Western Electric model 500 telephone made in the 1950s
The Western Electricmodel 500 telephone series was the standard domestic desk telephone set issued by the Bell System in North America from 1950 through the 1984 Bell System divestiture. The successor to the model 302 telephone, the model 500's modular construction compared to previous types simplified manufacture and repair and facilitated a large number of variants with added features. Touch-tone service was introduced to residential customers in 1963 with the model 1500 telephone, which had a push-button pad for the ten digits. The model 2500 telephone, introduced in 1968, added the * (asterisk) and # (pound) keys.
The model 500 telephone series and its derivatives were very popular and common among North American businesses and households throughout the latter half of the 20th century. The development of new simpler telephone set designs, the advent of mobile phones, and the decline of traditional landlines into the 21st century led to the decline of the model 500 series and its derivatives, and most sets still in use are primarily kept by seniors and phone enthusiasts for familiarity, collecting, and nostalgia. However, the model 2500 is still produced by several manufacturers as of the early 2020s, with modernized components to ensure compatibility with modern Bluetooth and voice over IP telephony systems.
History
The Western Electric 500-type telephone replaced the 300-type, which had been produced since 1936. The model 500 line was designed by the firm of industrial designerHenry Dreyfuss, the product of several years of research and testing in collaboration with Bell Laboratories and Western Electric. Development started in 1946 with early sketches by Bell engineer and Dreyfuss associate Robert Hose, leading to pre-production units in 1948 and field trials with 4000 telephone sets in 1949. AT&T announced the new telephone publicly in 1949 and communicated the first availability of approximately 23,000 sets in the second quarter of 1950 to the Bell System operating companies on May 1, 1950.[1] Third and fourth-quarter production was estimated at 49,000 and 93,000, respectively. Including 20,000 units of a special purpose set (501B), approximately 183,000 units were produced by the end of the first production year.[2]
In the following years, the systematic replacement of 25 million 300-type telephones commenced because of the new model's much improved electrical and acoustic efficiency.[3] This efficiency permitted the new model to be used on long rural loops, which previously required special sets with local batteries to power the transmitter, not just on urban short loops because it contained a self-adjusting gain control. This also permitted the use of thinner loop wires and thus delivered cost savings in the build-out of the network.[citation needed] A 1953 Western Electric ad noted that the “500” phone “has already been introduced on a limited scale and will be put in use as opportunity permits, in places where it can serve best.”[4]
The replacement of 300-series telephones with 500-series sets created large stockpiles of 300-type components that had not reached their intended service life. The accelerating demand for new telephone service in the 1950s created pressure on the manufacturing facilities, which the Bell System alleviated by reusing these older components to refurbish used 302 telephone sets with a new modern housing that had a look-alike appearance to the 500 models, but were electrically identical to the older 302 telephones. This program commenced in 1955, and the converted set was labeled as the model 5302 telephone. It was produced until the mid-1960s in the refurbishing shops of each Bell Operating Company, not on the assembly lines of Western Electric factories.[citation needed]
From the 1949 field trials until 1953, only black sets of the 500-type telephone were manufactured. Telephones in color were introduced in several stages from 1954 until 1957, as manufacturing capability was refined and material selection processes were completed.[5]
In the 1960s, after the introduction of touch-tone service in November 1963 in various locations of the telephone network, the basic 500-type chassis was retrofitted with a new housing and face plate, and a ten-key push-button keypad. This was designated as the model 1500 telephone, and a twelve-button model 2500 was introduced in 1968.[citation needed]
The 1970s brought the conversion to modular connector technology, replacing the hard-wired cords with cords terminated on both ends with 4P4C connectors for the handset cord and 6P4C plugs for the line cord.[citation needed]
Ownership and AT&T divestiture
As with most telephones in the United States, the 500-series telephones were owned by the local Bell Operating Company and leased on a monthly basis to customers. Choices for telephone styles and colors were limited. AT&T, the principal owner of the operating companies and Western Electric, strictly enforced policies against buying and using telephone sets by other manufacturers on their network to ensure the technical integrity of their network and avoid competition. Most phones made by Western Electric, starting in about 1968, carried this disclaimer molded into their housing: "BELL SYSTEM PROPERTY--NOT FOR SALE." Telephones were also sometimes labeled with a sticker or ink stamp marking the operating company's name that owned the phone. After consumers started buying telephones from other manufacturers,[citation needed] in the wake of legal developments not favoring AT&T's ban against third-party equipment, AT&T changed its policy for the Design Line telephone series by selling customers the telephone housing but retaining ownership of the electrical components, so customers were still required to pay AT&T a monthly leasing fee.
In 1983, after the court ordered the Bell System divestiture, AT&T started selling telephone sets outright to the public through its newly created American Bell division. Many customers were offered the option to buy the leased telephones they had in service. AT&T closed its USA consumer telephone manufacturing plants in 1986 and moved production offshore to Singapore, China, and Thailand, and in the 1990s to Mexico; this let them produce telephones at a lower cost.[citation needed]
Design features
By 1975, the model 500 design was essentially unchanged, but it used a revised dial, modular cords, and was available in a variety of new colors.
The Western Electric model 500 improved upon several design features over the earlier telephones. While the 302 had the dial and hook switch mounted directly on the metal or plastic housing, all operational parts of the 500 telephone were mounted on the base plate, and the housing only contained two plungers to activate the hook switch when the handset was lifted from the cradle. Thus, the phone could be tested and serviced easily without the housing. This design improved manufacturing and servicing efficiency. The earlier 302 had been equipped with an enamel-coated dial plate that displayed the numerals and letters through the holes of the rotary finger-wheel. Years of use caused the lettering and numbering, and even the porcelain coating, to wear off. The design of the 500 improved this by molding the characters into the plastic through a double-injection molding process. This design was carried over to the 1500 and 2500-series telephones and was used in the touch-tone keys to eliminate wear. The numbers and letters on the 500 were moved to the circumference of the dial plate to make them visible from a wide range of viewing angles even while the dial was spinning back to its resting position. Dots were placed in the center of the finger holes as targets to help position the finger quicker for dialing of the next digit while the wheel was still spinning back. After extensive testing, this arrangement had the benefit of reducing dialing errors and increasing the speed of dialing each digit by fractions of a second. The 500 series replaced many metal parts, especially in the dial, with much more durable Nylon components.[citation needed]
The Dreyfuss design later adapted itself well to touch-tone service, first announced in 1963. The earliest experimental touch-tone phones used the original Dreyfuss design almost unchanged; the keypad, in varying layouts, was placed in a roundel in the dial opening, with the subscriber number label in a small window below. The 1500 and 2500 models adopted a more angular design style; the curves of the original design gave way to raised borders forming a lip around the finely-ribbed faceplate, in the middle of which the keypad and number window was centered.[citation needed]
Electrically and acoustically, the 500-series telephones had better efficiency and gain characteristics than their predecessors. The transmission efficiency was 5dB higher, and the receiver efficiency was 2.5dB better on long loops than on the 300-series telephones. A significant improvement was the use of equalization circuitry to achieve automatic gain adjustment. The sets could be deployed with equal performance on short or long local loops from the central office. The G-type handset was newly developed to help realize this efficiency. The older F series handset was already operating at the peak of its acoustic and electrical design efficiency. The G handset remains the standard handset on many phones, including public payphones.[citation needed]
For the initial years, from 1950 to 1953, the 500 was available only in black with a metal finger wheel. In 1954, color telephone sets were available in ivory, green, dark gray, red, brown, beige, yellow, and blue.[6][7] Gray, blue, yellow, and red sets were initially assembled with black dials until the colored parts became available by 1955. So-called two-tone color varieties were available, which consisted of a black set having the housing substituted with a color plastic part.[6] They were offered as an attractive color combination for a reduced fee from the price of a full-color telephone.[citation needed] In 1957, gray, blue, beige, and brown sets were replaced with lighter pastel hues in light gray, aqua blue, light beige, white, and pink colors. Issuance of brown sets continued for multi-line business sets for several years. Turquoise sets were added in 1964, and several colors, including pink and light gray, were discontinued in the late 1960s.[citation needed]
By 1955, all color 500s were produced with clear finger wheels, while black sets retained the metal finger wheel until about 1964 when a new dial design was released.
Construction
Internal components of a model 500 produced in 1951The 425A network component of a model 500 produced in 1951
The 500-type telephone consists of a rotary dial, a handset cradle, switch hook, and a handset (sometimes called the receiver) wired to the base and has a molded plastic housing covering a steel chassis. The user interface consists of only the dial and switch hook buttons. No other components, switches, or controls are necessary, except a loudness control for the ringer, which is accessible on the bottom of the phone. The handset cradle is a molded part of the housing, formed of two U-shaped chairs that cradle the handset's handle between the receiver and the transmitter cups. Each side of the cradle has a round plastic plunger positioned above a pair of levers connected in a spring-loaded yoke that operated the hook switch; pressing the plungers down, end the call, and place the phone on hook. The plastic face of the dial under and surrounding the finger wheel is a part of the dial assembly and is exposed through the circular opening in the housing. On the bottom, the flat steel plate of the chassis is exposed. The handset cord exits from the left side of the housing at the base, and the line cord emerges from the rear at the base.
The telephone contains circuitry composed of many passive electrical, electronic, and mechanical components. The set does not require a separate power supply as it is receiving transmitter current from the telephone line; when it is on hook and not ringing, it uses no power, as the ringing bridge includes a capacitor for blocking direct current (DC) from the local loop.
The most complex part is the rotary dial mechanism, an assembly of gears, cams, springs, and electrical contacts which mechanically generate a timed train of line loop-break pulses when the dial finger wheel is released after windup. During the period of dial windup and return, the receiver is shunted to avoid hearing the dial pulses.
The electromechanical ringer consists of two bell gongs of slightly different dimensions to produce different pitches and a striker between them that is driven by a solenoid; when the solenoid is energized by alternating (AC) ringing current, typically about 90V at 20Hz, it strikes the two gongs alternately, producing a distinctive effect of two superimposed sounds. In telephones with a ringer loudness control, one gong is mounted off-center on the loudness control wheel; turning the wheel moves the gong toward (quieter) or away (louder) from the striker. The model 500 ringer was fairly loud and could be heard a few rooms away. The ringer could not be turned off by the user but could be disabled by an internal adjustment.
The model 500 telephone was designed for long service life. Telephones in the Bell System were owned by and leased from the telephone company, which was responsible for keeping them in good condition. The telephones were rugged and reliable and intended to last for decades with little maintenance. The 1940s-era technology of the 500 made extensive use of metal components and point-to-point wiring, and most components were modular and easy to remove and replace. The wiring system employed wires terminated with crimped spade lugs and slotted-screw terminals; most electrical connections inside the set could be disconnected or reconnected with a standard screwdriver.
In the original design, the line cord and handset cord were secured by screw-down terminals at both ends, with a strain relief anchor. Both cords had matching colors, but most color sets initially were produced with neutral, dark gray cords, with exception of the ivory and brown sets. Starting in 1955, all sets, except dark blue were equipped with color-matched cords as dyes and manufacturing methods became stable. By 1973, line cords were changed to a neutral gray color and from a round to a flat cross-section. As a customer option, telephone sets could be ordered for portability with four-prong plugs, but most sets were hard-wired to wall connection boxes. In the 1970s, much smaller modular connectors were introduced for both ends of the line cord as well as the handset cord to facilitate standard connection methods for third-party equipment within the FCC registration system.[citation needed]
Development
A 1959 Western Electric model 554 wall phone, derived from the model 500 desk phone. It uses the same internal components, dial, and handset as a desk phone.
Several telephone models were derived from the basic model 500, using some of the same components. The model 554 was a wall-mounted version. Other special-purpose models included additional features. This included phones with dial lights (500U), party line sets (501), keysets (540 and 560 series), call directors, panel phones (750 series), industrial and outdoor phones (520 and 525), and automatic dialers (660).[8]
Starting in 1963, the Dreyfuss design adapted itself well to the newly announced Touch Tone® service. For the trial period, the dial was replaced with circular closure containing a keypad and a telephone number label. The 1500 and 2500 models adopted a more rectangular design style; the curves of the original design gave way to raised borders forming a lip around the finely-ribbed faceplate, in the middle of which the keypad and number window was centered.[citation needed]
Standard touch-tone telephones generate twelve DTMF signals in a grid of three columns and four rows of buttons. In contrast, some special purpose telephones are equipped with a fourth column of keys for the A, B, C, and D DTMF signals for service priorities in the AUTOVON system. Original sets used a transistor oscillator; newer phones use an integrated circuit. The model 1500 only had push buttons for the ten digits, while the model 2500 used 12 keys and included the '*' and '#' DTMF signals to allow for extra signaling needed in advanced service features, such as voice response systems and call management.[citation needed]
Other manufacturers
Cortelco model 500 rotary phone made in July 2003
Beginning in the early 1950s, 500-style phones were also made under license by ITT Kellogg (now Cortelco), who continued manufacturing the original rotary design, marketed as the Cortelco ITT-500AS (desk phone) and Cortelco ITT-554AS (wall phone), until discontinuation on January 1, 2007. The design was also produced in Canada by Northern Electric, which eventually became Northern Telecom. Cortelco continues to produce a non-dial version of the model 500, known as the Model 89001047PAK; this phone is available only in bright red color. Stromberg-Carlson (now part of Siemens) also made the phones from the 1950s-1980s.[citation needed]
Some contemporary replicas of the 500 model are available. While faithful from a cosmetic point of view, they are internally very different from the original, including a rotating tone dialer based on optical technology.[citation needed]
Touch-tone successors
Model 1500
Western Electric model 1500D, made in March 1968 in the color aqua blue with hardwired handset and line cords
The Western Electric model 1500 telephone adapted the 500 design for touch-tone dialing with a push-button pad for the digits 0 through 9. It was produced from 1963 to 1968. In addition to the basic single-line model 1500D, the 1500-series included many related variations and special purpose models with additional features. This included sets with a headset jack, 2-line sets (1510F), key sets (1560), call directors, panel phones (1750), industrial phones (1520), and automatic dialers (1660).[9]
Model 2500
Western Electric Model 2500 telephone, manufactured in March 1980. The front is squared compared to the model 500, and it featured modular cords.
By the late 1960s, interactive response systems in some industries required additional signaling beyond the ten digits. In 1968, the push-button dial pad was extended with two additional keys, the * (asterisk) and # (pound), which marked the introduction of the 2500-type telephone. The additional keys were located on either side of the 0 button to fill the matrix of 4-by-3 keys. These keys were initially unused by most customers but would later be used for vertical service codes and voice mail menu navigation. In 1974, when modular connectors were introduced, the 2500 telephone was fitted with modular connectors on handset and line cords, resulting in type designations suffixed with M, e.g., 2500DM.
In addition to the basic single-line model, the model 2500-series included many related variations and special purpose models with additional features. This included sets with a headset jack, 2-line sets, keysets (2560), call directors, panel phones (2750), industrial phones (2520), automatic dialers (2660).[10]
Though less common than it was in its heyday, modernized model 2500 sets are still produced by several companies as of 2024, primarily Cortelco, in numerous variants including basic sets and those with hook flash and message-waiting indicator features.[11]
In popular culture
The Model 500 series, and its distinctive ring, are near-ubiquitous in late 20th-century U.S. and Canadian film and television. Model 500s are featured as a weapon in the movie True Lies.
The Western Electric Company was an American electrical engineering and manufacturing company that operated from 1869 to 1996. A subsidiary of the AT&T Corporation for most of its lifespan, Western Electric was the primary manufacturer, supplier, and purchasing agent for all telephone equipment for the Bell System from 1881 until 1984, when the Bell System was dismantled. Because the Bell System had a near-total monopoly over telephone service in the United States for much of the 20th century, Western Electric's equipment was widespread across the country. The company was responsible for many technological innovations, as well as developments in industrial management.
The Trimline telephone is a series of telephones that was produced by Western Electric, the manufacturing unit of the Bell System. These telephones were first introduced in 1965 and are formally referred to as the No. 220 Hand Telephone Sets. The Trimline was designed by Henry Dreyfuss Associates under the project direction of Donald Genaro; the firm had produced the previous post-war desktop telephone types for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company.
A registered jack (RJ) is a standardized telecommunication network interface for connecting voice and data equipment to a computer service provided by a local exchange carrier or long distance carrier. Registered interfaces were first defined in the Universal Service Ordering Code (USOC) system of the Bell System in the United States for complying with the registration program for customer-supplied telephone equipment mandated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the 1970s. They were subsequently codified in title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 68. Registered jack connections began to see use after their invention in 1973 by Bell Labs. The specification includes physical construction, wiring, and signal semantics. Accordingly, registered jacks are primarily named by the letters RJ, followed by two digits that express the type. Additional letter suffixes indicate minor variations. For example, RJ11, RJ14, and RJ25 are the most commonly used interfaces for telephone connections for one-, two-, and three-line service, respectively. Although these standards are legal definitions in the United States, some interfaces are used worldwide.
A telephone call or telephone conversation, also known as a phone call or voice call, is a connection over a telephone network between the called party and the calling party. Telephone calls started in the late 19th century. As technology has improved, a majority of telephone calls are made over a cellular network through mobile phones or over the internet with Voice over IP. Telephone calls are typically used for real-time conversation between two or more parties, especially when the parties cannot meet in person.
A telephone jack and a telephone plug are electrical connectors for connecting a telephone set or other telecommunications apparatus to the telephone wiring inside a building, establishing a connection to a telephone network. The plug is inserted into its counterpart, the jack, which is commonly affixed to a wall or baseboard. The standards for telephone jacks and plugs vary from country to country, though the 6P2C style modular plug has become by far the most common type.
A cordless telephone or portable telephone has a portable telephone handset that connects by radio to a base station connected to the public telephone network. The operational range is limited, usually to the same building or within some short distance from the base station.
A business telephone system is a telephone system typically used in business environments, encompassing the range of technology from the key telephone system (KTS) to the private branch exchange (PBX).
The model 302 telephone is a desk set telephone that was manufactured in the United States by Western Electric from 1937 until 1955, and by Northern Electric in Canada until the late 1950s, until well after the introduction of the 500-type telephone in 1949. The sets were routinely refurbished into the 1960s. It was one of the most widely used American combined telephone sets to include the ringer and network circuitry in the same telephone housing.
Design Line, also known as Deco-Tel, is a brand name that AT&T has used for several of its specialty telephone designs to fulfill the demand by customers for more variety in telephone models.
AT&T Technologies, Inc., was created by AT&T in 1983 in preparation for the breakup of the Bell System, which became effective as of January 1, 1984. It assumed the corporate charter of Western Electric Co., Inc.
The Princess telephone was introduced by the Bell System in 1959. It was a compact telephone designed for convenient use in the bedroom, and contained a light-up dial for use as a night-light. It was commonly advertised with the slogan "It's little...It's lovely...It lights", which was suggested by Robert Karl Lethin, an AT&T employee.
The 1A2 Key Telephone System is a business telephone system developed and distributed by the Western Electric Company for the Bell System.
A modular connector is a type of electrical connector for cords and cables of electronic devices and appliances, such as in computer networking, telecommunication equipment, and audio headsets.
The model 5302 telephone was a look-alike product to the 500-type telephone that was introduced as a stopgap by Western Electric in 1955 to meet the increasing post-World War II demand for a modernized telephone. It reused existing component supplies from the older model 302 that the model 502 replaced. The 302 had been issued since 1937, but starting in 1950, units were replaced with the new 500-series sets, without having served their useful component life.
The General Post Office (GPO) of the United Kingdom carried the sole responsibility for providing telecommunication services across the country with the exception of Hull. The GPO issued a range of telephone instruments to telephone service subscribers that were matched in function and performance to its telephone exchanges.
The candlestick telephone is a style of telephone that was common from the late 1890s to the 1940s. A candlestick telephone is also often referred to as a desk stand, an upright, or a stick phone. Candlestick telephones featured a mouthpiece (transmitter) mounted at the top of the stand, and a receiver (earphone) that was held by the user to the ear during a call. When the telephone was not in use, the receiver rested in the fork of the switch hook protruding to the side of the stand, thereby disconnecting the audio circuit from the telephone network.
A push-button telephone is a telephone that has buttons or keys for dialing a telephone number, in contrast to a rotary dial used in earlier telephones.
A telephone exchange, also known as a telephone switch or central office, is a crucial component in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or large enterprise telecommunications systems. It facilitates the interconnection of telephone subscriber lines or digital system virtual circuits, enabling telephone calls between subscribers.
The Contempra is a telephone designed and produced by Northern Electric beginning in 1967. Contempra was the first phone designed in Canada, previous Canadian sets having been designed in the US for Western Electric and built under licence.
The Western Electric hand telephone sets are a series of telephones that were produced from 1927 by the Western Electric Company for the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) and the Bell System. The series features the mouthpiece (transmitter) and the earpiece (receiver) combined into a hand-held unit, originally named a hand telephone, or handset. The handset would be held against the ear and in front of the mouth simultaneously, in contrast to earlier telephones in the Bell System where only the receiver was held against the ear, while the user spoke into a fixed transmitter mounted on a telephone stand or wall telephone.
References
↑ Waidlich, J.E. (May 1, 1950). "Distribution of 500-Type Telephone Sets". American Telephone and Telegraph Company. New York, NY: Telephone Collectors International. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
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