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| Nautilia nitratireducens | |
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| Scientific classification | |
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| Species: | N. nitratireducens |
| Binomial name | |
| Nautilia nitratireducens Pérez-Rodríguez et al. 2010 [1] | |
| Type strain | |
| DSM 22087, EPR-MB1, JCM 15746, MB-1 [2] | |
| Synonyms | |
Nautilia hydrogenophila [3] | |
Nautilia nitratireducens is a Gram-negative thermophilic, chemosynthetic, anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Nautilia which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the East Pacific Rise. [1] [3] [4]
Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product or these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Caldithrix is a genus of thermophilic and anaerobic bacteria, currently assigned to its own phylum.
Nautilia profundicola is a Gram-negative chemolithoautotrophic bacterium found around hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean. It was first discovered in 1999 on the East Pacific Rise at depth of 2,500 metres (8,200 ft), on the surface of the polychaete worm Alvinella pompejana. Nautilia profundicola lives symbiotically on the dorsal hairs of A. pompejana but they may also form biofilms and live independently on the walls of hydrothermal vents. The ability of N. profundicola to survive in an anaerobic environment rich in sulfur, H2 and CO2 of varying temperature makes it a useful organism to study, as these are the conditions that are theorized to have prevailed around the time of the earliest life on earth.
The Nautiliaceae are a family of bacteria placed in an order to itself, Nautiliales, or in the order Campylobacterales. The members of the family are all thermophilic. They are:
Caminibacter hydrogeniphilus is a species of thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium. It is anaerobic, rod-shaped, motile and has polar flagella. The type strain is AM1116T.
Nautilia lithotrophica is a thermophilic sulfur-reducing epsilon-proteobacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. It is strictly anaerobic, with type strain 525T.
Desulfurobacterium thermolithotrophum is a species of autotrophic, sulphur-reducing bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. It is the type species of its genus, being thermophilic, anaerobic, Gram-negative, motile and rod-shaped, with type strain BSAT.
Caminibacter profundus is a species of moderately thermophilic, microaerobic to anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic bacterium. It is a Gram-negative, non-motile rod, with type strain CRT.
Deferribacter desulfuricans is a species of sulfur-, nitrate- and arsenate-reducing thermophile first isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. It is an anaerobic, heterotrophic thermophile with type strain SSM1T.
Marinitoga piezophila is a species of rod-shaped, thermo-piezophilic bacteria. It is, anaerobic, chemo-organotrophic, sulfur-reducing, motile, have a mean length of 1-1.5 micrometres and stains Gram-negative. The type strain is KA3T.
Caloranaerobacter is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic and chemoorganotrophic bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae.
Caloranaerobacter azorensis is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic and motile bacterium from the genus of Caloranaerobacter which has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent site from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Vulcanibacillus is a genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae with one known species. Vulcanibacillus modesticaldus has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Rainbow Vent Field.
Lebetimonas natsushimae is a moderately thermophilic, strictly anaerobic and chemoautotrophic bacterium from the genus of Lebetimonas which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Mid-Okinawa Trough.
Deferrisoma camini is a moderately thermophilic and anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Deferrisoma which has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Eastern Lau Spreading Centre in the Pacific Ocean.
Deferrisoma palaeochoriense is a thermophilic, anaerobic and mixotrophic bacterium from the genus of Deferrisoma which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Palaeochori Bay from Greece.
Nautilia abyssi is a thermophilic, sulfur-reducing and strictly anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Nautilia which has been isolated from a hydrothermal chimney from the East Pacific Rise.
Caminibacter mediatlanticus is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic, thermophilic bacterium from the genus of Caminibacter which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Paramaledivibacter is a strictly anaerobic, slightly halophilic, non-spore-forming and moderately thermophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Clostridiaceae with one known species. Clostridium caminithermale has been reclassified to Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis. Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Atlantic Ocean Ridge.
Exiguobacterium profundum is a Gram-positive, halotolerant, facultative anaerobic, moderately thermophilic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Exiguobacterium which has been isolade from a hydrothermal vent from the East Pacific Rise.
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