens mount Sensor size StabilizationThroat diameter Flange focal distance Focus system 35 mm equiv multiplier Release date
Canon EOS M Canon EOS M, EOS M2, EOS M3, EOS M10, EOS M5, EOS M6, EOS M100, EOS M50 Canon EF-M Lens-based47 mm18 mm Hybrid Contrast-detection/Phase detection autofocus 1.6October 2012 [28] [29]
Canon EOS R Canon EOS R, EOS RP, EOS R5, EOS R6 Canon RF Lens-based; R5 and R6 also have IBIS and can use both types at the same time54 mm20 mm Hybrid Contrast-detection/Phase detection autofocus 1.0September 2018 [30] [31]
Fujifilm G Fujifilm GFX 50S, GFX 50R, GFX 100 Fujifilm G-mount Lens-based65 mm [32] 26.7 mm Contrast-detection autofocus 0.79January 2017 [33]
Fujifilm XF Fujifilm X-Pro1, X-T1, X-A1, X-M1, X-E1, X-A2, X-A10, X-A3, X-A5, X-E2, X-E3, X-T10, X-T20, X-Pro2, X-T2, X-H1, X-T3 Fujifilm X-mount Lens-based

X-H1: Sensor-based (5-axis IBIS, 5.5 stops compensation)

44 mm17.7 mm Hybrid Contrast-detection/Phase detection autofocus on X-H1, X-T1, X-T2, X-T3, X-Pro2, X-T10, X-T20, X-E2, X-E3, X-A5; Contrast-detection autofocus on other models1.5January 2012
Hasselblad XCD Hasselblad X1D Hasselblad XCD mount none ??20 mm Contrast-detection autofocus 0.79June 2016
Leica L Leica T, SL

Panasonic Lumix DC-S1, S1R, S1H

Leica L-mount Lens-based51.6 mm20 mm Contrast-detection autofocus, hybrid contrast-detection/phase detection autofocus 1.0 (SL), 1.5 (T)April 2014 [34]
Leica M (rangefinder camera) Leica M8, M9, M9-P, M Monochrom, M-E, M (Typ 240); Epson R-D1, R-D1s, R-D1x, R-D1xG Leica M-mount none44 mm27.80 mm Rangefinder 1.0March 2004 (R-D1)
Micro Four Thirds system Panasonic Lumix DMC-G1, G2, G3, G7, G85, G9, GH1, GH2, GH3, GH4, GH5, GH5S, GF1, GF2, GF3, GX1, GX7, GX8, GX85, GX9

Olympus PEN E-P1, E-P2, E-P3, E-PL1, E-PL2, E-PL3, E-PM1, OM-D E-M5, E-PL5, OM-D E-M1, OM-D E-M10

Micro Four Thirds Lens-based (Panasonic); In body (Olympus, some Panasonic)

Olympus EM-5 1st 5 axis stability system versus traditional 2 axis

20 mm Contrast-detection autofocus on most bodies; hybrid contrast-detection/phase detection autofocus on Olympus OM-D E-M12.0October 2008 (G1)
Nikon 1 [18] Nikon 1 J1, V1, J2, V2, J4, V3, J5 Nikon 1 mount Lens-based40 mm17 mm Hybrid Contrast-detection/Phase detection autofocus 2.7October 2011
Nikon Z [35] Z 7II, Z 7, Z 6II, Z 6, Z 5, Z 50 Nikon Z-mount Full-frame: Sensor-based, but can use both IBIS and lens-based stabilization at the same time
APS-C: Lens-based		55 mm16 mm Hybrid Contrast-detection/Phase detection autofocus 1.0 (Z x), 1.5 (Z 50)August 2018
Pentax K Pentax K-01 Pentax K mount Sensor-based44 mm45.46 mm Contrast-detection autofocus 1.53February 2012
Pentax Q Pentax Q, Q10, Q7, Q-S1 Q-mountSensor-based38 mm [36] 9.2 mm [37] Contrast-detection autofocus 5.5 (appx), Q and Q10
4.6 (appx), Q7 and Q-S1		June 2011
Ricoh GXR Ricoh GXR Sealed interchangeable sensor lens unit system, and Leica M-mount depends—— Contrast-detection autofocus for sealed camera units, manual focus (display-assisted) for Leica M mount unit1.5November 2009
Samsung NX Samsung NX10, NX100, NX200, NX20, NX300, NX30, NX500, NX1 Samsung NX-mount Lens-based42 mm25.5 mm Hybrid Contrast-detection/Phase detection autofocus 1.53January 2010
Sigma SA Sigma SD Quattro, SD Quattro H Sigma SA-mount Lens-based ??44 mm Phase and contrast 1.35 (Quattro H)
1.54 (Quattro)		February 2016
Sony α NEX NEX-3, NEX-5, NEX-5N, NEX-6, NEX-7 (still cameras), NEX-VG10 (video camera) Sony E-mount Lens-based46.1 mm (1.815 inch)18 mm Contrast-detection autofocus (earlier models), Phase and Contrast (newer models)1.5June 2010
Sony α ILCE α1, α9, α7, α7R, α7S, α7 II, α7R II, α7S II, α7 III, α7R III, α7R IV, α6500, α6300, α6400, α6000, α5100, α5000, α3000 Sony E-mount Depends (Lens-based, although all αx models except α7 series I have 5-axis IBIS and can use lens and IBIS at same time)46.1 mm (1.815 inch)18 mm Contrast-detection autofocus, Phase & Contrast (α7 series, α9, α1, α6xxx)1.0 (α7x, α9, α1), 1.5 (αx000)October 2013

Full-frame mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera

A full-frame mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera is a mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera with a digital sensor the same size as 35 mm format (36 mm × 24 mm) film. [38]

In comparison, full-frame digital SLRs also have interchangeable-lenses but differ in having a reflex mirror. Mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras that have a smaller sensor than full-frame (such as APS-C and Micro Four Thirds) differ in having a crop factor. Digital cameras with a larger sensor than full-frame are called medium format, after medium format film cameras that use the 120 and 220 film formats.

Sony was the first to introduce an full-frame mirrorless interchangeable-lens digital camera, the α7, in 2013. [39] It was followed by the Leica SL (Typ 601) in 2015. [40]

Nikon [41] and Canon [42] each launched full-frame mirrorless cameras in September 2018. Also announced in September 2018, the L-Mount Alliance will see Panasonic and Sigma using the Leica L-Mount for their own full-frame mirrorless cameras. [43] Panasonic announced its S1R and S1 cameras, [44] and Sigma announced an as-yet unnamed camera, all to be launched in 2019 along with lenses from Panasonic and Sigma. [45]

Examples of full-frame MILCs

See also

Related Research Articles

Digital camera Camera that captures photographs or video in digital format

A digital camera is a camera that captures photographs in digital memory. Most cameras produced today are digital, largely replacing those that capture images on photographic film. While there are still dedicated digital cameras, many more cameras are now incorporated into mobile devices like smartphones, which can, among many other purposes, use their cameras to initiate live video-telephony and directly edit and upload images to others. High-end, high-definition dedicated cameras are still commonly used by professionals and those who desire to take higher-quality photographs.

Canon EOS Camera product line by Canon

Canon EOS is an autofocus single-lens reflex camera (SLR) and mirrorless camera series produced by Canon Inc. Introduced in 1987 with the Canon EOS 650, all EOS cameras used 35 mm film until October 1996 when the EOS IX was released using the new and short-lived APS film. In 2000, the D30 was announced, as the first digital SLR designed and produced entirely by Canon. Since 2005, all newly announced EOS cameras have used digital image sensors rather than film. The EOS line is still in production as Canon's current digital SLR (DSLR) range, and, with the 2012 introduction of the Canon EOS M, Canon's mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera (MILC) system. In 2018 the system was further extended with the introduction of the EOS R camera, Canon's first full frame mirrorless interchangeable lens system.

Digital single-lens reflex camera Digital cameras combining the parts of a single-lens reflex camera and a digital camera back

A digital single-lens reflex camera is a digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor.

APS-C Image sensor format

Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2. It is therefore also equivalent in size to the Super 35 motion picture film format, which has the dimensions of 24.89 mm × 18.66 mm.

Full-frame DSLR Image sensor format

A full-frame DSLR is a digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) with a 35 mm image sensor format. Historically, 35 mm was considered a small film format compared with medium format, large format and even larger.

Lumix

Lumix is Panasonic's brand of digital cameras, ranging from pocket point-and-shoot models to digital SLRs.

Bridge camera Camera with features between point and shoot and SLR.

Bridge cameras are cameras that fill the niche between the single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs) and the point-and-shoot camera which are prominent in the prosumer market segment. They are often comparable in size and weight to the smallest digital SLRs (DSLR), but lack interchangeable lenses, and almost all digital bridge cameras lack an optical viewfinder system. The phrase "bridge camera" has been in use at least since the 1980s, and continues to be used with digital cameras. The term was originally used to refer to film cameras which "bridged the gap" between point-and-shoot cameras and SLRs.

Live preview

Live preview is a feature that allows a digital camera's display screen to be used as a viewfinder. This provides a means of previewing framing and other exposure before taking the photograph. In most such cameras, the preview is generated by means of continuously and directly projecting the image formed by the lens onto the main image sensor. This in turn feeds the electronic screen with the live preview image. The electronic screen can be either a liquid crystal display (LCD) or an electronic viewfinder (EVF).

Lenses for SLR and DSLR cameras

This article is about photographic lenses for single-lens reflex film cameras (SLRs) and digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs). Emphasis is on modern lenses for 35 mm film SLRs and for DSLRs with sensor sizes less than or equal to 35 mm ("full-frame").

Micro Four Thirds system

The Micro Four Thirds system is a standard released by Olympus and Panasonic in 2008, for the design and development of mirrorless interchangeable lens digital cameras, camcorders and lenses. Camera bodies are available from Blackmagic, DJI, JVC, Kodak, Olympus, Panasonic, Sharp, and Xiaomi. MFT lenses are produced by Cosina Voigtländer, DJI, Kowa, Kodak, Mitakon, Olympus, Panasonic, Samyang, Sharp, Sigma, SLR Magic, Tamron, Tokina, TTArtisan, Veydra, Xiaomi, Laowa, Yongnuo, Zonlai, Lensbaby, Kowa and 7artisans amongst others.

Panasonic Lumix DMC-G1

The Panasonic Lumix DMC-G1 was the first digital mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera (MILC) adhering to the Micro Four Thirds system design standard. The G1 camera is similar to the larger Four Thirds system format DSLR cameras, but replaces the complex optical path needed for the optical viewfinder with an electronic viewfinder EVF displaying a live view image directly from the sensor. Eliminating the mirror box and optical viewfinder allows for smaller and lighter camera bodies, while the less complex optical path also allows for smaller, lighter lens designs.

Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1

The Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 is a digital mirrorless interchangeable lens camera adhering to the Olympus and Panasonic developed Micro Four Thirds System (MFT) system design standard. Panasonic classified the GH1 as a hybrid stills/video camera and the GH1 was introduced and marketed as a higher end camera than Panasonic's first MFT camera, the stills only, non-video capable Lumix DMC-G1.

Sony E-mount

The E-mount is a lens mount designed by Sony for their NEX and ILCE series of camcorders and mirrorless cameras. The E-mount supplements Sony's A-mount, allowing the company to develop more compact imaging devices while maintaining compatibility with 35mm sensors. E-mount achieves this by:

Panasonic Lumix DMC-G2 Digital camera model

The Panasonic Lumix DMC-G2 is a digital mirrorless interchangeable lens camera adhering to the Olympus and Panasonic developed Micro Four Thirds System (MFT) system design standard. It was announced in March 2010 along with a lesser featured Panasonic Lumix DMC-G10.

Olympus PEN E-P3 Digital camera model

The Olympus PEN E-P3 announced on 30 June 2011 is Olympus Corporation's seventh camera that adheres to the Micro Four Thirds (MFT) system design standard. The E-P3 succeeds the Olympus PEN E-P2, and was announced in concert with two other models, the Olympus PEN E-PL3, and the Olympus PEN E-PM1.

Sony α7

The Sony α7, α7R, α7S and α7C are four closely related families of full-frame mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras. The first two were announced in October 2013, the third in April 2014 and the fourth in September 2020. They are Sony's first full-frame mirrorless interchangeable lens cameras and share the E-mount with the company's smaller sensor NEX series.

Sony α9

The Sony α9, Model ILCE-9, is a full-frame mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera. It was Sony's flagship camera as of 2017. The camera is not the successor to the α7 line of digital cameras but supplements it. Announced on 19 April 2017, the α9 is characterized by Sony as a true professional mirrorless camera system. The α9 is being compared with the Nikon D5 and the Canon EOS-1D X Mark II.

Leica L-Mount

The Leica L-Mount is a bayonet mount developed by Leica Camera AG for interchangeable-lens autofocus digital cameras.

Nikon Z-mount Digital camera lens mount

Nikon Z-mount is an interchangeable lens mount developed by Nikon for its full-frame mirrorless digital cameras. In late 2018, Nikon released two cameras that use this mount, the Nikon Z 7 and the Nikon Z 6. In late 2019, Nikon announced their first APS-C sensor size Z-mount camera, the Nikon Z 50. In October 2020, Nikon announced the Nikon Z 6II and Nikon Z 7II, which succeed the Z 6 and Z 7, respectively.

Canon EOS R Digital mirrorless camera

The Canon EOS R is a 30.3 megapixel full-frame mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera launched by Canon in October 2018.

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