Moon landing conspiracy theories in popular culture

Last updated June 28, 2024

The notion that the Apollo Moon landings were hoaxes perpetrated by NASA and other agencies has appeared many times in popular culture. Not all references to Moon landing conspiracy theories are in support of them, but the ideas expressed in them have become a popular meme to reference, both in humor and sincerity.

Precursors in other media

In 1956 James E. Gunn wrote a science fiction story entitled "Cave of Night" in which the United States Air Force fakes the first crewed American spaceflight. When lack of funds precludes a survivable crewed mission, the mission is faked to spur funding for a real space program. The Air Force launches the craft carrying a transmitter relaying prerecorded messages from the pilot. The Air Force later claims that the astronaut died in orbit, and that his body will remain in orbit until the craft disintegrates in the atmosphere. The conspiracy is nearly exposed by a radio reporter who sees the astronaut on Earth after his supposed "death," but he is forced to destroy his evidence by the government. "Cave of Night" was adapted for radio and broadcast as an episode of the popular program X Minus One on February 1, 1956, a full five years before Yuri Gagarin's first crewed spaceflight.^[1]

In print

Former President Bill Clinton in his 2004 autobiography, My Life , states: "Just a month before, Apollo 11 astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong had left their colleague, Michael Collins, aboard spaceship Columbia and walked on the moon...The old carpenter asked me if I really believed it happened. I said sure, I saw it on television. He disagreed; he said that he didn't believe it for a minute, that 'them television fellers' could make things look real that weren't. Back then, I thought he was a crank. During my eight years in Washington, I saw some things on TV that made me wonder if he wasn't ahead of his time."^[2]
Norman Mailer in 1969 wrote: "Besides - the event [Apollo 11 moonwalk] is obdurate on the surface and a mystery beneath. It’s not at all easy to comprehend. Like an adolescent married before he can vote, and trying to react the congratulations "You’re a married man", a remark which has no reality to the brand-new groom, so America and the world were in a round of congratulations - we had landed a man on the moon. The event was so removed, however, so unreal, that no objective correlative existed to prove it had not been an event staged in a television studio—the greatest con of the century—and indeed a good mind, product of the iniquities, treacheries, gold, passions, invention, deception, and rich worldly stink of the Renaissance could hardly deny that the event if bogus was as great a creation in mass hoodwinking, deception, and legerdemain as the true ascent was in discipline and technology. Indeed, conceive of the genius of such a conspiracy. It would take criminals and confidence men mightier, more trustworthy and more resourceful than anything in this century or the ones before. Merely to conceive of such men was the surest way to know the event was not staged. Yes, the century was a giant and a cretin. Man had become a Herculean embodiment of the Vision, but the brain on the top of the head was as small as a transistorized fist, and the chambers of the heart had shrunk to the dry hard seeds of some hybrid future."^[3]

In film

In the 1971 James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever, a brief scene depicts the action taking place in a Moon setting where astronauts are being trained.^[4] Agent 007 steals what appears to be a Moon buggy from the model set, and drives it off to escape from an enemy compound. This scene may have helped to spread the idea of the Moon landings being a hoax. However, model sets like the one in the film had been used prior to the Moon landing in order to simulate conditions.^[5]
The 1978 film Capricorn One portrayed a fictional NASA attempt to fake a landing on the planet Mars, in a plot inspired by Apollo hoax theories.^[6]
In the 2009 film Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder , Fry reads Richard Nixon's mind and learns that the president staged the Moon landing, but it took place on the planet Venus.^[7]
The 2012 documentary Room 237 featured film analysis by fans of Stanley Kubrick's 1980 film The Shining , connecting Kubrick's film with the Apollo 11 Moon landing and other major events.^[8] (See 2012 video by Michael Wysmierski below.)
In the 2014 film Interstellar , the US Government deliberately promotes Moon landing conspiracy theories to discredit NASA and encourage people to seek Earth-based solutions to an ongoing global famine, rather than have people focus on leaving the planet; this is an example of a post-truth society.
In the 2015 comedy film Moonwalkers , a CIA agent tries to hire Stanley Kubrick for the Apollo 11 Moon landing scene.^[9]
The 2016 film Operation Avalanche is about CIA agents who, when they find NASA is incapable of meeting the 1969 deadline for the Apollo 11 Moon landing, simulate the landing with a film crew.^[10]

On television

In 2002, the Franco-German television network Arte aired the spoof documentary Dark Side of the Moon , 'exposing' how Stanley Kubrick was recruited to fake the Moon landings. It featured interviews with Kubrick's widow and a number of American statesmen. including Henry Kissinger and Donald Rumsfeld.^[11] The interviews and other footage were presented out of context and in some cases completely staged, with actors playing interviewees who had never existed—and named, in many cases, after characters from Kubrick's films; this was one of many clues included to reveal the joke to the alert viewer.^[12]
In the Futurama episode "Roswell That Ends Well," President Harry S. Truman orders the creation of NASA after cancelling the faked Moon landing. He admonishes them "to get off their fannies" and get to work.^[13] During "Into The Wild Green Yonder" President Nixon's head admits that the Moon landing was faked - it was really carried out on Venus.^[14]
In the 2007 Codename: Kids Next Door episode "Operation: M.O.O.N.", it is revealed that Kids Next Door agents faked the Moon landing by intercepting Apollo missions and placing the astronauts on a Moon set in order to protect the secret of their moonbase, with the episode being focused around the current generation of Kids Next Door working to do the same thing with an attempted Moon colonization mission.
The August 27, 2008, MythBusters episode "NASA Moon Landing" tested and debunked some common claims made by Moon landing conspiracy theorists.^[15]
On the SyFy show Fact or Faked: Paranormal Files lead investigator Ben Hansen and his team investigate on whether or not the Moon landing could have been faked. They claimed this proved it could have been faked but they all believe that it happened for real.^[16]
In the Friends episode "The One With Rachel's Other Sister," Joey needs a lie and Phoebe suggest man walking on the Moon, replying, "you can see the strings people!"^[17]
During an episode of QI , the panel discussed the Moon landing, and the various conspiracies surrounding it. All of them agreed that the landing did take place, although Alan Davies admitted he used to believe some of the photographs were faked, until he worked with Sir Patrick Moore who angrily pointed out how much work he had put into mapping out the Moon for NASA. According to Alan, Moore also said that if he met Alan again, he would be sick in his eye. Host Stephen Fry summed up by saying that "for every ill-conceived argument that the Moon landings were a hoax, there's a perfectly logical explanation to put our minds at rest."^[18]
The faking of the Moon landing, along with conspiracy theories concerning the Kennedy assassination and alien coverups, made a prominent appearance in a 2005 episode of Fat Pizza . The events of this episode were revisited and expanded on in two 2019 episodes, the latter of which included a cameo by real life Moon hoax proponent Jarrah White.^[19]
On a 2009 episode of Mock the Week , one of the questions was about the 40th anniversary of the Moon landing. Frankie Boyle then went into a short but furious rant about how it couldn't have happened, citing NASA's technical failures over the years as proof that they were incapable of such a thing. Hugh Dennis jokingly suggested that the "faked moon landing" Boyle was actually thinking of was "the one with Wallace & Gromit."^[20]
In the Arrested Development episode "The B. Team", Ron Howard tells Michael Bluth that he and his brother hid in the rafters and saw that NASA faked the Apollo 11 landing on the set of Gentle Ben , but that NASA actually did land on the moon in 1971 (which would be either Apollo 14 or 15).
In the Elementary episode "The Red Team," Sherlock Holmes interrogates a suspect who along with the victim, believed Neil Armstrong didn't walk on the Moon.^[21]
The X-Files episode "My Struggle III" features the Cigarette Smoking Man supervising the filming of a faked Apollo 11 landing in 1969.

Other references

British weekly sci-fi comic 2000 AD published a story claiming the Apollo landings were faked to mask the existence of an advanced space program that had been active since 1950 - a deliberate reversal of the usual hoax argument.^[22]
Former Major League Baseball player Carl Everett has said in interviews with The Boston Globe columnist Dan Shaughnessy that he doubts the validity of the Moon landings. Shaughnessy would go on to nickname Everett "Jurassic Carl" due to Everett's assertion that dinosaurs never existed.^[23]^[24]
The Onion spoofed the theory in an article reporting that Neil Armstrong had become convinced that the Moon landing was a hoax.^[25] The joke article was mistakenly reported by a Bangladeshi newspaper, The Daily Manab Zamin , as news.^[26]
Commentator Joe Rogan has been open on his podcasts and interviews that he used to question the Moon landing.^[27]
Actress Whoopi Goldberg seriously asked on The View , "Why is the flag rippling? There’s no air."^[28]
On Real Time with Bill Maher , rapper Mos Def stated that he did not believe that men landed on the Moon.^[29]
In a 2009 interview, Canadian novelist Margaret Atwood questioned the technology of the 1960s, why man hasn't landed on the Moon again, and mentioned the shadow discrepancies as well as the radiation belts.^[30]
The music video for Rammstein's 2004 song "Amerika" shows the band in Apollo-era spacesuits on the Moon. At the end of the video, it is revealed that the band have actually been on a fake Moon set in a studio.^[31] A documentary on the making of the video was also produced.^[32]^[33]
A 2012 video by Michael Wysmierski, The Shining Code 2.0, puts forth the argument that Stanley Kubrick's 1980 film The Shining was made as a coded confession of his role in faking the Apollo 11 landing.^[34]^[35] A cited "code" includes the child character Danny Torrance wearing an Apollo 11 sweater; another the repeated typing of "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" by the Jack Torrance character, the "All" referring to Apollo 11.
The 2013 music video for the song "On Top of the World" by Imagine Dragons portrays Stanley Kubrick filming the Apollo 11 landing.^[36]^[37]
In an April 2013 interview by We Are Change, comedian Russell Peters stated that he wasn't "a big believer in the Moon landing."^[38]
The founder and followers of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (better known as the Hare Krishna movement) famously believe that the Moon landings must have been faked for reasons ranging from the Moon being further away from the Earth than the Sun to the notion that the god of vegetation resides on the Moon and would never allow a landing.^[39]

Related Research Articles

Apollo 11 was the American spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the Apollo Lunar Module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC, and Armstrong became the first person to step onto the Moon's surface six hours and 39 minutes later, on July 21 at 02:56 UTC. Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later, and they spent about two and a quarter hours together exploring the site they had named Tranquility Base upon landing. Armstrong and Aldrin collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material to bring back to Earth as pilot Michael Collins flew the Command Module Columbia in lunar orbit, and were on the Moon's surface for 21 hours, 36 minutes before lifting off to rejoin Columbia.

Moon landing conspiracy theories claim that some or all elements of the Apollo program and the associated Moon landings were hoaxes staged by NASA, possibly with the aid of other organizations. The most notable claim of these conspiracy theories is that the six crewed landings (1969–1972) were faked and that twelve Apollo astronauts did not actually land on the Moon. Various groups and individuals have made claims since the mid-1970s that NASA and others knowingly misled the public into believing the landings happened, by manufacturing, tampering with, or destroying evidence including photos, telemetry tapes, radio and TV transmissions, and Moon rock samples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apollo Lunar Module</span> NASA crewed Moon landing spacecraft (1969–1972)

The Apollo Lunar Module, originally designated the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM), was the lunar lander spacecraft that was flown between lunar orbit and the Moon's surface during the United States' Apollo program. It was the first crewed spacecraft to operate exclusively in the airless vacuum of space, and remains the only crewed vehicle to land anywhere beyond Earth.

<i>Capricorn One</i> 1977 thriller film by Peter Hyams

Capricorn One is a 1978 British-produced American thriller film in which a reporter discovers that a supposed Mars landing by a crewed mission to the planet has been faked via a conspiracy involving the government and—under duress—the crew themselves. It was written and directed by Peter Hyams and produced by Lew Grade's ITC Entertainment. It stars Elliott Gould as the reporter, and James Brolin, Sam Waterston, and O. J. Simpson as the astronauts. Hal Holbrook plays a senior NASA official who goes along with governmental and corporate interests and helps to fake the mission.

Eugene Andrew Cernan was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the 11th human being to walk on the Moon. As he re-entered the Apollo Lunar Module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he remains the most recent person to walk on the Moon.

Bart Winfield Sibrel is an American conspiracy theorist who has written, produced, and directed films arguing that the Apollo Moon landings between 1969 and 1972 were staged by NASA under the control of the CIA. He has created four independent films promoting the ideas, with the first having been the film A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Moon (2001).

Dark Side of the Moon is a French mockumentary by director William Karel. It originally aired on the Franco-German television network Arte in 2002 with the title Opération Lune.

Bill Kaysing was an American author and conspiracy theorist who claimed that the Apollo Moon landings between 1969 and 1972 were hoaxes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amerika (song)</span> 2004 song by Rammstein

"Amerika" is a song by German Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein. It was released on 6 September 2004 as the second single from their fourth studio album, Reise, Reise (2004). The song peaked at number 2 in Germany and entered the top 5 in Austria, Denmark, and Switzerland.

<i>A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Moon</i> 2001 conspiracy theory film by Bart Sibrel

A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Moon is a 2001 film written, produced and directed by Nashville-based filmmaker Bart Sibrel. Sibrel is a proponent of the conspiracy theory that the six Apollo Moon landing missions between 1969 and 1972 were elaborate hoaxes perpetrated by the United States government, including NASA. The film is narrated by British stage actress Anne Tonelson.

Vivian Vanessa Kubrick, also credited under the pseudonym Abigail Mead, is an American former film composer and director. She is the daughter of filmmaker Stanley Kubrick.

Apollo 11 was the first human spaceflight to land on the Moon. The 1969 mission's wide effect on popular culture has resulted in numerous portrayals of Apollo 11 and its crew, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins.

Astronauts Gone Wild: Investigation Into the Authenticity of the Moon Landings is a 2004 documentary video produced and directed by Bart Sibrel, a Nashville, Tennessee-based video maker who claims that the six Apollo Moon landings in the 1960s and 1970s were elaborate hoaxes. Sibrel made this video as a follow-up to his 2001 video A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Moon, which accuses NASA of falsifying the Apollo 11 mission photography. The title of the presentation is a wordplay on the Girls Gone Wild video series.

Room 237 is a 2012 American documentary film directed by Rodney Ascher about interpretations of Stanley Kubrick's film The Shining (1980) which was adapted from the 1977 novel of the same name by Stephen King. The documentary includes footage from The Shining and other Kubrick films, along with discussions by Kubrick enthusiasts. Room 237 has nine segments, each focusing on a different element within The Shining which "may reveal hidden clues and hint at a bigger thematic oeuvre." Produced by Tim Kirk, the documentary's title refers to a room in the haunted Overlook Hotel featured in The Shining.

Unidentified flying objects have been reported by astronauts while in space. These sightings have been claimed as evidence for extraterrestrial life by ufologists.

<i>Moonwalkers</i> (film) 2015 British-American comedy film by Antoine Bardou-Jacquet

Moonwalkers is a 2015 British crime comedy film directed by debut director Antoine Bardou-Jacquet, written by Dean Craig, and starring Ron Perlman, Rupert Grint and Robert Sheehan. The film, which is based on the Apollo Moon landing hoaxes, had its world premiere at SXSW on March 14, 2015. It had a limited release on January 15, 2016 and was available through video on demand by Alchemy.

<i>Capture the Flag</i> (film) 2015 Spanish film

Capture the Flag is a 2015 Spanish animated science-fiction adventure comedy film directed by Enrique Gato and written by Patxi Amezcua. Produced by 4 Cats Pictures and animated by Lightbox Entertainment, the film was distributed worldwide by Paramount Pictures, which was a milestone for Spanish cinema, as this was the first time a major Hollywood studio acquired and agreed to distribute two Spanish animated films worldwide, with the other one being Tad the Lost Explorer and the Secret of King Midas. The film takes place in the present alternate times of the year 2015, and the storyline is about Mike Goldwing, a 12-year-old surfer who embarks on a journey with his friends to disrupt a billionaire's plan to destroy the American flag planted on the Moon.

<i>Operation Avalanche</i> (film) 2015 conspiracy thriller film by Matt Johnson

Operation Avalanche is a 2016 American-Canadian found footage conspiracy thriller film directed by Matt Johnson, who co-wrote the film with Josh Boles. Johnson and Owen Williams star as CIA agents who infiltrate NASA to expose a potential mole, only to become embroiled in a conspiracy to fake the Moon landing portion of the 1969 Apollo 11 mission.

Apollo 11 was the first human spaceflight to land on the Moon. In the decades after its 1969 mission took place, widespread celebrations have been held to celebrate its anniversaries.

References

↑ Gunn, James E. (Writer) (February 1, 1956). "Cave of Night". X Minus One . Episode 36. NBC . Retrieved June 3, 2013.
↑ Clinton, Bill (2004). My Life (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-375-41457-2.
↑ Mailer, Norman (1970). Of a Fire on the Moon (1st ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 130. ISBN 0-316-54411-6. OCLC 101602.
↑ "Diamonds are Forever Moon Buggy". 007 Magazine OnLine. 007 Magazine. 2006. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
↑ Kaysing, Bill (2002) [First published 1976]. We Never Went to the Moon: America's Thirty Billion Dollar Swindle. Pomeroy, WA: Health Research Books. p. 62. OCLC 52390067.
↑ Bancroft, Colette (September 29, 2002). "Lunar lunacy". St. Petersburg Times . St. Petersburg, FL: Times Publishing Company . Retrieved June 3, 2013.
↑ Peter Avanzino (Director); Claudia Katz (Producer); Lee Supercinski (Producer). Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder (DVD video). 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. OCLC 302418954.
↑ McKenzie, Steven (October 24, 2012). "The Shining theories explored in spooky new documentary". BBC News . London: BBC . Retrieved June 10, 2013.
↑ "Moonwalkers". IMDB. 2015.
↑ Debruge, Peter (2016-01-29). "Sundance Film Review: 'Operation Avalanche'". Variety . Retrieved 2016-05-15.
↑ William Karel (Director) (2002). Opération lune [Dark Side of the Moon] (Mocumentary) (in French and English). Paris: Arte France / Point du Jour International. OCLC 57723359. First airdate: October 16, 2002.
↑ "Dark Side of the Moon". Point du Jour International. Paris. Archived from the original on March 31, 2004. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
↑ "Roswell That Ends Well". Futurama . Season 3. Episode 19. December 9, 2001. Fox Broadcasting Company.
↑ "Into The Wild Green Yonder". Futurama . July 7, 2018. Fox Broadcasting Company.
↑ "Mythbusters: Episode Guide (2008)". Discovery Channel. Archived from the original on March 7, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
↑ "Lunar Landing Hoax/Tropical Intruder". Fact or Faked: Paranormal Files . Season 1. Episode 11. December 2, 2010. SyFy.
↑ "The One With Rachel's Other Sister". Friends . Season 9. Episode 8. November 21, 2002. NBC.
↑ "Hoaxes". QI . Series H. Episode 3. October 1, 2010. BBC One . Retrieved June 3, 2013.
↑ "Watch Fat Pizza: Back in Business Online: Free Streaming & Catch up TV in Australia".
↑ "07x03". Mock the Week . Series 7. Episode 3. July 23, 2009. BBC Two . Retrieved June 3, 2013.
↑ "The Red Team". Elementary . Season 1. Episode 13. January 31, 2013. CBS.
↑ 2000ad, Prog 990 - "The Dream Factory"
↑ "Best base behavior". The Boston Phoenix . Boston, MA: Phoenix Media/Communications Group. 2000. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
↑ Verducci, Tom (June 19, 2000). "Mighty Mouth". Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 7, 2013.
↑ "Conspiracy Theorist Convinces Neil Armstrong Moon Landing Was Faked". The Onion . Onion, Inc. August 31, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
↑ "Spoof moon landing story dupes Bangladeshi newspapers". Google News . Google, Inc. Agence France-Presse. September 3, 2009. Archived from the original on September 8, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
↑ "MOON TALKS Joe Rogan, Phil Plait Penn Jillette Part 1" on YouTube
↑ Hepola, Sarah (July 20, 2009). "Whoopi Goldberg: Was the moon landing a hoax?". Salon . Salon Media Group. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
↑ "Mos Def on 9-11, Iraq, Terrorism, Katrina & Elections" on YouTube
↑ Gurney, Matt (September 23, 2010). "Margaret Atwood's 'just wondering' about that silly moon landing hoax – UPDATED". National Post . Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Postmedia Network. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
↑ "Rammstein - Amerika" on YouTube
↑ "Rammstein Making of Amerika (part 1)" on YouTube
↑ "Rammstein Making of Amerika (part 2)" on YouTube
↑ Jagernauth, Kevin (March 29, 2012). "Watch: Already Visited 'Room 237'? Dive Deep Into The Apollo 11 Theory With Doc 'The Shining Code 2.0'". IndieWire . Washington, D.C.: SnagFilms . Retrieved June 7, 2013.
↑ "The Shining Code 2.0 (complete film)" on YouTube
↑ Montgomery, James (November 13, 2013). "Imagine Dragons Reveal 'Subliminal' Secrets Of New 'On Top Of The World' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
↑ Imagine Dragons - On Top Of The World (Official Music Video) on YouTube
↑ "Russell Peters on 9/11 & Bilderberg" on YouTube
↑ Vandenberg, Willem (December 22, 2010). "Regression and Debasement of Science - on the Apollo Moon Landings". Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2015.

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[1] Gunn, James E. (Writer) (February 1, 1956). "Cave of Night". X Minus One . Episode 36. NBC . Retrieved June 3, 2013.

[clinton2004-2] Clinton, Bill (2004). My Life (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-375-41457-2.

[mailer1970-3] Mailer, Norman (1970). Of a Fire on the Moon (1st ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 130. ISBN 0-316-54411-6. OCLC 101602.

[4] "Diamonds are Forever Moon Buggy". 007 Magazine OnLine. 007 Magazine. 2006. Retrieved June 3, 2013.

[kaysing2002-5] Kaysing, Bill (2002) [First published 1976]. We Never Went to the Moon: America's Thirty Billion Dollar Swindle. Pomeroy, WA: Health Research Books. p. 62. OCLC 52390067.

[6] Bancroft, Colette (September 29, 2002). "Lunar lunacy". St. Petersburg Times . St. Petersburg, FL: Times Publishing Company . Retrieved June 3, 2013.

[7] Peter Avanzino (Director); Claudia Katz (Producer); Lee Supercinski (Producer). Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder (DVD video). 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. OCLC 302418954.

[8] McKenzie, Steven (October 24, 2012). "The Shining theories explored in spooky new documentary". BBC News . London: BBC . Retrieved June 10, 2013.

[9] "Moonwalkers". IMDB. 2015.

[10] Debruge, Peter (2016-01-29). "Sundance Film Review: 'Operation Avalanche'". Variety . Retrieved 2016-05-15.

[11] William Karel (Director) (2002). Opération lune [Dark Side of the Moon] (Mocumentary) (in French and English). Paris: Arte France / Point du Jour International. OCLC 57723359. First airdate: October 16, 2002.

[12] "Dark Side of the Moon". Point du Jour International. Paris. Archived from the original on March 31, 2004. Retrieved June 3, 2013.

[13] "Roswell That Ends Well". Futurama . Season 3. Episode 19. December 9, 2001. Fox Broadcasting Company.

[14] "Into The Wild Green Yonder". Futurama . July 7, 2018. Fox Broadcasting Company.

[2008eps-15] "Mythbusters: Episode Guide (2008)". Discovery Channel. Archived from the original on March 7, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2013.

[16] "Lunar Landing Hoax/Tropical Intruder". Fact or Faked: Paranormal Files . Season 1. Episode 11. December 2, 2010. SyFy.

[17] "The One With Rachel's Other Sister". Friends . Season 9. Episode 8. November 21, 2002. NBC.

[18] "Hoaxes". QI . Series H. Episode 3. October 1, 2010. BBC One . Retrieved June 3, 2013.

[19] "Watch Fat Pizza: Back in Business Online: Free Streaming & Catch up TV in Australia".

[20] "07x03". Mock the Week . Series 7. Episode 3. July 23, 2009. BBC Two . Retrieved June 3, 2013.

[21] "The Red Team". Elementary . Season 1. Episode 13. January 31, 2013. CBS.

[22] 2000ad, Prog 990 - "The Dream Factory"

[23] "Best base behavior". The Boston Phoenix . Boston, MA: Phoenix Media/Communications Group. 2000. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2013.

[24] Verducci, Tom (June 19, 2000). "Mighty Mouth". Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 7, 2013.

[25] "Conspiracy Theorist Convinces Neil Armstrong Moon Landing Was Faked". The Onion . Onion, Inc. August 31, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2013.

[26] "Spoof moon landing story dupes Bangladeshi newspapers". Google News . Google, Inc. Agence France-Presse. September 3, 2009. Archived from the original on September 8, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2013.

[roganinterview-27] "MOON TALKS Joe Rogan, Phil Plait Penn Jillette Part 1" on YouTube

[whoopinterview-28] Hepola, Sarah (July 20, 2009). "Whoopi Goldberg: Was the moon landing a hoax?". Salon . Salon Media Group. Retrieved May 30, 2013.

[mosdef-29] "Mos Def on 9-11, Iraq, Terrorism, Katrina & Elections" on YouTube

[atwoodmoon-30] Gurney, Matt (September 23, 2010). "Margaret Atwood's 'just wondering' about that silly moon landing hoax – UPDATED". National Post . Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Postmedia Network. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2013.

[Amerika-31] "Rammstein - Amerika" on YouTube

[32] "Rammstein Making of Amerika (part 1)" on YouTube

[33] "Rammstein Making of Amerika (part 2)" on YouTube

[34] Jagernauth, Kevin (March 29, 2012). "Watch: Already Visited 'Room 237'? Dive Deep Into The Apollo 11 Theory With Doc 'The Shining Code 2.0'". IndieWire . Washington, D.C.: SnagFilms . Retrieved June 7, 2013.

[35] "The Shining Code 2.0 (complete film)" on YouTube

[36] Montgomery, James (November 13, 2013). "Imagine Dragons Reveal 'Subliminal' Secrets Of New 'On Top Of The World' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2016.

[dragonsmoon-37] Imagine Dragons - On Top Of The World (Official Music Video) on YouTube

[petersmoon-38] "Russell Peters on 9/11 & Bilderberg" on YouTube

[krishnamoon-39] Vandenberg, Willem (December 22, 2010). "Regression and Debasement of Science - on the Apollo Moon Landings". Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2015.

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