Danainae is a subfamily of the family Nymphalidae, the brush-footed butterflies. It includes the Daniadae, or milkweed butterflies, who lay their eggs on various milkweeds on which their larvae (caterpillars) feed, as well as the clearwing butterflies (Ithomiini), and the tellervini.
Biblidinae is a subfamily of nymphalid butterflies that includes the tropical brushfoots. This subfamily was sometimes merged within the Limenitidinae, but they are now recognized as quite distinct lineages. In older literature, this subfamily is sometimes called Eurytelinae.
The pearl crescent is a butterfly of North America. It is found in all parts of the United States except the west coast, and throughout Mexico and parts of southern Canada, in particular Ontario. Its habitat is open areas such as pastures, road edges, vacant lots, fields, open pine woods. Its pattern is quite variable. Males usually have black antenna knobs. Its upper side is orange with black borders; postmedian and submarginal areas are crossed by fine black marks. The underside of the hindwing has a dark marginal patch containing a light-colored crescent.
Nessaea is a genus of nymphalid butterflies found in the Neotropical realm. Unlike virtually all other butterflies with blue coloration, the blue colors in this genus are due to pigmentation [pterobilin ] rather than iridescence.
Asterope is a genus of brush-footed butterflies found in the Neotropical realm.
Phyciodes cocyta, the northern crescent, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Nearctic realm.
Phyciodes batesii, the tawny crescent, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae that occurs in North America.
Anthanassa frisia, the Cuban crescentspot, Cuban checkerspot or Cuban crescent, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. Subspecies tulcis is known by the common names pale-banded crescent or Tulcis crescent; it is treated as a species by some authors.
Asterope batesii, the Bates' asterope, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in inland Brazil, including Ayeyros, along the Tapajós and in Tefé on the Upper Amazon.
Diaethria eluina, the eluina eighty-eight, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found from Peru to Bolivia and Brazil.
Phyciodes pulchella, the field crescent, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Nearctic realm.
Nessaea hewitsonii, the Hewitson's olivewing, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is common in a broad range of the Amazon basin including the eastern slopes of the Andes mountain range. It is found in high evergreen tropical forest, semi-deciduous tropical forest, and riverine forest.
Nessaea aglaura, the common olivewing, northern nessaea or Aglaura olivewing, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found from Mexico to Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela and Colombia. It is found in evergreen tropical forest and in semi-deciduous tropical forest.
Nessaea obrinus, the obrina olivewing, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found from Colombia and the Guianas to the mouth of the Amazon and south to central Bolivia and Mato Grosso in Brazil, extending to northern Argentina.
Callicore cynosura, the BD butterfly or Cynosura eighty-eight, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. The common name refers to the markings on the underside of the hindwings, which resemble the letters "B" and "D". It is found in Amazonia, from Colombia to Brazil, and to Peru and Bolivia.
Strabena batesii is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found on Madagascar. The habitat consists of forests.
Neptis occidentalis, the mountain sailer, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. The habitat consists of montane and riparian forests.
Ortilia liriope, the Brazilian crescent, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It was described by Pieter Cramer in 1775. It is found in French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and northern Brazil.
Carla Maria Penz is a butterfly comparative morphologist and systematist, and the former Doris Zemurray Stone Chair in Biodiversity at the University of New Orleans. Her research also focuses on natural history and behavior, mostly of neotropical butterflies. She is currently Professor Emeritus at the University of New Orleans, Research Associate at the American Museum of Natural History (NY), Florida Museum of Natural History (FL), and The Milwaukee Public Museum (WI).
Pterobilin also called biliverdin IXγ in the Fischer nomenclature, is a blue bile pigment found in Nessaea spp., Graphium agamemnon, G. antiphates, G. doson, and G. sarpedon. It is one of only a few blue pigments found in any animal species, as most animals use iridescence to create blue coloration. Other blue pigments of animal origin include phorcabilin, used by other butterflies in Graphium and Papilio, and sarpedobilin, which is used by Graphium sarpedon.
