The North Carolina Turnpike Authority was created in 2002 to speed the implementation of needed transportation improvements by funding some projects with tolls. Governed by a nine-member authority board, it is located within the Department of Transportation and under the direct supervision of the Secretary of Transportation. The authority has the power to study, plan, develop and undertake preliminary design work on up to eleven turnpike projects. At the conclusion of these actives, the authority is authorized to design, establish, purchase, construct, operate and maintain toll highways and bridges. The authority is also authorized to designate one or more lanes of any highway, or portion thereof, into a high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes) or other type of managed lanes; provided that such designation does not reduce the number of existing non-toll general purpose lanes.
The nine-member Authority Board consist of eight appointees, from the General Assembly (four members) and Governor (four members), and the Secretary of Transportation. The General Assembly appoints four members, two by recommendation by the President pro tempore of the Senate and two by recommendation by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Appointments to the board are four-year staggered terms. The Chair of the Authority is selected by the Authority Board. Members of the North Carolina Board of Transportation may serve as members of the Authority Board.
Upon end of term, all members of the Authority Board will remain in office until their successors are appointed and qualified. The original appointing authority may appoint a member to serve out the unexpired term of any member. Each member of the Authority Board serves at the pleasure of the appointing authority. The Chair of the Authority serves at the pleasure of the Authority Board. The appointed members of the Authority Board receives no salary for their services; however, are entitled to receive per diem and travel allowances.
An executive director, appointed by the Authority Board, serves as the Authority's chief administrative officer and is responsible for the daily administration of the toll roads and bridges constructed, maintained or operated. The Executive Director or his/her designee shall appoint, employ, dismiss and, within the limits approved by the Authority Board, fix the compensation of administrative employees as the executive director deems necessary.[2]
History
The North Carolina Turnpike Authority was established on October 3, 2002, by ratification of House Bill 644 (S.L. 2002-133) and signed by Governor Mike Easley.[1] In its original draft, the authority was independent and only able to establish the first three projects in the following conditions: one project located in whole or in part in a county with a population equal to or greater than 650,000 persons; one project located in a county or counties that each have a population of fewer that 650,000 persons; and one project shall be a bridge of more than two miles (3.2km) in length going from the mainland to a peninsula bordering the state of Virginia. In 2005, Senate Bill 622 (S.L. 2005-276) added new language regarding establishing tollways on Federally funded highways designated as interstates; the purpose was so that the state can possibly add tolls along Interstate95 (I-95), if approved by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and all interested parties along the route.[3][4] In 2006, Senate Bill 1381 (S.L. 2006-228) focused the project to the following:
A bridge of more than two miles (3.2km) in length going from the mainland to a peninsula bordering the state of Virginia (Mid-Currituck Bridge)
I-540 in Wake and Durham Counties
The 2006 law also made an exception to the prohibition of converting any segment of the nontolled state highway system to toll by specifically identifying I-540 (under construction in 2006) in Wake and Durham counties and extending from I-40 southwest to North Carolina Highway 55 (NC55). In addition, the law also mandates the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) to maintain an existing, alternate, comparable non-toll route for each toll route constructed by the authority.[5] In December 2006, FHWA approved the tolling project on what was going to be I-540 along the Western Wake Freeway.[6]
In 2008, Senate Bill 1697 (S.L. 2008-225) established the enforcement of tolls on turnpike projects and clarified and revised several sections, including: removal of I-540 from project list, collection of tolls (via mail or transponder), payment system for tolls, civil penalties for not paying tolls and procedures for contesting liability for unpaid tolls. The Triangle Parkway was also renamed the Triangle Expressway, which incorporated segments also known as NC147 (Triangle Parkway) and NC540 (Western Wake Freeway), in Wake and Durham counties.[7]
In 2009, House Bill 1617 (S.L. 2009-343) transferred the functions and funds of the North Carolina Turnpike Authority to NCDOT to conserve expenditures and improve efficiency.[8][9] In August, the groundbreaking ceremony took place on the first phase of the Triangle Expressway.[6] On May 4, 2010, the Authority signed a contract with TransCore to provide transponders.[10]
In December 2011, phase one of the Triangle Expressway was open to traffic; on January 3, 2012, toll collection began. On June 26, 2012, Senate Bill 895 (S.L. 2012-85) gave the authority the ability to enter into reciprocal toll enforcement agreements with other toll agencies.[11] In August, 2012, phase two of the Triangle Expressway was open to traffic and immediately began toll collection. In December 2012, phase three of the Triangle Expressway was opened to traffic; on January 3, 2013, toll collection began on the final section.[6]
In 2013, House Bill 817 (S.R. 2013-183) made sweeping changes to the authority, including: removal of several turnpike projects, including the Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension, Garden Parkway, Cape Fear Skyway and the Mid-Currituck Bridge. reestablishing the turnpike project limit to nine, with the existing Triangle Expressway counting as three and the Monroe Connector/Bypass as one. New turnpike projects must follow new conditions prior to the letting of a contract for project. A limit of up to three agreements with a private entity, with an agreement of no more than 50 years from the date of the beginning of operations on the toll facility. The designation of HOT and managed lanes.[12]
Toll roads
As of 2018[update], the Authority operates 37.5 miles (60.4km) of tollways in four counties in North Carolina:
The authority currently has one set of HOT lanes in North Carolina:
I-77 Express Lanes is a public-private partnership with Cintra to build managed lanes along 25 miles (40km) of I-77, between Brookshire Boulevard (exit 11) and NC150 (exit 36), in Mecklenburg and Iredell counties. The $655 million project, which converted the existing HOV lanes parallel to I-77 was opened in two sections. The northern section of the I-77 Express Lanes from Hambright Road near I-485 to N.C. 150 opened in spring 2019. The southern section from I-277 to Hambright Road opened November 2019.[17][18]
Unlike the turnpike projects, the Authority is not limited to the number of managed lane projects it may construct and operate. The authority may also convert lanes that may previously have been designated as high-occupancy vehicle lane (HOV) or other type of managed lanes; provided that such designated does not reduce the number of existing non-toll general purpose lanes. In making such designations, the authority will specify the high-occupancy requirement or other conditions for use of such lanes, which may include restricting vehicle types, access controls, or the payment of tolls for vehicles that do not meet the high-occupancy requirements or conditions for use.[2]
As of 2023[update], two additional managed lane projects were fully funded and are either scheduled or are under construction:
I-485 Express Lanes—this project will establish managed lanes along 16.62 miles (26.75km) of the Governor James G. Martin (southeast) segment of I-485, between U.S. Highway74 (US74, exit 51) and I-77/US21 (exit 67), in Mecklenburg County. The project, which will add one express lane on both directions, originally to cost $184.1 million in 2014, it was revised to $346 million by the time construction began in 2019. Construction is anticipated to be completed in 2024.[19][20][21][22]
Independence Express Lanes (US74)— this project will establish managed lanes along five miles (8.0km) of US74, between I-277 and Wallace Lane, in Mecklenburg County. The project, which was to convert existing bus lanes, at a cost of $13 million in 2014, was expected to be completed and opened by the end of 2016.[20][23] As of 2023, it is expected to cost $96 million, with construction possibly to begin in 2024.[24]
Turnpike projects
As of 2018[update], one turnpike project is fully funded for construction:
Any other project proposed by the authority requires prior consultation with the Joint Legislative Commission on Governmental Operations. For a project to be considered a turnpike project, it must meet the following conditions prior to the letting of a contract for the project: 1) Two of the projects must be ranked in the top 35 based on total score on the department-produced list entitled "Mobility Fund Project Scores" dated June 6, 2012, and, in addition, may be subject to G.S. 136-18(39a).[lower-alpha 1] 2) Of the projects not ranked as provided in (1), one may be subject to G.S. 136-18(39a). 3) The project shall be included in any applicable locally adopted comprehensive transportation plans. 4) The project shall be shown in the current State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP).[26] 5) Toll projects must be approved by all affected Metropolitan Planning Organizations and Rural Transportation Planning Organizations for tolling.
Proposed projects
Stipulated in the 2013 law, proposed toll road and bridges must go through same process as other transportation projects, have an STIP score and rated with other criteria contained in the Strategic Mobility Formula.[12] NCDOT will circulate a draft of the STIP for public comment in December 2014.[27] NCDOT anticipates the Board of Transportation will adopt it in June 2015. Listed below are proposed projects, currently in review and subject to change:
Cape Fear Skyway—$642 million project that will construct new 9.75-mile (15.69km) four-lane highway and bridge, between US17 and US421, in Brunswick and New Hanover counties. This project while not discontinued has been halted for an infinite amount of time.[28]
I-40 Express Lanes—$1.7 billion project that will add managed lanes along 31.73 miles (51.06km) of I-40, between US15/US501 (exit 270) and I-440 (exit 301), in Durham and Wake counties.[18][29][30][31]
I-77 Express Lanes Extension—$855 million project that will add managed lanes along 9.45 miles (15.21km) of I-77/US21, between I-485/Westinghouse Boulevard (exit 1) and Brookshire Boulevard (exit 11), in Mecklenburg County.[32][33][34]
I-540 Express Lanes—$209 million or $354 million project that will add managed lanes along 17.51 miles (28.18km) or 24.94 miles (40.14km) of I-540, between NC54 and US1 or I-87/US64/US264, in Durham and Wake counties.[35][36]
I-540 Toll—a project, requested by the Capital Area MPO in 2011, that will convert all of I-540 into a toll highway, in Durham and Wake counties and requires federal approvals.[37]
Mid-Currituck Bridge—$173 million project that will construct new 6.87 miles (11.06km) two-lane highway and bridge over the Currituck Sound, in Currituck County.[38][39]
Triangle Expressway Eastern Extension (NC540)—$285 million project that will construct new 10.61 miles (17.08km) six-lane highway, between I-87/US64/US264 and I-40/US70, in Johnston and Wake counties.[25][40]
Discontinued projects
Garden Parkway—$318 million project that was to construct a new 21.65-mile (34.84km) four-lane highway, between I-85 and I-485, in Gaston and Mecklenburg counties.[41][42] In May 2013, the North Carolina General Assembly rescinded approval of the project. In May 2016, NCDOT made the unusual effort by sending postcards to more than 50,000 residents along the route that the Garden Parkway was officially dead.[43]
I-74 Toll—$305 million project that was to construct new 16.8 miles (27.0km) six-lane highway, between US52 and I-74, in Forsyth County.[44]
The NC Quick Pass is a pre-paid account used for all electronic toll collection (ETC) facilities in North Carolina. Three types of transponders are available: transponder sticker (free version), E-ZPass (hard case) transponder and E-ZPass bumper-mounted transponder.[45] Personal (limited to five transponders/vehicles) and business accounts (unlimited) are available; a $1 fee is imposed per month if the account has been inactive for 12 months.[46]
While NC Quick Pass users receive a discounted toll rate, non-users will be invoiced at a higher toll rate through the bill by mail program. This is done when a vehicle passes through a toll gantry, where an overhead camera will take a video image of the license plate. The registered owner of the vehicle is identified through the Division of Motor Vehicles and a bill by mail is sent for payment.
If the bill is not paid within 30 days from the date of the bill, it may escalate to include fees, civil penalties, DMV registration holds, submission to a collection agency, or all of the above.[47]
Interoperability
NC Quick Pass is interoperable with the following ETC systems:
E-ZPass—since January 3, 2013. Until February 2024, NC Quick Pass drivers had to use the E-ZPass hard case or bumper-mounted transponders, while drivers with an E-ZPass from other states such as Virginia, etc, may simply use their E-ZPass in North Carolina.[45] In February 2024, as a result of this technology upgrade by E-ZPass, the free NC Quick Pass sticker transponder can now be used instead.[48]
The toll collection equipment used in North Carolina, Florida, and Georgia are compatible, so that NC Quick Pass drivers may simply use any NC Quick Pass transponder in Florida and Georgia, and vice versa (SunPass and Peach Pass drivers may simply use their transponder in North Carolina).
Criticism
No Tolls on 540, a citizens' group opposed to tolls on I-540, was formed in March 2007
The North Carolina Turnpike Authority and North Carolina Department of Transportation received criticism following the introduction of a law allowing toll highways and bridges in the state in 2002. Introduced to speed along the implementation of transportation improvements, many of the projects selected by the Authority were controversial, leading to delays. Originally planned to be an extension of I-540, the Triangle Expressway garnered criticism from both politicians and residents for tolling the Western Wake Freeway and for the organisers being unable to sell bonds to fund the project.[51][52] Following its opening, criticism shifted onto its expansion with towns raising issues about its routing and environmental concerns.[53][54][55][56] Other projects, such as the Garden Parkway and Monroe Connector/Bypass prompted fear of additional urban sprawl, the criticism of politicians who had land deals along the routes, and generated lawsuits stemming from the flawed environmental studies.[57][58][59] Both the Cape Fear Skyway and Mid-Currituck Bridge were criticized[by whom?] as expensive pork projects. In response to the criticism the North Carolina General Assembly removed the Garden Parkway, Cape Fear Skyway and Mid-Currituck Bridge from the authority's purview.[60][61][62]
A more recent contract between the authority and Cintra to build I-77 HOT lanes and operate them for 50 years provoked local groups to hire legal counsel and attempt to have it nullified.[63] Additional criticisms have stemmed from the irregular distribution of toll roads recommended by the authority throughout the state.[64]
E-ZPass is an electronic toll collection system used on toll roads, toll bridges, and toll tunnels in the Eastern United States, Midwestern United States, and Southern United States. The E-ZPass Interagency Group (IAG) consists of member agencies in several states, which use the same technology and allow travelers to use the same transponder on toll roads throughout the network.
The Central Florida Expressway Authority (CFX) is a highway authority responsible for construction, maintenance and operation of toll roads in five counties of Greater Orlando. It was created in 2014 to replace the Orlando–Orange County Expressway Authority (OOCEA), which only had authority in Orange County, and as of 2016 no roads outside that county have been added to the system. Other toll roads in the area are operated by Florida's Turnpike Enterprise. The Osceola County Expressway Authority, which previously operated additional toll roads in the area, merged into CFX in 2018.
SunPass is an electronic toll collection system within the state of Florida, United States. It was created in 1999 by the Florida Department of Transportation's (FDOT's) Office of Toll Operations, operating now as a division of Florida's Turnpike Enterprise (FTE). The system utilizes windshield-mounted RFID transponders manufactured by TransCore and lane equipment designed by companies including TransCore, SAIC, and Raytheon.
Interstate 376 (I-376) is a major auxiliary route of the Interstate Highway System in the US state of Pennsylvania, located within the Allegheny Plateau. It runs from I-80 near Sharon south and east to a junction with the Pennsylvania Turnpike in Monroeville, after having crossed the Pennsylvania Turnpike at an interchange in Big Beaver. The route serves Pittsburgh and its surrounding areas and is the main access road to Pittsburgh International Airport (PIT). Portions of the route are known as the Beaver Valley Expressway, Southern Expressway, and Airport Parkway. Within Allegheny County, the route runs along the majority of the Penn-Lincoln Parkway, known locally as Parkway West and Parkway East. It is currently the ninth-longest auxiliary Interstate route in the system and second only to I-476 within Pennsylvania.
Interstate 540 (I-540) and North Carolina Highway 540 (NC 540) are part of a partially completed beltway around the city of Raleigh in the US state of North Carolina, forming the Raleigh Outer Loop. When complete, the route will completely encircle the city, meeting its parent route of I-40 in two locations.
Open road tolling (ORT), also called all-electronic tolling, cashless tolling, or free-flow tolling, is the collection of tolls on toll roads without the use of toll booths. An electronic toll collection system is usually used instead. The major advantage to ORT is that users are able to drive through the toll plaza at highway speeds without having to slow down to pay the toll. In some installations, ORT may also reduce congestion at the plazas by allowing more vehicles per hour/per lane.
TxTag, operated by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), is one of three interoperable electronic toll collection systems in Texas. The system is also interoperable with the K-TAG system used in Kansas and the Pikepass system used in Oklahoma.
Interstate 95 (I-95) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs along the East Coast of the United States from Miami, Florida, to the Canada–United States border at Houlton, Maine. In the state of North Carolina, the route runs for 181.36 miles (291.87 km) from the South Carolina border near Rowland to the Virginia border near Pleasant Hill. The highway serves the cities of Lumberton, Fayetteville, Wilson, Rocky Mount, and Roanoke Rapids. The route goes through a mostly rural area of the state, avoiding most of the major metro areas of North Carolina. It forms the informal border between the Piedmont and Atlantic Plain regions of the state.
North Carolina Highway 147 (NC 147) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The highway is an 8.1-mile-long (13.0 km) freeway through Durham running roughly southeast to northwest; the entire route lies within the city limits. To the southeast, it connects the city to the Research Triangle Park. NC 147 is the northern half of the Durham Freeway, which continues south onto Interstate 885 (I-885). The route is the main arterial through Durham, running alongside its downtown. It begins at a semi-directional T interchange with I-885 southeast of downtown Durham and runs northwest–southeast before merging into I-85 northwest of downtown Durham.
Interstate 77 (I-77) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs 610.10 miles (981.86 km) from Cayce, South Carolina to Cleveland, Ohio. In the U.S. state of North Carolina, I-77 travels a total of 105.7 miles (170.1 km) from the South Carolina state line in the city of Charlotte to the Virginia state line north of Mount Airy. The major landscapes traversed by I-77 include the city of Charlotte and its urban core, the smaller suburban communities in the Piedmont region, and the rural foothills of Western North Carolina. The Interstate has one auxiliary route, I-277, a partial beltway around Uptown.
U.S. Highway 1 (US 1) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway which runs along the East Coast of the U.S. between Key West, Florida, and the Canada–United States border near Fort Kent, Maine. In North Carolina, US 1 runs for 174.1 miles (280.2 km) across the central region of the state. The highway enters North Carolina from South Carolina, southwest of Rockingham. US 1 runs northeast, passing through or closely bypassing Southern Pines and Sanford in the Sandhills region. It next passes through Cary, the state capital of Raleigh, and Wake Forest. The highway continues north to Henderson, before leaving the state at the Virginia state line, near Wise. The route is mostly a multilane divided arterial road, with several freeway segments. It serves as a strategic highway, connecting the North Carolina Sandhills and Research Triangle regions northward to the Southside region.
The Triangle Expressway (TriEx) is the first modern toll road built in North Carolina, and one of the first toll roads in the United States built to use only electronic toll collection instead of toll booths. The overall freeway consists of three segments called the Triangle Parkway, the Western Wake Expressway, and the Southern Wake Expressway, totalling up to 32.4 miles (52.1 km) long. The six-lane Triangle Parkway extends Interstate 885 (I-885) 3.5 miles (5.6 km) via North Carolina Highway 885 (NC 885) in Durham County to meet North Carolina Highway 540 (NC 540) in Morrisville in Wake County. The Western Wake Expressway extends 12.4 miles (20.0 km) long, extending NC 540 to meet NC 55 in Apex. The Southern Wake Expressway extends 16.5 miles (26.6 km) long, extending NC 540 to meet I-40 and I-42 southeast of Garner.
Several special routes of U.S. Route 74 exist. In order from west to east they are as follows.
The Mid-Currituck Bridge is a proposed 7-mile (11 km) long two-lane toll bridge that will span across Currituck Sound, connecting US 158 and NC 12. Its purpose is to alleviate summer traffic congestion and to improve both emergency response and evacuation time. Long a topic of study and debate, the bridge could be built in the 2020s.
Interstate 87 (I-87) is a partially completed Interstate Highway in the US state of North Carolina, the shortest designated primary Interstate Highway at 12.90 miles (20.76 km) long. The completed portion is in eastern Wake County, between Raleigh and Wendell; the majority of the completed route is known as the Knightdale Bypass, while the remaining three miles (4.8 km) follows the Raleigh Beltline (I-440). It is planned to continue northeast through Rocky Mount, Williamston, and Elizabeth City, ending in Norfolk, Virginia. It is signed as north–south, in keeping with the sign convention for most odd-numbered interstates, but the route goes primarily east–west, with the eastern direction aligning to the north designation. The entire route is concurrent with US Highway 64 (US 64), with portions also concurrent with I-440 and US 264.
The Monroe Expressway, designated U.S. Route 74 Bypass, is a 18.68-mile (30.06 km) controlled-access toll road in Union County in the U.S. state of North Carolina, the first to be completed in the Charlotte area. It serves as a bypass of the communities of Indian Trail, Monroe, and Wingate for U.S. Route 74 (US 74), running generally parallel to the route.
Interstate 885 (I-885) and North Carolina Highway 885 (NC 885) is an 11.5-mile (18.5 km) auxiliary Interstate Highway and state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It links NC 540 and I-40 to I-85 in the Durham area. The route consists of two previously preexisting segments of freeway—NC 147 to the south and US 70 to the north—connected by the East End Connector, which opened to traffic on June 30, 2022.
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