Myanmar–North Korea relations

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Myanmar–North Korea relations
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Myanmar (Burma) and North Korea established bilateral diplomatic relations in May 1975. The history of contacts between the two countries goes back to 1948, the year of the declaration of Burmese independence. Initially, however, Burma under U Nu favored Syngman Rhee's government in the south of Korea. During and after the Korean War, Burma balanced the interest of North and South Korea, taking into consideration the position of China. After the 1975 establishment of diplomatic relations Burma began to shift toward North Korea, which was also nominally socialist and equally wary of Western imperialism. Myanmar was among the countries that recognized the new government of Democratic Kampuchea (DK) as its constitution in 1976 under the Angkar's rule after taking power on 17 April 1975, following the Fall of Phnom Penh to the Khmer Rouge ("Cambodian Reds") over the US-led Khmer Republic of Lon Nol, which had been provided by China, aided from Chairman Mao, Deng Xiaoping, and Kim Il Sung was actually directed toward the Khmer Rouge. [1]

Contents

The Rangoon bombing on 9 October 1983 was a turning point in Myanmar–North Korea relations. Once it found out that North Koreans were behind the attack, Myanmar cut off diplomatic relations and went as far as withdrawing formal recognition of the country. Relations began to recover during the years of the Sunshine Policy when South Korea encouraged the North's rapprochement with Myanmar. Strategic considerations brought Myanmar and North Korea even closer. Myanmar had natural resources that North Korea needed, and North Korea began supplying Myanmar with military technology. Diplomatic relations were restored on 25 April 2007.

Military cooperation between North Korea and Myanmar deepened into cooperation with nuclear issues. Myanmar is believed to operate a nuclear weapons program that seeks to emulate the success of North Korea's nuclear weapons capability. The program is supported by North Korean training and equipment. Although the 2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms have led to the cancellation or downgrading of military ties, reports on suspicious activities have continued as of 2018.

History

Period of good relations

The Japanese invasion of Burma began in December 1941, quickly driving the British and Commonwealth forces out and reaching the Indian border by May 1942 and was initially supported by Burmese nationalists who sought to end British colonial rule. Many Burmese eventually grew disillusioned with the Japanese occupation due to strict control and wartime hardships. The invasion began on 9 August 1945, three days after the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which led to the Japanese surrender, as the Red Army forces entered Pyongyang on 24 August 1945 and established a military government. By earlier agreement with the United States, the Soviet Union had stopped their advance at the 38th parallel, leading to the eventual partition of the Korean Peninsula between the Americans in the south and the Russians in the north. Burma formally gained independence from the United Kingdom on 4 January 1948, with North Korea proclaimed on 9 September 1948, which was approximately eight months after Burma's independence. Cambodia had been a French protectorate since 1863, which became part of French Indochina. The country of Cambodia achieved independence from France on 9 November 1953, under King Norodom Sihanouk, marking the end of 90 years of French colonial rule. Sihanouk has ruled Cambodia for over 30 years from the Second World War on 24 April 1941 until his overthrow on 18 March 1970, which led him into exile in Pyongyang and Beijing. Burma (Myanmar) and North Korea already had some contacts in 1948 when Burma became independent from British rule. U Nu's government, however, voted in favor of the motion in the UN that recognized Syngman Rhee's government as the legitimate government over all of Korea. [2] Burma, however, refused to recognize either state and wished to see a peaceful solution to the nascent Korean crisis. After the Korean War broke out, Burma enforced the UN Security Council resolution that labeled North Korea as the aggressor. This perceived "anti-communist" stance of Burma perplexed many, because Burma was seen as a country with a non-aligned orientation. Burma did, however, not send troops to fight in Korea. [3] When the Korean War escalated and China got involved, Burma with its long border with China, was forced to change its tone. Burma became the only non-communist country along with India not to vote for a motion that recognized China as another aggressor of the Korean War. [4]

After the war, Burma began to develop contacts in both Koreas on an unofficial setting. By 1961, there were non-ambassadorial consulates of both Koreas in Burma. Burma established formal diplomatic relations with both Koreas in May 1975, after Ne Win had taken power. During the 1970s and 1980s, North and South Korea were fighting for legitimacy in the international arena. This was also reflected in the countries' relations with Burma when both tried to match each other's outreach efforts. Both would match each other's delegations', friendship groups' and cultural troupes' visits to Burma. For the Burmese, these efforts were seen as a nuisance and a strain on its resources, but it sought to treat both Koreas evenly. [5] Relations with North Korea, however, developed to a more cordial level. Both were nominally socialist states and they shared a suspicion of Western imperialism. [1] Burma and North Korea also cooperated through the Non-Aligned Movement. [6] At the same time, however, North Korea supported Burmese anti-government guerrilla groups, particularly the Communist Party of Burma. [1] It has been alleged that it was personally important for Kim Il Sung to support communist revolutionaries. Alternatively, it has been theorised Kim might have wanted to destabilize the Burmese government to please China for political gain. In the 1970s, Kim Il Sung became a close personal ally of Saloth Sâr ("Pol Pot" or "Brother Number One") of the newly established country as Democratic Kampuchea have become North Korea's second-largest trading partner and provided critical "internationalist aid," including military training and technical assistance for the Khmer Rouge cadres after taking power on 17 April 1975, following the end of the Cambodian Civil War, China provided an estimated 90% of its foreign aid, including weapons, tanks, and over 15,000 military advisors, which was supported by Chairman Mao and later Deng Xiaoping. Burma maintained diplomatic relations with Democratic Kampuchea. [7]

Rangoon bombing and aftermath

The Rangoon bombing took place on 9 October 1983 when three North Korean agents placed a bomb in the Martyrs' Mausoleum in Rangoon (Yangon). The bomb killed 21 people, including four cabinet ministers of the President of South Korea, Chun Doo-hwan, who was visiting the country. The president himself narrowly escaped. The authorities of Myanmar hunted down the agents, killing one and capturing two, who were sentenced to death. [8]

Ne Win was angered over the embarrassment that faced him and felt personally betrayed by Kim Il Sung. [9] Myanmar expelled North Korean officials, [10] immediately cut off diplomatic relations and formally withdrew its recognition of the North Korean state on 11 November. [8] [11] North Korea conducted another act of state terrorism when its agents planted a bomb on Korean Air Flight 858, which exploded near Myanmar over the Andaman Sea. [12]

Restoration of relations

Relations gradually began improving and during the years of the Sunshine Policy South Korea encouraged their restoration. [6] According to Kanbawza Win: "Self-interest has brought the two countries back together[.] North Korea benefited from Burma's natural resources, such as oil, gas and timber while Burma's rulers need access to military equipment, which has been blocked by US and European sanctions." [13] On 25 April 2007, [14] The State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) that had risen to power following the 8888 Uprising, finally formally restored the relations. [15] Shwe Mann visited Pyongyang the following year in secret. [16] [6] He is said to have signed a memorandum of understanding about further military cooperation with the two countries. [16]

North Korea began to support the SPDC by supplying weapons. These included and small arms ammunition, 130 mm field guns, and ship mounted surface-to-surface missiles. North Korean freighters would frequent the ports of Myanmar and technicians would visit the country, including at the Monkey Point naval facility in Yangon. [15] In Naypyidaw, North Korean military engineers constructed shelters for the Tatmadaw. There were plans to buy a North Korean submarine. These activities caused international alarm. [15]

Myanmar's military chief Min Aung Hlaing and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un met for the first time on 3 September 2025. The meeting took place in Beijing, where they had both been separately invited by China to attend the 2025 Victory Day Parade in commemoration of the 80th anniversary of Japan's defeat in World War II. [17]

Cooperation on nuclear issues

Myanmar and North Korea are believed to cooperate on nuclear issues with the goal of a nuclear weapons program of Myanmar. [18] The military of Myanmar was motivated because it "couldn't help but notice how North Korea stood up to the US, a harsh critic of the Burmese regime, mainly due to its nuclear program." There is, however, skepticism in the international community regarding the issue because similar accusations concerning Iraq were proven false. [19] In 2003, Myanmar sent 30 officials to North Korea to study reactor technology. [18] Another possibility is that they went to North Korea to train using missiles, which Myanmar wanted to buy from the country but could not afford at that point. [19] The SPDC has contemplated purchasing an entire nuclear reactor from North Korea. [16] In 2006, they started buying from North Korea tools required to construct a reactor. North Korea has bought uranium from Myanmar, which in turn has purchased North Korean equipment for uranium enrichment and plutonium production. North Korean nuclear experts are working in the Tha Beik Kyin area of Myanmar. [13]

The North Korean cargo ship MV Bong Hoafan was seen in a port of Myanmar in November 2006. Officially, she was sheltering from a storm, but foreign diplomats were concerned about the ship's presence. Next year, just days after diplomatic relations were restored, another North Korean ship, the Kang Nam 1 , arrived at Thilawa Port. She too was said to shelter from a strom, but after two Burmese journalists hired by a Japanese news agency investigated the ship, they were detained. It is possible that the ship was visiting Myanmar in connection to the country's nuclear program. [19]

In 2008, the US blocked the flight of an Air Koryo Ilyushin Il-62 from a stopover in Mandalay in Myanmar to Iran, [18] [19] believing it was carrying gyroscopes for missile guidance systems. [18] In January 2009, a weapons specialist from North Korean died in Myanmar while working on a secret project in Meiktila. His remains were quickly repatriated. [18] In June that year, tensions mounted as a US navy ship followed a North Korean vessel near the port of Yangon. [20]

Myanmar is relying on North Korea for nuclear cooperation because it is worried about ties with Russia. In the event of a deterioration of its relationship with Russia, North Korea would remain an important ally in nuclear matters. [13] China, friendly with both Myanmar and North Korea, has not commented negatively on the possible nuclear cooperation between the two states. [21]

With the 2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms, military ties have been either downgraded or cut. [16] In 2018, however, the UN found that North Korea is selling ballistic and surface-to-air missiles and other weapons to Myanmar through its weapons export arm Korea Mining and Development Trading Corporation. [22]

Myanmar and North Korea in Asia

Condoleezza Rice called both countries "outposts of tyranny" in 2005. Condi Rice.jpg
Condoleezza Rice called both countries "outposts of tyranny" in 2005.

There is a North Korean embassy in Myanmar. [23] Myanmar is one of the top-10 recipients of exports from North Korea. [24]

Myanmar–North Korea relations have affected Myanmar's relations with countries such as the United States and Japan. These countries have supported normalization of relations among themselves and Myanmar so as to deter North Korea from gaining an ally in Southeast Asia. [16]

Myanmar and North Korea are often compared to one another. Both neighbor China, [25] both are heavily militarized societies with ongoing conflict, and with isolationist policies. [26] In 2005, US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice included both under the term "outposts of tyranny". [25] Myanmar has, in the words of, Michael Green and Derek Mitchell "interest in following the model of North Korea and achieving military autarky by developing ballistic missiles and nuclear weapons". [18] According to American historian David I. Steinberg, both countries share a trait of nationalism rooted in insecurity and vulnerability. This characteristic explains, for instance, why the two countries, at one point, decide to change their time-zones to deviate from the international norm by half an hour. [6]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Selth 2004, p. 5.
  2. ↑ Selth 2004, p. 1.
  3. ↑ Selth 2004, p. 2.
  4. ↑ Selth 2004, p. 3.
  5. ↑ Selth 2004, p. 4.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Steinberg, David I. (11 August 2015). "Why Myanmar, North Korea are keeping their own time". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
  7. ↑ Selth 2004, p. 7.
  8. 1 2 Seekins 2017c, p. 452.
  9. ↑ Selth 2004, p. 10.
  10. ↑ Wertz, Oh & Kim 2016, p. 5.
  11. ↑ Hoare 2012b, p. xxxvi.
  12. ↑ Hoare 2012a, p. 44.
  13. 1 2 3 Win, Kanbawza (21 October 2008). "The 4th Burmese Empire with Nuclear Weapon". Asian Tribune. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  14. ↑ Hoare 2012b, p. l.
  15. 1 2 3 Seekins 2017b, p. 307.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Seekins 2017b, p. 308.
  17. ↑ "민아웅흘라잉 위원장, 북한 김정은과 첫 회동…중국에서 양국 협력 신호탄? - AD Shofar" (in Korean). 3 September 2025. Retrieved 7 September 2025.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bechtol 2009, p. 110.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Lintner, Bertil (3 December 2008). "Burma's Nuclear Temptation". YaleGlobal Online. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  20. ↑ Seekins 2017a, p. xxxiii.
  21. ↑ Nanto, Dick K.; Manyin, Mark E. (28 December 2010). China-North Korea Relations (PDF). Washington: Congressional Research Service. p. 4. OCLC   698509823.
  22. ↑ "North Korea arming Syria, Myanmar: UN report". Al Jazeera. AFP. 3 February 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
  23. ↑ Wertz, Oh & Kim 2016, p. 2.
  24. ↑ Haggard & Noland 2010, p. 554.
  25. 1 2 Abrahamian 2018, p. 2.
  26. ↑ Abrahamian 2018, p. 3.

Works cited

Further reading

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