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A stalactite (, ; from the Greek 'stalaktos' via stalassein is a mineral formation that hangs from the ceiling of caves, hot springs, or man-made structures such as bridges and mines. Any material that is soluble and that can be deposited as a colloid, or is in suspension, or is capable of being melted, may form a stalactite. Stalactites may be composed of lava, minerals, mud, peat, pitch, sand, sinter, and amberat. A stalactite is not necessarily a speleothem, though speleothems are the most common form of stalactite because of the abundance of limestone caves.
A stalagmite is a type of rock formation that rises from the floor of a cave due to the accumulation of material deposited on the floor from ceiling drippings. Stalagmites are typically composed of calcium carbonate, but may consist of lava, mud, peat, pitch, sand, sinter, and amberat.
A speleothem is a geological formation by mineral deposits that accumulate over time in natural caves. Speleothems most commonly form in calcareous caves due to carbonate dissolution reactions. They can take a variety of forms, depending on their depositional history and environment. Their chemical composition, gradual growth, and preservation in caves make them useful paleoclimatic proxies.
Jan Esper studied geography at the University of Bonn, where he later earned his doctorate. After a postdoc position at Columbia University in New York City, he continued his work on dendrochronology at the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), and qualified as a professor at the University of Bern. In 2018, Esper became a member of the Academy of Sciences and Literature. Since 2010, he has been a professor at the Department of Geography at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz.
Avshalom Cave, known in academic literature as Soreq Cave, Arabic: مغارة سوريك, romanized: Mghar Suriq) an popularly as Stalactites Cave, is a 5,000 m2 cave on the western side of Mt. Ye'ela, in the Judean hills in Israel, unique for its dense concentration of stalactites and other cave formations.
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Calthemite is a secondary deposit, derived from concrete, lime, mortar or other calcareous material outside the cave environment. Calthemites grow on or under, man-made structures and mimic the shapes and forms of cave speleothems, such as stalactites, stalagmites, flowstone etc. Calthemite is derived from the Latin calx "lime" + Latin < Greek théma, "deposit" meaning ‘something laid down’, and the Latin –ita < Greek -itēs – used as a suffix indicating a mineral or rock. The term "speleothem", due to its definition can only be used to describe secondary deposits in caves and does not include secondary deposits outside the cave environment.
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Natalie Stingelin, Fellow of the Materials Research Society and Royal Society of Chemistry, is a materials scientist and current chair of the School of Materials Science and Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, the University of Bordeaux and Imperial College. She led the European Commission Marie Curie INFORM network and is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Materials Chemistry C and Materials Advances.
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Marie Violay is a French expert in rock mechanics. She is an Assistant Professor and the head of the Laboratory of Experimental Rock Mechanics at EPFL. She teaches rocks mechanics, geophysics for engineers and geology.
Trude Storelvmo is a Norwegian meteorologist who is a professor at the University of Oslo. She specializes in atmospheric science and studies the impact of aerosols and clouds on the climate of the Earth. She was awarded a European Research Council Starting Grant in 2018. She serves as editor-in-chief of Global and Planetary Change.
Fredrik Jutfelt is a Swedish scientist. His field of study is animal physiology, and his current research focus is on the effects of warming and ocean acidification on the physiology and behaviour of fish. He is a professor at the Department of Biology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim, Norway, where he is the leader of the animal physiology section. His research group is called the Jutfelt Fish Ecophysiology Lab, and they investigate how fish respond physiologically and behaviourally to changes in the environment. Much of the research is based on laboratory studies of zebrafish, and he has built a zebrafish research facility at NTNU. The research group also studies the impacts of climate change on marine animals.
Athina Anastasaki is a Greek chemist who is a professor at ETH Zurich. Her research considers chemical synthesis and radical polymerisation. She was awarded the 2022 Ruzicka Prize in recognition of her research in chemistry.
References
- ↑ Klenske, Nick; Research, Horizon: The EU; Magazine, Innovation. "Ancient cave deposits reveal our climate future". phys.org. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
- ↑ Meckler, Anna Nele (2006). Late quaternary changes in nitrogen fixation and climate variability recorded by sediments from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Doctoral Thesis thesis). ETH Zurich. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-005298089. hdl:20.500.11850/149611.
- ↑ "Climate researcher gets ERC Starting Grant". University of Bergen. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
- ↑ "Deep Ocean Temperatures in the Paleogene Greenhouse - Prosjektbanken". Prosjektbanken - Forskningsrådet (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2022-02-07.
- ↑ "Four UiB researchers receive top European grants". University of Bergen. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
- ↑ "Prosjekt #2528280 - T-TRAC: Tropical Temperature Reconstruction Across 0.5 million years from Cave formations - Cristin". app.cristin.no. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
- ↑ "Climate researcher gets ERC Starting Grant". University of Bergen. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
- ↑ "Armelle Corpet and Anna Nele Meckler – Marie Heim-Vögtlin Prize Winners 2015". Swiss National Science Foundation. 2015-06-04.
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