NSPCC

Last updated

National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
Founded1884;140 years ago (1884) (as the London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children)
Registration no.216401
Location
Coordinates 51°31′23″N0°04′50″W / 51.523174°N 0.080502°W / 51.523174; -0.080502
Area served
United Kingdom and the Channel Islands
Key people
Neil Berkett
(Chair)
Maria Neophytou
(Interim CEO)
Revenue£118 Million [1]
EmployeesApprox. 2,500 [2]
Volunteers1,700
Website www.nspcc.org.uk
Formerly called
Liverpool Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (LSPCC)

The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) is a British child protection charity founded as the Liverpool Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (LSPCC) by Thomas Agnew on 19 April 1883. The NSPCC lobbies the government on issues relating to child welfare, and creates child abuse public awareness campaigns. Since the 1980s, the charity has had statutory powers allowing it to apply for help on behalf of children at risk. In the 1990s, the charity's publication, Satanic Indicators, fueled panic in social workers who went and accused parents and removed children from homes when they should not have. It operates a telephone help line. The Paddington Bear character has partnered with the charity to raise funds for the charity.

Contents

History

Victorian era

On a trip to New York in 1881, Liverpudlian businessman Thomas Agnew was inspired by a visit to the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. On his return to Liverpool, he invited leading figures from the town to a town hall meeting and founded the Liverpool Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (LSPCC) on 19 April 1883. Similar societies were subsequently set up around the country, such as the London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (London SPCC), founded on 8 July 1884 by Anthony Ashley-Cooper. [3] Ashley-Cooper was the first president of the London SPCC, with Reverends Benjamin Waugh and Edward Rudolph as joint secretaries. 1st Baroness Angela Burdett-Coutts was one of the co-founder of the organisation which later became the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) in 1889 with Queen Victoria as the patron. [4] [5]

On 1 January 1887, the Child's Guardian, the official magazine of the Society was launched. [6] The magazine was modelled on the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and was designed to educate the public on the nature of cruelty to children. [7]

After five years of campaigning by the London SPCC, Parliament passed the first ever UK law to protect children from abuse and neglect in 1889. The London SPCC was renamed the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children on 14 May 1889, [8] because by then it had branches across Great Britain and Ireland. In the same year the Chief Commissioners of the Metropolitan and City of London Police issued instructions that all cases of cruelty to children reported to them should be handed to NSPCC to be dealt with. [9]

The NSPCC was granted its Royal Charter on 28 May 1895 by Queen Victoria who became its first Royal Patron. It did not change its title to "Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children" or similar, as the name NSPCC was already well established, and to avoid confusion with the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), which had already existed for more than fifty years.

20th century

In 1901, King Edward VII and his wife Queen Alexandra became Patrons of the Society upon the death of Queen Victoria. In 1905, Reverend Benjamin Waugh retired from the Directorship of the Society, as a result of failing health, after 21 years' of service. In 1910, King George V and his wife Queen Mary became Patrons of the Society upon the death of King Edward VII. [9]

Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War, 18 Inspectors joined the Royal Navy and a further 42 joined the Army. During the course of the war, the NSPCC inspector for Manchester was awarded the Victoria Cross. In January 1915, the NSPCC appointed its first Female Inspector. [9] During the same War, fraudulent fundraisers were discovered to be collecting money in aid of families of those killed or injured in action. The NSPCC, therefore, avoided street collections until the War Charities Act of 1916, which introduced regulations to protect and guide collectors. [10]

In 1919, the Prince of Wales, later to be King Edward VIII, became a Patron of the Society. In 1926 the Prince spoke on behalf of the NSPCC in a radio appeal. [10]

In 1930, the Society reported helping its four-millionth child. [9]

Shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War the Home Secretary, Sir John Anderson, wrote to the Chairman of the Society expressing his thanks that the Society had decided to continue its work during the war. During the course of the war, the Society supported over 600,000 children, while nearly 100 of the Society's Inspectors served in the Armed Forces. [11]

The NSPCC's organisation in the Republic of Ireland was taken up by the Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (ISPCC), founded in 1956 as a replacement for the NSPCC. [12] Today, the NSPCC works in England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and the Channel Islands.

1980s

The NSPCC is the only UK charity which has been granted statutory powers under the Children Act 1989, allowing it to apply for care and supervision orders for children at risk. In 1983, the NSPCC launched its centenary appeal in Britain in order to "establish 60 child protection teams across the country." The launch of the appeal occurred during a time when the organization was struggling because of an insufficient amount of public support and government funds. To help advertise for the NSPCC, a poster was created that highlighted the faces of two abused children, one from 1884 and the other from 1984. The message that was written along with the picture was "The faces change, the bruises don't." [7]

1990s

The NSPCC documented allegations of Satanic ritual abuse in 1990, with the publication of survey findings that, of 66 child protection teams in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 14 teams had received reports of ritual abuse from children and seven of them were working directly with children who had been ritually abused, sometimes in groups of twenty. [13] An investigation, by the British government, into SRA allegations produced over two hundred reports, of which only three were substantiated and proved to be examples of pseudosatanic abuse, in which sexual abuse was the actual motivation and the rituals were incidental. [14] [15]

The NSPCC also provided a publication known as Satanic Indicators to social services around the country that has been blamed for some social workers panicking and making false accusations of sexually abusing children. [16] The most prominent of these cases was in Rochdale in 1990 when up to twenty [17] children were taken from their homes and parents after social services believed them to be involved in satanic or occult ritual abuse. The allegations were later found to be false. The case was the subject of a BBC documentary which featured recordings of the interviews made by NSPCC social workers, revealing that flawed techniques and leading questions were used to gain evidence of abuse from the children. The documentary claimed that the social services were wrongly convinced, by organisations such as the NSPCC, that abuse was occurring and so rife that they made allegations before any evidence was considered. [18] [19]

In 1999, an advert released by the NSPCC "warning" of the risk of children being murdered by strangers was criticised as a fear-mongering fundraising tactic, as such occurrences are exceedingly uncommon. [20] [21]

21st century

2010s

In 2011, the NSPCC launched its All Babies Count campaign to highlight the vulnerability of babies and calling for better and earlier support for new parents. [22] In 2012, the charity won a PRCA award for its "Don't Wait Until You're Certain" campaign that encouraged people to call the NSPCC with any worry about a child. [23]

Paddington Bear statue designed by an employee at the NSPCC, on display at the Childline offices in London, which was auctioned to raise funds for the NSPCC "Patchwork Paddington", Paddington Bear, Childline - geograph.org.uk - 4294123.jpg
Paddington Bear statue designed by an employee at the NSPCC, on display at the Childline offices in London, which was auctioned to raise funds for the NSPCC

In November 2014, fifty Paddington Bear statues, created by various celebrities and organisations—including the NSPCC designed "Patchwork Paddington"—were located around London prior to the release of the film Paddington , with the statues auctioned to raise funds for the NSPCC. [24] [25]

In 2017, the Information Commissioner's Office fined eleven charities that breached the Data Protection Act by misusing donors’ personal data. NSPCC was fined £12,000. [26] [ non-primary source needed ]

In 2019, the NSPCC engaged transgender activist Munroe Bergdorf as its first LGBT+ campaigner for ChildLine. The relationship was ended controversially after what Bergdorf described as a transphobic hate campaign against her, including false allegations that she had taken part in pornographic films. [27] The NSPCC stated that their reason was nothing to do with Bergdorf being transgender, but because she invited LGBT young people to contact her directly over social media, which was not compatible with the NSPCC's own safeguarding policies. Over 150 NSPCC staff complained to senior management about the charity's treatment of Bergdorf. [28]

Activities

The NSPCC lobbies the government on issues relating to child welfare, and creates campaigns for the general public, with the intention of raising awareness of child protection issues. It also operates both a helpline on 0808 800 5000, for anyone concerned about a child, and Childline offering support to children themselves. Childline became a part of the NSPCC in 2006. In addition to the telephone helplines, NSPCC provides an online counselling service for children and young people at Childline. [29] [ verification needed ] [30]

The NSPCC runs local service centres across the UK where it helps children, young people, and families. [31] Since 2009, the NSPCC has run a Child Protection Consultancy service aiming to make organisations safer for children. This offers training and consultancy to organisations which have contact with children, ranging from schools to sporting bodies. The charity works through local safeguarding children's boards (LSCBs), where the police, health, social and education services and others can work together.

The charity is regularly audited and publishes its annual report and accounts as required by the Charity Commission. [32] [ verification needed ]

In May 2021, a helpline that was launched for victims to report abuse and harassment in educational settings had taken hundreds of calls since it opened. The NSPCC received 353 calls between April 1 and May 16. Of these, 65 were referred to external agencies such as the police and children’s services. [33]

Research and evidence

In 2009, the NSPCC launched a new seven year strategy. The strategy reaffirmed the society's vision of ending cruelty to children in the UK. It was suggested that policy, influencing and campaigning work, combined with the experience of working directly with young people could help deliver this vision. Learning was to be at the core of the society's work. The ambition was to subject all of the organisation's direct services to an evaluation and then roll out effective interventions to mainstream service providers. [34] In 2016 the society's new six year strategy pledged to continue generating evidence of 'what works' in preventing child sexual abuse. [35]

In 2016, the NSPCC launched a web-based 'Impact and Evidence' hub which was designed to promote and make accessible the research evidence that it produced. [36] The hub contained sections on:

Research and evidence reports produced by the NSPCC include evaluations of:

See also

Related Research Articles

The Satanic panic is a moral panic consisting of over 12,000 unsubstantiated cases of Satanic ritual abuse starting in the United States in the 1980s, spreading throughout many parts of the world by the late 1990s, and persisting today. The panic originated in 1980 with the publication of Michelle Remembers, a book co-written by Canadian psychiatrist Lawrence Pazder and his patient, Michelle Smith, which used the controversial and now discredited practice of recovered-memory therapy to make claims about satanic ritual abuse involving Smith. The allegations, which arose afterward throughout much of the United States, involved reports of physical and sexual abuse of people in the context of occult or Satanic rituals. Some allegations involve a conspiracy of a global Satanic cult that includes the wealthy and elite in which children are abducted or bred for human sacrifice, pornography, and prostitution.

Victoria Lynn Hayden, known as Torey L. Hayden, is a special education teacher, university lecturer and writer of non-fiction books based on her real-life experiences with teaching and counseling children with special needs and also of fiction books.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Childline</span> British youth phone counselling service

Childline is a British counselling service for children and young people under 19 in the United Kingdom provided by the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. They deal with any issues which cause distress or concern; some of the most common issues include child abuse, bullying, mental illness, parental separation and or divorce, teenage pregnancy, substance misuse, neglect, and psychological abuse.

A form of child abuse, child neglect is an act of caregivers that results in depriving a child of their basic needs, such as the failure to provide adequate supervision, health care, clothing, or housing, as well as other physical, emotional, social, educational, and safety needs. All societies have established that there are necessary behaviours a caregiver must provide for a child to develop physically, socially, and emotionally. Causes of neglect may result from several parenting problems including mental disorders, unplanned pregnancy, substance use disorder, unemployment, over employment, domestic violence, and, in special cases, poverty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Child abuse</span> Maltreatment or neglect of a child

Child abuse is physical, sexual, emotional and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child, especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential wrongful harm to a child and can occur in a child's home, or in organizations, schools, or communities the child interacts with.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children</span> Non-profit organization in the USA

The New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children was founded in 1874. It is the world's first child protective agency. It is sometimes called the Gerry Society after one of its co-founders, Elbridge Thomas Gerry. It is commonly seen as having played a key role in the development of children's rights and child protective services in the English-speaking world. Today it offers support and advocacy for high-risk and abused children, parental skills classes, and professional training in the identification and reporting of child abuse and neglect.

In the United States, a mandated reporter is a person who is required by law to report to Child Protective Services or Adult Protective Services if they know or suspect a child or vulnerable adult has been or is at risk of being abused or neglected or they may be subject to civil and criminal penalties for failing to report.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orkney child abuse scandal</span> 1991 scandal in Orkney, Scotland

The Orkney child abuse scandal was a controversy which began on 27 February 1991 when social workers and police removed five boys and four girls, all between the ages of eight and fifteen, from their homes in South Ronaldsay, Orkney due to allegations of child abuse. The children denied that any abuse had occurred, and medical examinations did not reveal any evidence of abuse.


The Faith Chapel Church ritual abuse case was a case of a developmentally disabled individual charged with child sexual abuse in 1991 as part of the satanic ritual abuse moral panic. After a 9-month trial, the accused was found not guilty by the jury.

The Satanic panic in Utah is part of a broader moral panic that began in the 1980s as children in the United States, subjected to coercive interviewing techniques at the hands of zealous social workers, made unsubstantiated allegations of bizarre Satanic rituals and horrific sexual and physical abuse at the hands of day care workers. As the decade unfolded, clients of believing therapists began to make similar allegations, which are now generally seen as confabulations caused by iatrogenic therapeutic techniques such as hypnosis and automatic writing rather than the discovery of repressed memories. Despite the similarities between the allegations of adults and children, investigations produced only circumstantial, and in many cases contradictory evidence of the patients' disclosures. The court cases surrounding satanic ritual abuse (SRA) allegations were among the most expensive and lengthy in history and produced no convictions or convictions based solely on the testimony of children that were frequently overturned or dismissed upon appeal.

Children 1st, previously known as the Royal Scottish Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children, is a Scottish charity which aims to give every child in Scotland a safe and secure childhood. Children 1st supports families under stress, protects children from harm and neglect, promotes children's rights and helps children recover from abuse.

Ralph Charles Underwager was an American minister and psychologist who rose to prominence as a defense witness for adults accused of child sexual abuse in the 1980s and 1990s. Until his death in 2003, he was the director of the Institute for Psychological Therapies, which he founded in 1974. He was also a founder of Victims of Child Abuse Laws (VOCAL), a lobby group which represented the interests of parents whose children had been removed from their care by social services following abuse allegations. He was a founding member of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation. He was also accused of being a supporter of pedophilia because of controversial statements he made, including those in an interview to Paidika: The Journal of Paedophilia.

Child sexual abuse (CSA), also called child molestation, is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation. Forms of child sexual abuse include engaging in sexual activities with a child, indecent exposure, child grooming, and child sexual exploitation, such as using a child to produce child pornography.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children</span> Irish child protection charity

The Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (ISPCC) is a charity in Ireland dedicated to enhancing the lives of children and young people. It provides a range of services to children and families in Ireland, and promotes children's rights.

Child sexual abuse laws in India have been enacted as part of the child protection policies of India. The Parliament of India passed the 'Protection of Children Against Sexual Offences Bill (POCSO), 2011' regarding child sexual abuse on 22 May 2012, making it an Act. A guideline was passed by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, India. The rules formulated by the government in accordance with the law had also been notified on the November 2012 and the law had become ready for implementation. There have been many calls for more stringent laws.

Video feedback interventions are used in health and social care situations. Typically a "guider" helps a client to enhance communication within relationships. The client is guided to analyse and reflect on video clips of their own interactions. Applications include a caregiver and infant, and other education and care home interactions. Video feedback interventions have also been used where concerns have been expressed over possible parental neglect in cases where the focus child is aged 2–12, and where the child is not the subject of a child protection plan.

Online child abuse is a unique form of child abuse also known as “Cyber Molestation” due to its virtual, distanced, and anonymous nature. Such abuse may not happen face-to-face, nor does it necessarily require physical contact. However, online abuse can result in negative face-to-face consequences in the form of statutory rape, forcible sexual assault, harassment, etc. In the United States, online child abuse is recognized as a form of child abuse by the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.

Sara Louise Rowbotham, is a local councillor, community leader and former health worker in Rochdale, Greater Manchester, notable for helping to expose the child sex abuse ring there. She has served as Deputy leader of Rochdale Borough Council since 2018, and was first elected to represent North Middleton in 2015. She is also the Cabinet Member for Health and Wellbeing. She is a member of the Labour Party.

Canadian Centre for Child Protection is a Canadian registered charitable organization dedicated to the personal safety of all children. More specifically, its goal is to reduce the victimization of children by providing programs and services to the Canadian public.

References

  1. ↑ "NSPCC Annual Report 2019-2020". NSPCC. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  2. ↑ "Media Centre – FAQs". NSPCC. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  3. ↑ Shennan, Paddy (19 November 2017). "Powerful photos show Liverpool's proud history of helping abused children". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  4. ↑ Brain, Jessica. "Angela Burdett-Coutts, Philanthropist". Historic UK. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  5. ↑ Carter, Yvonne H. (March 2007). "Lessons from the past, learning for the future: safeguarding children in primary care". The British Journal of General Practice. 57 (536): 238–242. ISSN   0960-1643. PMC   2042553 . PMID   17359613.
  6. ↑ Flegel, Monica (Spring 2007). ""Facts and Their Meaning": Child Protection, Intervention, and the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in Late Nineteenth-Century England". Victorian Review. 33 (1): 87–101. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  7. 1 2 Flegel, Monica (27 April 2006). "Changing Faces: The NSPCC and the Use of Photography in the Construction of Cruelty to Children". Victorian Periodicals Review. 39 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1353/vpr.2006.0022. ISSN   1712-526X. S2CID   161106061.
  8. ↑ "About the NSPCC". Archived from the original on 20 August 2007. Retrieved 19 September 2007.
  9. 1 2 3 4 NSPCC Annual Report for 1930-31. London: NSPCC Central Office, 1931, p. 48.
  10. 1 2 Roger., Courtney (2002). Strategic management for voluntary nonprofit organizations. London: Routledge. p. 279. ISBN   0415250242. OCLC   50875165.
  11. ↑ Birmingham and District Branch of the NSPCC, Annual Report for the year ending 31 December 1942, p. 2; Carlisle, Penrith and North Cumberland Branch of the NSPCC, Annual Report for the year ended 31st December 1945, p. 2.
  12. ↑ The Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (ISPCC), Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse, Volume V, Chapter 1 Archived 30 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ Libby Jukes and Richard Duce, NSPCC says ritual child abuse is rife, The Times, 13 March 1990
  14. ↑ La Fontaine, J S. (1994). The extent and nature of organised and ritual abuse: research findings. London: HMSO. ISBN   0-11-321797-8 . Retrieved 29 April 2008.
  15. ↑ LaFontaine, J. S. (1998). Speak of the Devil: allegations of satanic abuse in Britain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-62934-9.
  16. ↑ Tim Black (5 September 2011). "The NSPCC doesn't help kids – it harms them". Spiked . Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  17. ↑ Jeni Harvey (14 January 2006). "Satanic abuse: The truth at last". Middleton Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012.
  18. ↑ "When Satan came to town". BBC. 9 January 2006. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  19. ↑ Cummings, Dolan (12 January 2006). "A full stop to the Satanic panic". Spiked. Retrieved 19 September 2007.
  20. ↑ Why this NSPCC advert is harmful to children. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  21. ↑ A Stranger Danger. Sirc.org. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  22. ↑ "NSPCC warns 200,000 babies at risk of abuse". BBC News. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  23. ↑ "PRCA Awards 2012". PRCA. Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  24. ↑ "Why Paddington Bear Statues Have Taken Over London". Condé Nast. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  25. ↑ Murphy, Shaunna (3 November 2014). "Emma Watson Designed A Paddington Bear For Charity And It's Freaking Adorable". MTV. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  26. ↑ "ICO fines eleven more charities". ico.org.uk. 5 June 2017. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  27. ↑ "Munroe Bergdorf dropped as Childline ambassador following "transphobic hate campaign"". GAY TIMES. 9 June 2019.
  28. ↑ "Munroe Bergdorf: NSPCC explains transgender activist decision". BBC News. 14 June 2019.
  29. ↑ "Home Page". ChildLine. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  30. ↑ Lake, Howard. "ChildLine and NSPCC to Merge in 2006 | UK Fundraising." UK Fundraising. 2005. Web. 20 April 2016.
  31. ↑ "NSPCC direct services". NSPCC. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  32. ↑ "THE NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN". Charity Commission. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  33. ↑ "Abuse helpline takes hundreds of calls, says NSPCC". BBC News. 24 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  34. ↑ NSPCC Strategy 2009-16
  35. ↑ NSPCC. "NSPCC Strategy 2016-21" (PDF). NSPCC. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  36. 1 2 NSPCC. "Impact and evidence: Using evaluation, research and evidence to protect children and prevent abuse". NSPCC. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  37. ↑ NSPCC. "Impact and evidence series: Our evaluation and research on what works to protect children from abuse and neglect". NSPCC. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  38. ↑ NSPCC. "How we evaluate our services". NSPCC.
  39. ↑ NSPCC. "Tools for measuring outcomes for children and families: Our experiences of using standardised measures in the evaluation of our services". NSPCC. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  40. ↑ NSPCC. "Research with children: ethics, safety and avoiding harm What to consider when conducting research involving children". NSPCC. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  41. ↑ Whalley, Paul; Williams, Mike. "Child neglect and Video Interaction Guidance: an evaluation of an NSPCC service offered to parents where initial concerns of neglect have been noted" (PDF). NSPCC. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  42. ↑ Carpenter, John; Jessiman, Tricia; Patsios, Demi. "Letting the Future In: a therapeutic intervention for children affected by sexual abuse and their carers, an evaluation of impact and implementation" (PDF). NSPCC. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  43. ↑ Turner-Halliday, Fiona; Watson, Nicholas; Minnis, Helen. "Process Evaluation of the New Orleans Intervention Model for Infant Mental Health in Glasgow" (PDF). NSPCC. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  44. ↑ Grayton, Lucy; Burns, Phebe; Pistrang, Nancy; Fearon, Pasco. "Minding the Baby: Qualitative Findings on Implementation from the First UK Service" (PDF). NSPCC. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  45. ↑ McConnell, Nicola; Barnard, Matt; Holdsworth, Tracey; Taylor, Julie. "Caring Dads: Safer Children" (PDF). NSPCC. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  46. ↑ Smith, Emma. "Domestic Abuse, Recovering Together Evaluation Report" (PDF). NSPCC. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  47. ↑ Hollis, Vicki; Cotmore, Richard; Fisher, Helen; Harnett, Paul; Dawe, Sharon. "An evaluation of 'Parents Under Pressure' a parenting programme for mothers and fathers who misuse substances" (PDF). NSPCC. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  48. ↑ Barlow, Jane; Sembi, Sukhdev; Petrou, Stavros; Parsons, Helen; Dawe, Sharon; Harnett, Paul. "Parents under Pressure: a programme for families with parental substance misuse An evaluation of impact, process and cost-effectiveness" (PDF). NSPCC. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  49. ↑ Williams, Mike (2018). "Four Steps to the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse in the Home" (PDF). NSPCC.
  50. ↑ Williams, Mike (2018). "Working with a community to prevent child sexual abuse in the home" (PDF). NSPCC. Retrieved 1 August 2018.

Bibliography

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