Nemeobiinae

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Nemeobiinae
Hamearis lucina (4724714763).jpg
Hamearis lucina
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Riodinidae
Subfamily: Nemeobiinae
Bates, 1868
Synonyms
  • Hamearinae Clench, 1955

Nemeobiinae is a subfamily of Riodinidae, the metalmark family. The subfamily's members consist entirely of Old World members of the Riodinid family. [1] Recent revisions to the subfamily have begun to include members located within the New World as well, however, the subfamily continues to encompass the entirety of the Old World Riodinids. [2]

Contents

The subfamily are the only Riodinids that feed exclusively on members of the plant family Primulaceae, being the only Riodinids to do so, with the exception of Emesis diogenia . [3]

Distribution

The Nemeobiinae was erected to encompass the entirety of the 7 percent of Riodinids that reside within the Old World. This has remained true, however, recent studies have placed the New World subfamily of Euselasiinae within the Nemeobiinae, with Corrachia and Styx believed to be apomorphic Nemeobiines. [3] The greater Riodinid family is believed to have evolved in the Neotropics and migrated to the Old World through the Bering land bridge during the Oligocene. [3]

Of the Old World members of the Nemeobiinae, encompassing around 13 genera and 110 species, the majority (60 species) are concentrated in the Indomalayan realm of Southeast Asia. [3] The remainder are found within the Afrotropical realm with 15 species, the Australasian realm with 28 ( Praetaxila ), and 1 species found in Europe ( Hamearis ). [3] A single member of the subfamily exists on the continent of Australia, Praetaxila segecia . While most members of the Nemeobiinae are found within the tropics, a handful are found within temperate areas ( Hamearis , Polycaena and Takashia ). [3]

Genera

The Nemeobiinae have been fraught with revision and uncertainty throughout its entire existence. [3] Seraphim et al. (2018) proposes through genetic analysis that the subfamily is split into two tribes, and the family would encompass members of the New World subfamily Euselasiinae as tribe Euselasiini within the Nemeobiinae, while Corrachia and Styx would be moved to the Nemeobiina. [2] The following list follows from the revised classification by Seraphim et al. (2018).

Tribe: NemeobiiniBates, 1868

Subtribe: Abisarina
Subtribe: Nemeobiina

Tribe: Euselasiini

See the Euselasiinae article for further information.

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Riodinidae</span> Butterfly family containing the metalmarks

Riodinidae is the family of metalmark butterflies. The common name "metalmarks" refers to the small, metallic-looking spots commonly found on their wings. The 1,532 species are placed in 146 genera. Although mostly Neotropical in distribution, the family is also represented both in the Nearctic, Palearctic, Australasian (Dicallaneura), Afrotropic, and Indomalayan realms.

<i>Hamearis lucina</i> Species of butterfly

Hamearis lucina, the Duke of Burgundy, the only member of the genus Hamearis, is a European butterfly in the family Riodinidae. For many years, it was known as the "Duke of Burgundy fritillary", because the adult's chequered pattern is strongly reminiscent of "true" fritillaries of the family Nymphalidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biblidinae</span> Subfamily of the butterfly family Nymphalidae

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Miletinae</span> Subfamily of butterflies

Miletinae is a subfamily of the family Lycaenidae of butterflies, commonly called harvesters and woolly legs, and virtually unique among butterflies in having predatory larvae. Miletinae are entirely aphytophagous. The ecology of the Miletinae is little understood, but adults and larvae live in association with ants, and most known species feed on Hemiptera, though some, like Liphyra, feed on the ants themselves. The butterflies, ants, and hemipterans, in some cases, seem to have complex symbiotic relationships benefiting all.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Riodininae</span> Subfamily of insects

Riodininae is the largest of the three subfamilies within the metalmark butterfly family, Riodinidae.

<i>Doxocopa</i> Genus of brush-footed butterflies

Doxocopa is a genus of Neotropical butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Apaturinae. It includes the following species:

<i>Faunis</i> Genus of brush-footed butterflies

Faunis is a genus of Asian butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. They are among the butterflies commonly known as fauns. They are relatively small-sized amathusiins, subtly colored in soft browns and violets, and range from China to the Philippines and Sulawesi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ithomiini</span> Tribe of butterflies in the subfamily Danainae

Ithomiini is a butterfly tribe in the nymphalid subfamily Danainae. It is sometimes referred to as the tribe of clearwing butterflies or glasswing butterflies. Some authors consider the group to be a subfamily (Ithomiinae). These butterflies are exclusively Neotropical, found in humid forests from sea level to 3000 m, from Mexico to Argentina. There are around 370 species in some 40–45 genera.

<i>Nessaea</i> Genus of brush-footed butterflies

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<i>Eunica</i> Genus of brush-footed butterflies

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<i>Taygetis</i> Genus of butterflies

Taygetis is a genus of satyrid butterflies found in the Neotropical realm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Euselasiinae</span> Subfamily of insects

Euselasiinae is a subfamily of Riodinidae. The species are confined to the Neotropical realm.

<i>Charis</i> (butterfly) Genus of butterflies

Charis is a genus of the Riodinini tribe of metalmark butterflies. Nineteen species have been identified within the Charis cleonus complex and eight species within the Charis gynaea group (clade). Charis butterflies are common in the Neotropics and often live in primary and secondary growth. The Charis cleonus group exhibits contemporary parapatric distributions throughout Amazonia and are thought to have speciated allopatrically; residing in "areas of endemism". Some evidence suggests that Charis are reproductively isolated by mating preferences for different topographic areas and different times—of which, may have promoted speciation between the various groups.

<i>Styx infernalis</i> Species of butterfly

Styx is a monotypic genus of butterflies in the metalmark family Riodinidae. It consists of one species, Styx infernalis, described by Otto Staudinger in 1875. It is endemic to Peru, where it inhabits tropical montane cloud forests between the elevations of 1000-1600 meters.

References

  1. "Nemeobiinae". tolweb.org. Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  2. 1 2 Seraphim, Noemy; Kaminski, Lucas A.; Devries, Philip J.; Penz, Carla; Callaghan, Curtis; Wahlberg, Niklas; Silva-Brandão, Karina L.; Freitas, André V. L. (2018). "Molecular phylogeny and higher systematics of the metalmark butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)". Systematic Entomology. 43 (2): 407–425. Bibcode:2018SysEn..43..407S. doi:10.1111/syen.12282. S2CID   90958652 . Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Espeland, Marianne; Hall, Jason P. W.; DeVries, Philip J.; Lees, David C.; Cornwall, Mark; Hsu, Yu-Feng; Wu, Li-Wei; Campbell, Dana L.; Talavera, Gerard; Vila, Roger; Salzman, Shayla; Ruehr, Sophie; Lohman, David J.; Pierce, Naomi E. (1 December 2015). "Ancient Neotropical origin and recent recolonisation: Phylogeny, biogeography and diversification of the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 296–306. Bibcode:2015MolPE..93..296E. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.006 . PMID   26265256.